Concentration heavy isotope. Medical search. Frequent questions

Heavy water is not radioactive. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
Background radioactivity - radioactive elements in the natural environment including those in the crust of the earth (like radioactive potassium, uranium, and thorium isotopes) and those produced by cosmic rays. (cdc.gov)
Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
Depleted uranium is still weakly radioactive and, like other heavy metals, can be toxic in high doses. (derechos.org)
Finally, some isotopes - radioactive isotopes - aren't stable, and break down. (cosmosmagazine.com)
If we can figure out how long these radioactive isotopes take to break down, we can use the concentration of isotopes to figure out how old things are. (cosmosmagazine.com)
The only naturally occurring isotopes of iodine are 127I and 129I, which are stable and radioactive, respectively. (cdc.gov)
Over the past decades, rare earth elements (REE) and their radioactive isotopes have received tremendous attention in sedimentary geochemistry, as tracers for the geological history of the continental crust and provenance studies. (ifremer.fr)
The part that scientists didn't understand until about 100 years ago is that certain elements have isotopes that are radioactive. (howstuffworks.com)
In some elements, all of the isotopes are radioactive. (howstuffworks.com)
All isotopes of an element, even those that are radioactive, react chemically in the same way. (cdc.gov)

Molybdenum and tungsten are redox-sensitive elements, and their stable isotope ratios have attracted attention as paleoceanographic proxies. (frontiersin.org)
Korean mariculture Undaria pinnatifida was collected during the months of January, February, March, and December of 2010, as well as from January of 2011 to investigate the changes in the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) and heavy metal with respect to it growth and to identify the factors that influence such changes. (e-algae.org)

In this study, we provided the concentrations and isotope ratios of dissolved Mo and W in the oceans (the North Pacific and Indian Oceans), marginal seas (the East China Sea and Sea of Japan), and a river-estuary system in Japan (from the Uji-Yodo rivers to Osaka Bay). (frontiersin.org)
Among Mo isotope ratios, the 98 Mo/ 95 Mo ratio is conventionally used as a tracer. (frontiersin.org)
Analyzing the clay bands, the pair of researchers found changes in ratios of heavier carbon-13 and lighter carbon-12 isotopes. (globalwarmingisreal.com)
Table S2) Bulk sediment Al/K ratios, Nd isotopes and REE compositions of clay-size fractions from sediment core KZR-23. (ifremer.fr)

Heavy water (deuterium oxide, 2 H 2O, D 2O) is a form of water whose hydrogen atoms are all deuterium (2 H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (1 H or H, also called protium) that makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water. (wikipedia.org)
Heavy water contains deuterium atoms and is used in nuclear reactors. (wikipedia.org)
A molecule of heavy water has two deuterium atoms in place of the two protium atoms of ordinary "light" water. (wikipedia.org)
The term heavy water as defined by the IUPAC Gold Book can also refer to water in which a higher than usual proportion of hydrogen atoms are deuterium rather than protium. (wikipedia.org)
For comparison, ordinary water (the "ordinary water" used for a deuterium standard) contains only about 156 deuterium atoms per million hydrogen atoms, meaning that 0.0156% of the hydrogen atoms are of the heavy type. (wikipedia.org)
The weight of a heavy water molecule, however, is not substantially different from that of a normal water molecule, because about 89% of the molecular weight of water comes from the single oxygen atom rather than the two hydrogen atoms. (wikipedia.org)
Their experiments and computer simulations suggest that the heavier molecules and atoms use their slightly larger momentum to push past the light-weights when moving from hot regions to colder ones. (aps.org)
In the case of atoms, different isotopes will have the same kinetic energies, on average, but heavier atoms will have more momentum. (aps.org)
Normally, water is made up of two regular hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H 2 O.) But sometimes one of the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule is heavy hydrogen, also called deuterium. (universetoday.com)
Because neutrons have a similar amount of mass to protons, this makes these 0.02% of hydrogen atoms slightly more massive - or, on Earth, slightly heavier. (cosmosmagazine.com)
These two different types of hydrogen atoms are referred to as isotopes of one another. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Because there are so many atoms, even slight differences in the concentrations of various isotopes can be used to get new information. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Atoms of both isotopes of copper have 29 protons, but a copper-63 atom has 34 neutrons while a copper-65 atom has 36 neutrons. (howstuffworks.com)
Crisp points out that scientists know the increases in carbon dioxide are caused primarily by human activities because carbon produced by burning fossil fuels has a different ratio of heavy-to-light carbon atoms, so it leaves a distinct "fingerprint" that instruments can measure. (nasa.gov)

Nitrogen isotope ratio tended to be relatively lower when nitrogen content in the blade was higher, probably due to the strengthening of isotope fractionation stemming from plenty of nitrogen in the surrounding environment. (e-algae.org)

This means that, depending on evaporation and rain levels around the globe, the concentration of oxygen isotopes in the rain is slightly different. (cosmosmagazine.com)
We can use this information to draw conclusions about the climate, and climate history, in an area - all by looking at oxygen isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Interestingly, Li isotopes (the ratio of 7 Li/ 6 Li) have been used by Earth scientists and geochemists since, when measured in rivers and soils, they provide key information on soil sustainability and weathering rate on continents, and therefore on the carbon cycle. (nature.com)
The dating of the layers used three different seasonal parameters , the oxygen isotope ratio, electroconductivity, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. (john-daly.com)
Among samples with the same grow-out period, those that weighed more tended to have higher δ 13 C suggesting a close association between the carbon isotope ratio and growth rate of U. pinnatifida . (e-algae.org)
Secondary data - On some cruises, Ar concentration and N2/Ar ratio measurements were performed at two different labs on separate samples, for inter-calibration purposes. (bco-dmo.org)

As a starting point, we explore what the traces of the Anthropocene will be in millions of years - carbon isotope changes, global warming, increased sedimentation, spikes in heavy metal concentrations, plastics and more - and then look at previous examples of similar events in the geological record. (realclimate.org)
Here we compare the heavy metal concentrations in tobacco from a sample of 47 counterfeit products, representative of the substantial market for these products in the U.K., with their genuine equivalents and find significantly higher concentrations of heavy metals in the counterfeits. (who.int)
Therefore, U. pinnatifida tissue δ 13 C is as an indirect indicator of its growth rate, while δ 15 N values and heavy metal concentrations serve as tracers that reflect the environmental characteristics. (e-algae.org)
Caribbean reef sharks exhibited some of the highest metal concentrations compared to five other species, and peaks in the concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ag were observed as individuals reached sexual maturity. (researchgate.net)
Our results provide the first account of metal concentrations in Bahamian sharks, suggesting individuals exhibit high concentrations which may potentially cause sublethal effects. (researchgate.net)

The human body naturally contains deuterium equivalent to about five grams of heavy water, which is harmless. (wikipedia.org)
Low concentrations of uranium in the urine are normal due to ingestion of naturally occuring uranium in food and water. (derechos.org)
Lighter oxygen isotope" and "heavier oxygen isotope" aren't really precise enough terms - especially if you're working with an element that has more than two naturally occurring isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
U-238 and Th-232 are the main naturally-occurring fertile isotopes. (world-nuclear.org)
U-238 makes up over 99% of the 3 naturally occurring isotopes of uranium on Earth. (iaea.org)
Uranium is a naturally occurring, ubiquitous, heavy metal found in various chemical forms in all soils, rocks, seas and oceans. (who.int)
Low detection limits allow you to measure concentrations at or below the averages naturally found in the earth's crust - detecting even the most subtle geochemical anomalies. (thermofisher.com)

With the discovery of nuclear fission in late 1938, and the need for a neutron moderator that captured few neutrons, heavy water became a component of early nuclear energy research. (wikipedia.org)
While both have three protons, one isotope has three neutrons while the other has four. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Isotopes are usually referred to with a number that adds their protons and neutrons together - so the neutron-less hydrogen is called 1 H to denote its single proton, while the heaver version is 2 H to indicate there's a neutron there as well. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Isotopes are forms of the same element, but differ in the number of neutrons within the nucleus. (cdc.gov)

Stable isotope tracers (e.g., 13 C, 15 N, 18 O, and 2 H tracers), in combination with mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics, have become a widely used tool for the quantitative analysis of metabolism. (energy.gov)
The use of isotope tracers to estimate ΔG of reactions in central carbon metabolism constitutes a recent development. (energy.gov)

It is thus of major importance that we have reliable measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, not only for recent years, but for the whole period that humans have been emitting carbon dioxide through the combustion of fossil fuels. (john-daly.com)
Since 1958 accurate measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have been carried out by Charles D Keeling, first at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, then from 1974 at the Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii, and subsequently by other scientists at many other places. (john-daly.com)
The significance of this behaviour is difficult to judge without a knowledge of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations from before the industrial era to the beginnings of the atmospheric measurements. (john-daly.com)
Assumed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations between 1734 and 1958 have depended heavily on measurements made by Neftel et al. (john-daly.com)
The 20% drop in atmospheric carbon-13 concentration they measured in the core samples can "plausibly account" for their observations is "a large, instantaneous release of C-13-depleted carbon," associated with intense volcanic activity, according to their report, "Evidence for a rapid release of carbon at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum," in the current issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (globalwarmingisreal.com)
Most notably, violent space weather events, like the solar flare responsible for the 1859 Carrington event, can unleash short, exceptionally intense showers of high-energy particles and increase the atmospheric concentration of carbon-14. (jstor.org)
Students with a primary interest in the two fluid envelopes that support life on Earth will find research opportunities in the Atmospheric and Hydrological Sciences area of concentration. (cuny.edu)
Current research projects include: development of the history of hurricanes, isotope distributions within hurricanes, remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants, surface enhanced zeolites in groundwater treatment facilities, and paleoclimates recorded in the sediments below Antarctic ice shelves. (cuny.edu)
Half of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in the last 300 years has occurred since 1980, and one quarter of it since 2000. (nasa.gov)

Different isotopes of an element behave almost identically, but surprisingly, within matter that is at uneven temperature, such as magma that is slowly solidifying, heavier isotopes diffuse faster than lighter ones. (aps.org)
In molten rock, heavier isotopes of elements such as magnesium, calcium, or iron tend to congregate where it's colder, whereas the lighter isotopes seem to prefer warmer regions. (aps.org)
On Earth, water (H 2 O) containing a lighter isotope of oxygen, for instance, evaporates better, while H 2 O with the heavier oxygen isotope tends to precipitate faster. (cosmosmagazine.com)
This gas is then pumped into fast spinning cylinders - centrifuges - where heavier isotopes, such as U-238, are pushed towards the walls of the cylinders, and the lighter U-235 stays in the centre of the cylinders. (iaea.org)
Isotopic values displayed marked seasonality with heavier values found in summer (δ 15 N=5.0% δ 13 C=-5.7%o) and lighter values in winter (δ 15 N=1.7%o δ 13 C= -9.4%o). (fiu.edu)

Nitrogen isotopes showed no significant enrichment in 15N (δ15N range from +1.1 to +4.6‰ in counterfeits and from +2.5 to +3.3‰ in genuine tobaccos) as might be expected from a sewage or manure source of nitrate, and a mineral phosphate source is considered the more likely source of metals. (who.int)
Nitrogen concentration had a positive relationship with biomass, but did not generally increase seed production. (springer.com)

Here we report Li concentrations and Li isotope compositions of river, waste and tap water, and industrial products from the metropolitan city of Seoul. (nature.com)
In this study, we report on elemental concentrations and neodymium (Nd) isotopic compositions for a large number of sediments collected near the mouth of rivers worldwide, including some of the world's major rivers. (ifremer.fr)

Depleted uranium is a by-product of the enrichment process used to make nuclear fuel, in which one isotope of uranium (235U) is extracted, leaving behind material depleted in that isotope. (derechos.org)
Isotope separation to achieve uranium enrichment is by physical processes. (world-nuclear.org)
Yet Iran redundantly pursues both a heavy water program and a gas centrifuge uranium-enrichment program. (armedforcesjournal.com)
The heavy water complex at Arak and the uranium-enrichment centrifuge facility at Natanz are prime examples of Iranian duplicity. (armedforcesjournal.com)
Therefore, the U-235 concentration is being artificially increased through a process called enrichment. (iaea.org)
However, clay fractions were almost systematically characterized by a progressive enrichment from the heavy to the light REE and a positive europium (Eu) anomaly. (ifremer.fr)

As expected, the soldiers with embedded shrapnel had high concentrations of uranium in their urine, and the isotope analysis showed that it was depleted uranium, presumably being released into their bodies from the shrapnel. (derechos.org)

Iran has a heavy-water development program that can play a significant role in plutonium breeding. (armedforcesjournal.com)
In these conditions another uranium isotope, 236U, may be present together with very small amounts of the transuranic elements plutonium, americium and neptunium and the fission product technetium-99. (who.int)

Other heavy nuclei that are fissile (implying thermal fission) are U-233, Pu-239 and Pu-241. (world-nuclear.org)
For the use of uranium as fuel in light water reactors, the percentage of the fissile uranium isotope uranium-235 has to be raised from its value of 0.71% in natural uranium to a reactor grade of 3.2% (for Boiling Water Reactors - BWRs) or 3.6% (for Pressurized Water Reactors - PWRs). (ratical.org)

Also called radiocarbon, carbon-14 is a slightly heavier version of the stable element carbon, or carbon-12. (jstor.org)

Nevertheless, the various differences in deuterium-containing water (especially affecting the biological properties) are larger than in any other commonly occurring isotope-substituted compound because deuterium is unique among heavy stable isotopes in being twice as heavy as the lightest isotope. (wikipedia.org)
Currently, the commonly used methods to quantify heavy water concentration include the density method, mass spectrometry, and spectroscopy techniques [ 3 ]. (medsci.org)
The method presented here is designed to measure serum concentrations of six commonly administered antiepileptic drugs (levetiracetam (Keppra), lamotrigine, lacosamide, 10-hydroxycarbazepine (oxcarbazepine metabolite), topiramate, zonisamide) and that of pentobarbital by LC-MS/MS. Liquid-liquid sample extraction is followed by reversed-phase chromatography using biphenyl HPLC column and gradient elution. (bvsalud.org)

One reason that the matter has not already been settled is that the amount of methane produced by each plant is low relative to the ambient methane concentration. (nature.com)
To tackle this problem, Dueck and his team grew plants in an atmosphere of 'heavy' carbon dioxide enriched in the isotope carbon-13 to give any methane produced a recognizable isotopic signature. (nature.com)
Methane concentrations have increased 2.5 times since the start of the Industrial Age, with almost all of that occurring since 1980. (nasa.gov)

The results indicate that W has the constant concentration and isotopic composition in the modern ocean as well as Mo. (frontiersin.org)
Over the past few years considerable effort has been made to map the silicon isotope composition (δ30Si) of silicic acid (dissolved silicon, DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) throughout the ocean. (hal.science)
The first profiles of neodymium concentration and isotopic composition in the Carribbean Sea have been published. (geotraces.org)

For instance, the heavy water used in CANDU reactors is a highly enriched water mixture that contains mostly deuterium oxide D 2O, but also some hydrogen-deuterium oxide and a smaller amount of ordinary hydrogen oxide H 2O. (wikipedia.org)
Since then, heavy water has been an essential component in some types of reactors, both those that generate power and those designed to produce isotopes for nuclear weapons. (wikipedia.org)
These heavy water reactors have the advantage of being able to run on natural uranium without using graphite moderators that pose radiological and dust explosion hazards in the decommissioning phase. (wikipedia.org)
Most nuclear reactors use fuels containing U-235, however, natural uranium typically contains only 0.72 per cent of U-235 and, most reactors need a higher concentration of this isotope in their fuel. (iaea.org)

Heavy water can be toxic to humans, but a large amount would be needed for poisoning to occur. (wikipedia.org)
If the whole contents of a cylinder is released during a fire, lethal air concentrations of toxic substances can occur within distances of 500 to 1,000 meters. (ratical.org)
Therapeutic ranges may not be properly defined, and symptoms of toxic serum concentrations may include increased frequency of seizures, as seen when AED concentrations are subtherapeutic. (bvsalud.org)

Lithium isotopes evidence a major release from Li-rich materials. (nature.com)

When a neutron passes near to a heavy nucleus, for example uranium-235 (U-235), the neutron may be captured by the nucleus and this may or may not be followed by fission. (world-nuclear.org)
Whether fission takes place, and indeed whether capture occurs at all, depends on the velocity of the passing neutron and on the particular heavy nucleus involved. (world-nuclear.org)

First, the team ran isotope separation experiments for a series of elements. (aps.org)
Next, the researchers used the 1930s theory-originally intended for gases-to predict the degree of isotope separation and found that it agreed with the data quite well. (aps.org)
Although the microscopic behavior of a complex fluid such as magma is rather intricate, the physics behind isotope separation is ultimately simple, Lacks says. (aps.org)
å Arak: heavy water separation plant and 40 megawatt reactor. (armedforcesjournal.com)

The term background can also refer to chemicals, such as heavy metals. (cdc.gov)
A significant flux of heavy metals, among other toxins, reaches the lungs through smoking. (who.int)
A review of the health effects of heavy metal transfer from tobacco via smoke to the lungs indicates that habitual smokers of counterfeits may be risking additional harm from high levels of cadmium and possibly other metals. (who.int)
Our research focuses on mercury concentrations and stable isotope signatures in piscivorous marine mammal species (seals and sea lions) and their prey to help understand how heavy metals move within ecosystems. (uaf.edu)

When writing about isotopes, researchers tend to use numbers to distinguish them. (cosmosmagazine.com)

Use of silicon isotopes (δ30Si) as a paleoceanographic proxy requires sound knowledge of the distribution and behaviour of silicon isotopes throughout the ocean. (hal.science)

This represents a 47 percent increase since the beginning of the Industrial Age, when the concentration was near 280 ppm, and an 11 percent increase since 2000, when it was near 370 ppm. (nasa.gov)

Accurate measurement of serum concentration of the antiepileptic drugs is crucial to achieve optimal efficacy and avoid adverse events. (bvsalud.org)

Lesher says isotope effects could shed light on the processes by which magma turns into rock. (aps.org)
Our aim was to re-examine, at the scale of a large systematic survey, whether or not REE and Nd isotopes could be fractionated during Earth surface processes. (ifremer.fr)

The additional neutron makes a deuterium atom roughly twice as heavy as a protium atom. (wikipedia.org)
H 2 O with one deuterium atom is called semi-heavy water, because the additional neutron increases its density. (universetoday.com)
A molecule of heavy water is composed of two heavy hydrogen and one oxygen atom, with the molecular and chemical formula D 2 O. Heavy water is similar to ordinary water in appearance but has a higher density of 1.1079 g/cm 3 , as well as higher freezing and boiling points of 3.82 °C and 101.42 °C, respectively. (medsci.org)

Thus heavy water as defined by the Gold Book includes hydrogen-deuterium oxide (HDO) and other mixtures of D 2O, H 2O, and HDO in which the proportion of deuterium is greater than usual. (wikipedia.org)
Heavy water, also known as deuterium oxide or deuterium water, is a compound of heavy hydrogen (D) and oxygen (O) ( Fig. 1 ). (medsci.org)
Heavy water is deuterium oxide with the chemical formula D2O. (armedforcesjournal.com)

The oceanic balance of the micronutrient zinc is getting more puzzling -although better documented- while the Zn isotope data set increases. (geotraces.org)

Fission may take place in any of the heavy nuclei after capture of a neutron. (world-nuclear.org)

Researchers can learn about how much the plant breathes by checking its carbon isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)

They discovered that this ancient sea floor contained a significantly higher concentration of the heavier oxygen isotope. (grunge.com)
In the VPA-treated group, the homozygous and heterozygous variants of UGT1A6-A552C and UGT1A6-A541G were significantly associated with lower drug plasma concentrations (p (bvsalud.org)

There are also some trace amounts of other isotopes of silicon). (cosmosmagazine.com)
During this process, diatoms discriminate against the heavier isotope of silicon (30Si) in favor of the light isotope (28Si). (hal.science)

Other isotopes break down very, very slowly, taking thousands to billions of years to deplete. (cosmosmagazine.com)

But whether isotopes can spontaneously segregate in magma was not proven conclusively until the 1990s, and then only in laboratory experiments [1] . (aps.org)
Steady-state and dynamic isotope tracer experiments can provide information on metabolic network structure, metabolic fluxes, and thermodynamics of metabolic reactions and pathways. (energy.gov)

This increase has been due to a combination of rising concentrations of well‐mixed greenhouse gases and recent reductions in aerosol emissions. (judithcurry.com)

Iodine, a halogen, occurs in low concentrations in nature in the form of iodides mainly in sea water, although there are a number of major sources iodine including the underground waters from certain deep- well boring and mineral springs (i.e., brines) and natural deposits of sodium nitrate ore (i.e., caliche) found in the northern part of Chile. (cdc.gov)
In fact, a negative linear correlation was observed with the nitrate concentration in the nearby seawaters (r 2 = 0.83). (e-algae.org)

L'utilisation des isotopes du silicium (δ30Si) comme proxy paléocéanographique nécessite une bonne connaissance de la répartition et du devenir des isotopes du silicium à travers l'océan. (hal.science)

The term refers to the heaviest elements, starting with actinium and continuing to the end of the periodic table. (cdc.gov)
They used a wider range of elements than had been used before-including elements as heavy as hafnium and uranium-in order to improve their ability to compare theory with experiment. (aps.org)
After the sample solidified, the team sliced it up and found that heavier isotopes of most elements were roughly one percent more prevalent in the colder side than in the hotter side. (aps.org)
Most other elements also have several isotopes. (cosmosmagazine.com)
Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements. (wikiversity.org)
Our Niton XL5 Plus handheld XRF analyzer features a 5W x-ray tube (the most powerful available) and a best-in-class detector with graphene window to guarantee the lowest detection limits for heavy and light elements. (thermofisher.com)

BoNTs are dichain proteins consisting of a light chain of 50 kDa and a heavy chain of 100 kDa linked by a disulfide bond 5 . (cdc.gov)

Blanks - samples containing extremely low concentrations of a contaminant , which are used to assess contamination from laboratory equipment and other steps in an analytical procedure. (cdc.gov)

50%) in higher organisms is replaced by heavy water, the result is cell dysfunction and death. (wikipedia.org)
The uranium concentrations detected in this group were, on average, six times higher than in the reference group, but were still within the normal range for the U.S. population. (derechos.org)
The relative molecular mass of heavy water, 20.0275 Mr, is higher than that of water (H 2 O, 18.0153 Mr) by about 11%, hence the name "heavy" water. (medsci.org)
This enables to "filter out" and collect the gas with higher concentrations of U-235. (iaea.org)

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Radioactive12

Stable isotope ratios2

Ratios4

Atoms14

Fractionation1

Oxygen isotopes2

Ratio4

Metal concentrations5

Naturally7

Neutrons4

Tracers2

Atmospheric9

Lighter5

Nitrogen2

Compositions2

Enrichment6

High concentrations1

Plutonium2

Fissile2

Slightly heavier1

Commonly3

Methane3

Composition3

Reactors4

Toxic3

Lithium1

Nucleus2

Separation4

Metals4

Tend1

Paleoceanographic1

20001

Measurement1

Processes2

Atom3

Deuterium oxide3

Increases1

Nuclei1

Researchers1

Significantly2

Silicon2

Slowly1

Experiments2

Greenhouse gases1

Nitrate2

Proxy1

Elements6

Light1

Contamination1

Higher4