Concentration changes change in the membrane potential. Medical search. Frequent questions

The permeability to Na + may be low, but the high concentration of this cation outside the cell and the slightly negative electric charge inside the cell tend to drive Na + inward. (britannica.com)
Given the concentrations of all three ions on each side of the membrane and the relative permeability of the membrane to each ion, researchers can calculate the combined effect of K + , Na + , and Cl − on the membrane potential by using the so-called constant-field equation. (britannica.com)
This equation, by including relative permeability as an important factor, takes into account the phenomenon that the more permeable a membrane is to a particular ion, the greater is the influence of that ion on the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
This protective effect may be mediated by inhibiting the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and reducing the production of reactive oxidative species in mitochondria. (nih.gov)
Microwave biological effects on bacteria is the microwave electric field to change the potential distribution of the membrane cross section, the influence of the membrane surrounding electronic and ion concentration, and thus change the membrane permeability can so malnutrition, bacteria, not normal metabolism, cell structure and function disorders, growth was inhibited and death. (libranet.com)
How does membrane permeability affect membrane potential? (missionalcall.com)
The availability of free energy is one of the factors that determine if a molecule will move across a membrane, the other being the permeability of the molecule in the lipid bilayer. (wikibooks.org)
Fifty-one firefighters in two groups, 25 without respiratory protection and 26 wearing cartridge respirators, were monitored for exposure to products of combustion and changes in spirometric measurements and lung permeability following overhaul of a structural fire. (cdc.gov)
Testing at baseline and 1 hour after overhaul included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), serum Clara cell protein (CC16), and serum surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A). Overhaul increased CC16 in both groups, indicating increased alveolarcapillary membrane permeability. (cdc.gov)
Firefighter exposures during overhaul have the potential to cause changes in spirometric measurements and lung permeability, and self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn during overhaul to prevent lung injury. (cdc.gov)

This starts the depolarization and eventual action potential in contractile cells. (wikipedia.org)
The SA node controls the rate of contraction for the entire heart muscle because its cells have the quickest rate of spontaneous depolarization, thus they initiate action potentials the quickest. (wikipedia.org)
Any change in membrane potential tending to make the inside even more negative is called hyperpolarization , while any change tending to make it less negative is called depolarization . (britannica.com)
Cocaine inhibits the transient inward flux of sodium across the cell membrane during depolarization and causes local anesthesia. (medscape.com)
Increased intracellular concentrations of calcium have been suggested as a cause of depolarization of the cardiac membrane and, therefore, a trigger of sustained action potentials, extra systoles, and tachycardia (sinus, supraventricular, or ventricular). (medscape.com)
Moreover, cell wall damage, cell membrane depolarization, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) decline, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ leakage, cell morphological destruction and alterations in intracellular biomolecules were observed, which indicated the negative influence of MDA on cell membrane and cellular homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, LY354740 decreased α,β-meATP-induced membrane potential depolarization and action potential bursts in DRG neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
Since the activation potential for H-conductance is near the resting membrane potential, it can also oppose depolarization by shutting portion of channels and reducing the push towards positive. (gnxp.com)
Does depolarization increase or decrease membrane potential? (missionalcall.com)
Hyperpolarization and depolarization Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive). (missionalcall.com)

Membrane potential is a potential gradient that forces ions to passively move in one direction: positive ions are attracted by the 'negative' side of the membrane and negative ions by the 'positive' one. (missionalcall.com)
All plasma membranes possess transporters to help move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. (visionlearning.com)
Water will move from an area with a higher concentration of water to the other side of the membrane with a lower concentration of water. (wikibooks.org)

Osmotic balance is maintained between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm by movement of water through the plasma membrane when the total concentration of particles on one side is not equal to that on the other. (britannica.com)
When the inside of the plasma membrane has a negative charge compared to the outside, the neuron is said to be polarized. (britannica.com)
The plasma membrane of the neuron is highly permeable to K + , and in fact the recorded membrane potential of most neurons (−60 to −75 mV) is close to that predicted by the Nernst equation for K + . However, it is not exactly the same, because K + is not the only ion affecting the membrane potential. (britannica.com)
The discussion above demonstrates that the electrical potential existing in neurons is based on the distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and that this distribution comes about through permeation of the membrane. (britannica.com)
In fact, ions are almost always hydrated in the form of ion-water complexes, which have great difficulty in penetrating the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. (britannica.com)
The plasma membrane, being a thin barrier to outside environment, is a selectively permeable membrane. (bartleby.com)
The regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells depends critically on the activities of their plasma membrane ion channels. (diabetesjournals.org)
The plasma membrane serves as a semi-permeable barrier to the cell. (visionlearning.com)
The plasma membrane (also called the cell membrane) is anything but a simple barrier between the inside of a cell and the environment outside of it. (visionlearning.com)
The plasma membrane of all cells is a barrier to most molecules . (visionlearning.com)
The interior environment of the plasma membrane is highly hydrophobic because of the close crowding of all of the fatty acid hydrocarbon tails (see Membranes I: Introduction to Biological Membranes ). (visionlearning.com)
However, a key challenge in translating siRNA into the clinic is the inefficacy to deliver siRNA across the plasma membrane, but most importantly, to escape the endosomal system and reach the cytosol where they can interact with the RNA interference machinery. (lu.se)

Incubation of sections with IVM also increased the degree of hyperpolarization when gluconate was replaced by Cl^- and NO_3^-, indicating an increase in the anion conductance of the muscle bag cell membrane. (soton.ac.uk)
Membrane hyperpolarization in a choline medium was assessed at hematocrits of 0.33 and 7.4 percent. (cdc.gov)
We explored the utility of the real-time FLIPR Membrane Potential (FMP) assay as a method to assess kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-induced hyperpolarization. (ku.edu)
Treatment of CHO-KOR cells with kappa agonists U50,488 or dynorphin [Dyn (1−13)NH2] produced rapid and concentration-dependent decreases in FMP Blue fluorescence reflecting membrane hyperpolarization. (ku.edu)
Insulin-induced β-cell hyperpolarization was sufficient to abolish intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) oscillations measured in pancreatic islets exposed to 10 mmol/l glucose. (diabetesjournals.org)
This has the effect of opposing hyperpolarization, the increased difference in voltage across the membrane, because when the membrane tries to move more negative the channel opens and pushes positive. (gnxp.com)
Does hyperpolarization increase membrane potential? (missionalcall.com)
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. (missionalcall.com)

Apoptosis induction potential of each compound determined by mitochondrial membrane potential analysis (Rho123), cleaved caspase-3 expression analysis by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent staining and cell morphology analysis by giemza, hematoxylin and eosin and Papanicolaou protocols. (ijpsonline.com)
Mitochondrial membrane potential was found at low levels in cells treated with Schiff base compounds and doxorubicin. (ijpsonline.com)
Increased sub-G1 population and annexin-V binding, activation of caspases 9 and 3, cleavage of poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) indicated involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in terpinen-4-ol-treated A549 and CL1-0 cells. (hindawi.com)
Propofol prevented calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling in a concentration-dependent manner. (nih.gov)
It did not affect the reperfusion-induced reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. (nih.gov)
These results demonstrate that propofol may protect against mitochondrial dysfunction by preventing the ultrastructural change to the mitochondria and the calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling. (nih.gov)
Apart from the CCK-8 method, mitochondrial membrane potential detection, cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, and other methods were also adopted to verify the effect of low, medium, and high concentrations of eleutheroside E on the MPTP-induced cell model. (bvsalud.org)

In all other cells, the resting potential (-60mV to -70mV) is caused by a continuous outflow or "leak" of potassium ions through ion channel proteins in the membrane that surrounds the cells. (wikipedia.org)
This electrode showed much larger potential change to phosphate than other ions. (ieice.org)
As stated above, the Nernst potential is the potential difference that exists across a membrane when a particular ion , having reached equilibrium between the tendency to diffuse down its concentration gradient and the tendency to be drawn back by other ions, is in a state of no net flux. (britannica.com)
These structures, sometimes pumping ions from one side to the other and sometimes merely providing channels through which diffusing ions can flow past the lipid molecules, maintain the ionic distribution that keeps the membrane polarized, and they also allow the abrupt changes in distribution that create nerve impulses. (britannica.com)
Aye votes move the voltage potential across the neuronal membrane in a positive direction by allowing positive ions to flow into the cell. (gnxp.com)
Rather, the ions have to be lined up right next to the membrane producing a capacitive current for the period of time it takes to push positive charges off the outside of the cell and line other ions up on the inside. (gnxp.com)
The H-conductance is an ion channel in the membrane that allows positive ions to flow into the neuron (as long as the membrane potential is more negative than -30ish mV). (gnxp.com)
Reversal: Ions want to flow to places where there is a lower concentration. (gnxp.com)
If you open a channel that allows both ions through they will arrive at a consensus (equilibrium, reversal) potential that accommodates everyone's needs. (gnxp.com)
Dołżonek J. , Cho C.-W., Stepnowski P., Markiewicz M. , Thöming J. , and Stolte S. (2017) Membrane partitioning of ionic liquid cations, anions and ion pairs - estimating the bio concentration potential of organic ions. (uni-bremen.de)
A neuron's resting membrane potential (-70 mV) can be altered to either increase or decrease likelihood of reaching threshold via sodium and potassium ions. (missionalcall.com)
In the simplest case, illustrated here, if the membrane is selectively permeable to potassium, these positively charged ions can diffuse down the concentration gradient to the outside of the cell, leaving behind uncompensated negative charges. (missionalcall.com)
These ions travel against the concentration gradient, so this process requires ATP. (missionalcall.com)
Ions , such as sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl - ), have an even more difficult time going through the membrane than glucose . (visionlearning.com)
There exists an exchange of molecules and ions in and out of the cell wall, as well as in and out of membrane-bounded intracellular compartments such as the nucleus, ER, and mitrochondria. (wikibooks.org)
The cytoplasmic membrane separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment, allowing nutrients, ions, biomolecules, and genetic material to accumulate, which is a necessary condition for the existence of life on earth. (creative-bioarray.com)
A particularly important aspect of membrane biology is the ability to separate ions of different concentrations and types. (creative-bioarray.com)
At the same time, a variety of ion indicators such as calcium ion indicators can also realize the visualization of membrane potential through the movement of ions across the membrane. (creative-bioarray.com)
According to the cell sample commissioned or submitted by the customer and the research purpose, select the appropriate ion indicator, and track the concentration of calcium and other ions through a strong fluorescent signal and a series of wavelength options. (creative-bioarray.com)
Creative Bioarray uses industry-leading ion indicators and potential probes to track the concentration of target ions in cells and analyze membrane potential. (creative-bioarray.com)

are proteins and __________ are tubes in the cell membrane. (flashcardmachine.com)
The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)
As explored in Membranes I: Introduction to Biological Membranes , there is a wide variety of embedded components that are essential to the life of the cell, including lipids , carbohydrates, and proteins - many of which regulate what is allowed to pass into and out of the cell (Figure 1). (visionlearning.com)
Western blot analysis was used to detect changes in the expression of intracellular proteins CytC, Nrf2, and NQO1 to clarify the mechanism. (bvsalud.org)
To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)

Dietzel I, Heinemann U, Lux HD (1989) Relations between slow extracellular potential changes, glial potassium buffering, and electrolyte and cellular volume changes during neuronal hyperactivity in cat brain. (yale.edu)
Fast" dyes are usually electrochromic dyes that can be used to monitor rapid changes in neuronal voltage. (creative-bioarray.com)

The channels are important cellular switches which transduce changes in intracellular concentrations of cyclic nucleotides into changes of the membrane potential and the Ca2+ concentration. (cipsm.de)

The key to the rhythmic firing of pacemaker cells is that, unlike other neurons in the body, these cells will slowly depolarize by themselves and do not need any outside innervation from the autonomic nervous system to fire action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Group II mGluR agonist LY354740 concentration-dependently decreased P2X3 receptor-mediated and α,β-methylene-ATP (α,β-meATP)-evoked inward currents in DRG neurons. (iasp-pain.org)
Neurons have components that react to any change in membrane potential and push back toward baseline. (gnxp.com)
We postulated that this phenomenon was primarily due to the increased failure rate of evoking action potentials in parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory neurons. (researchsquare.com)

After 72 h incubation, colorimetric 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test was performed to determine half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of each compound. (ijpsonline.com)
The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of MDA on S. xylosus and L. plantarum were 90 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml, respectively. (frontiersin.org)

Current and voltage responses elicited by increasing or decreasing the concentration of L-glutamate or its analog kainate around isolated cone horizontal cells were measured with patch pipettes using the whole cell recording configuration. (nih.gov)
There are 3 main stages in the generation of an action potential in a pacemaker cell. (wikipedia.org)
PBP was immobilized on a porous membrane and the membrane potential change was measured with use of H type cell and Ag/AgCl electrode. (ieice.org)
The membrane potential of the red blood cells was determined before and after cell shrinkage as the external potassium concentration at which there was no change in diSC35 fluorescence. (cdc.gov)
Diet also has the potential to change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated phospholipids in cell membranes. (wikipedia.org)
[3] It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors, an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors, and reduced insulin resistance. (wikipedia.org)
[16] It does this by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters (especially GLUT4 ) to the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
In the cell morphology analyzes, chromatin condensation and marginalization, changes in the cell membrane, ghost cells and apoptotic bodies were observed as evidence of apoptosis formation. (ijpsonline.com)
However, the applicability of such traditional chemotherapeutic approaches is primarily limited due to acquired Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) in cells, which is acquired through the production of anti-apoptotic cascades and the overexpression of cell membrane-based drug efflux pumps, such as P-glycoprotein, for self-defense. (ijpsonline.com)
The effects of insulin were reversed by tolbutamide, which decreased cell conductance to 0.5 ± 0.1 nS and shifted the current reversal potential to −25.2 ± 2.3 mV. (diabetesjournals.org)
ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP) channels) are present in many cells and regulate a variety of cellular functions by coupling cell metabolism with membrane potential. (diabetesjournals.org)
Agudelo-Toro A, Neef A (2013) Computationally efficient simulation of electrical activity at cell membranes interacting with self-generated and externally imposed electric fields. (yale.edu)
ATZ also induces morphological changes similar to apoptosis and initiates mitochondria-dependent cell death in several experimental models. (frontiersin.org)
You see, the membrane potential isn't exactly a count of the number of positive and negative charges inside and outside the cell. (gnxp.com)
SInce there is a lot of Na+ outside the cell, it wants to flow into the cell and drive the potential up. (gnxp.com)
There is a lot of K+ inside a neuron, so it wants to flow out of the cell and drive the potential down. (gnxp.com)
Did you know that the absence of one tiny amino acid in cell membranes causes Cystic Fibrosis, a life-threatening disease? (visionlearning.com)
And a common aliment, heartburn, is treated with medicine that slows down the rate at which protons are pumped across cell membranes into the stomach. (visionlearning.com)
Studying how molecules travel across plasma membranes (cell membranes) is the key to understanding and treating many medical conditions. (visionlearning.com)
Many types of components are mingled throughout the cell membrane. (visionlearning.com)
The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
Diffusion is the process by which molecules migrate over the cell membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)
The resulting membrane potential is the basic biophysical property maintained by every cell on the earth. (creative-bioarray.com)
Voltage imaging has gradually become an important technique to reveal the impact of rapid changes in membrane voltage on cell physiology. (creative-bioarray.com)
We provide membrane potential changes analysis services for nerve cells, cardiomyocytes, and other cell types based on membrane potential probes. (creative-bioarray.com)
We select industry-leading potential probes to analyze and test cell samples commissioned or submitted by customers. (creative-bioarray.com)
With these methods, single-cell knockdown kinetics of cytosol delivered siRNA is determined, and the dose-response correlation between knockdown and intracellular siRNA concentration is elucidated. (lu.se)

Small molecule voltage imaging has a long history, and compounds with voltage-sensitive optical properties provide a shortcut for the fluorescence detection of membrane potential. (creative-bioarray.com)

Destexhe A, Mainen ZF, Sejnowski TJ (1994) Synthesis of models for excitable membranes, synaptic transmission and neuromodulation using a common kinetic formalism. (yale.edu)
Usually I think of synaptic transmission in terms of a single action potential or other event that releases neurotransmitter, so I don't end up in the frequency domain. (gnxp.com)

The membrane potential change was observed selectively to phosphate. (ieice.org)
Both Diffusion and Osmosis are examples of passive transport, however, osmosis is when water molecules move across a selectively permeable membrane. (bartleby.com)

The liposomes also have glucose transporters on it membrane to facilitate inward diffusion of glucose. (twoplustwo.com)

Investigation of Factors Affect Osmosis in Potatoes Aim The aim of the following experiment was to investigate the effect of varying the concentration of sucrose solution on osmosis in a potato. (bartleby.com)
Effect of Sucrose Solution on Osmosis Aim: The aim of the experiment is to show how varying the concentration of sucrose solution affects osmosis by changing different molar solutions of sucrose and water and how it affects the potato. (bartleby.com)
Osmosis is the process, in which, water moves across a differentially permeable membrane. (bartleby.com)
conducted in order to explore the process of diffusion and osmosis and more importantly to investigate the question of "Does different concentrations of sucrose solutions have an effect on the final weight for the potato tubers? (bartleby.com)
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. (wikibooks.org)
Osmosis is very important in biological systems because many membranes are semipermeable. (wikibooks.org)
Ultrasound elastomicroscopy using water jet and osmosis loading: potentials for assessment for articular cartilage. (who.int)

We addressed the onset of synergistic activity of the two well-studied antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 (MG2a) and PGLa using lipid-only mimics of Gram-negative cytoplasmic membranes. (muni.cz)

Sodium flux through the membrane occurred in exchange for protons and was inhibited by amiloride. (cdc.gov)
How does sodium affect membrane potential? (missionalcall.com)
Sodium conductance decreases, the membrane potential begins to repolarize, and the Na+ channels that are open and not yet inactivated are deactivated and close. (missionalcall.com)
The sodium-potassium pump goes through cycles of shape changes to help maintain a negative membrane potential. (missionalcall.com)

This will happen by using different concentrations of sucrose (20%, 40%, 60%) afterwards, the change in mass ratio would be observed over time. (bartleby.com)

Halnes G, Mäki-Marttunen T, Keller D, Pettersen KH, Andreassen OA, Einevoll GT (2016) Effect of Ionic Diffusion on Extracellular Potentials in Neural Tissue. (yale.edu)

Cellular effects that have been suggested include changes in calcium flux that are similar to those of other cardiac toxins, including digoxin. (medscape.com)

This results in differing cytotoxic responses that are influenced by the nature of target cells, assay types and concentrations of ATZ. (frontiersin.org)

In agreement with previous studies, both peptides, as well as their equimolar mixture, were found to remain upon adsorption in a surface-aligned topology and to induce significant membrane perturbation, as evidenced by membrane thinning and hydrocarbon order parameter changes in the vicinity of the inserted peptide. (muni.cz)
Those hydrocarbon tails are filled with non-polar bonds , and there are essentially zero polar bonds anywhere in the interior section of the membrane. (visionlearning.com)

I will use these values to find the solute potential by using the calibration graph. (bartleby.com)

The most important ion in resting membrane potential determination is Cl - , giving a 13mV change/10 fold change in extracellular Cl - concentration. (soton.ac.uk)
In the extracellular fluid , electroneutrality is preserved by a balance between a high concentration of Na + on the one hand and a high concentration of Cl − , as well as small quantities of impermeant anions such as bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate, on the other. (britannica.com)
Permeation actually occurs through protein structures embedded in the lipid bilayer and spanning the membrane from cytoplasm to extracellular fluid. (britannica.com)
Bédard C, Kröger H, Destexhe A (2004) Modeling extracellular field potentials and the frequency-filtering properties of extracellular space. (yale.edu)
Bédard C, Rodrigues S, Roy N, Contreras D, Destexhe A (2010) Evidence for frequency-dependent extracellular impedance from the transfer function between extracellular and intracellular potentials: intracellular-LFP transfer function. (yale.edu)
Dietzel I, Heinemann U, Hofmeier G, Lux HD (1982) Stimulus-induced changes in extracellular Na+ and Cl- concentration in relation to changes in the size of the extracellular space. (yale.edu)

Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) are receiving great attention as vaccine platforms. (mdpi.com)
Our data are consistent with the formation of parallel heterodimers at concentrations below a synergistic increase of dye leakage from vesicles. (muni.cz)
The early onset of dimerization of L18W-PGLa and MG2a at low peptide concentrations consequently appears to be key to their synergistic dye-releasing activity from lipid vesicles at high concentrations. (muni.cz)

Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)

Cl - concentration was found to be about 18mM, and for all cells tested was lower than predicted from a passive distribution, indicating the presence of a Cl - extrusion process. (soton.ac.uk)
Title: The effect the molarity of sucrose solution has on osmolarity Introduction: Passive transport occurs when substances move from high concentration areas to a lower concentration region. (bartleby.com)
When ΔG is positive the transport is active, an input of energy is needed to move a molecule up a concentration gradient, contrary to ΔG being negative the transport is passive, which means that such molecules will pass through a membrane down their own gradient, simple diffusion. (wikibooks.org)
Passive transport is the moving of biochemicals across membranes of cells without the use of chemical energy. (wikibooks.org)

The contraction of cardiac muscle (heart muscle) in all animals is initiated by electrical impulses known as action potentials that in the heart are known as cardiac action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
The cells that make up the SA node are specialized cardiomyocytes known as pacemaker cells that can spontaneously generate cardiac action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Elevated cytosolic calcium can provoke oscillatory depolarizations of the cardiac membrane and trigger sustained action potential generation and extra systoles. (medscape.com)

Also, a high concentration of calcium may decrease myofilament responsiveness. (medscape.com)
The increase and decrease of membrane potential play a central role in many physiological processes. (creative-bioarray.com)

This study demonstrated the potential antimicrobial properties of MDA and provided theoretical support for the scientific prevention and control of lipid oxidation and microbial contamination in food. (frontiersin.org)
To further demonstrate the importance of the aromatic residues for this, a mutant peptide KYE28A, with Ala substitutions at Phe11 , Phe19 , Phe23 , and Tyr25 was designed, which showed attenuated antimicrobial activity at high salt concentrations, as well as lower membrane disruption and LPS binding abilities compared with KYE28. (lu.se)

The FMP Blue dye was used to measure fluorescent signals reflecting changes in membrane potential in KOR expressing CHO (CHO-KOR) cells. (ku.edu)

How many glucose molecules need to be broken down to reduce the cytosolic Na+ concentration to 10 mM? (twoplustwo.com)
Until now it was not known what properties of the cytosolic PD were allosterically regulated by the membrane-associated VSD. (escholarship.org)

From the second law of thermodynamics molecules spontaneously move from a higher concentration to lower concentration. (wikibooks.org)

In the F-ATPase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, conformational changes in the ε-subunit are influenced by intracellular ATP concentration and membrane potential. (rcsb.org)
Combined with previous results, our study defines the conformational changes underlying transition-metal ion transport in the SLC11 family and it provides molecular insight to its coupling to protons. (nature.com)
By determining the structure of EcoDMT in an outward-facing conformation, we provide a framework that defines the conformational changes underlying transport by the alternate access mechanism 19 . (nature.com)
Using a pair of new PIP sensors to monitor enzyme activity and voltage clamp fluorometry to monitor conformational changes in the VSD, it becomes clear the Ciona intestinalis VSP (Ci-VSP) has two distinct voltage regulated enzyme active states: a faster low-voltage state with substrate preference for PIP3 and a slower high-voltage state with preference for PIP2. (escholarship.org)
ABT-737 induces Bax conformational change but fails to activate Bak or trigger Bax translocation. (aacrjournals.org)
Finally, Mcl-1 knockout MEFs are extremely sensitive to Bak conformational change and apoptosis induced by ABT-737, effects that are not potentiated by roscovitine. (aacrjournals.org)

The eleutheroside E group was divided into low-, medium-, and high-concentration groups, in which the cells were pretreated with eleutheroside E at concentrations of 100 µmol/L, 300 µmol/L, and 500 µmol/L. Next, MPTP was added to the cells separately. (bvsalud.org)

Collectively, these data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying terpinen-4-ol-induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells, rendering this compound a potential anticancer drug for NSCLC. (hindawi.com)

Flow cytometry was used to measure the membrane potential and the production of reactive oxidative species. (nih.gov)

Only uncharged, non-polar molecules can easily pass through the membrane. (visionlearning.com)
Understanding free energy is the heart of understanding how molecules are transported and/or behave in a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)
1) Tracer diffusion is the spontaneous mixing of molecules that occurs in absence of a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)

Normally, due to other considerations, a neuron sits near -55 to -60 mV, so activating the H-conductance will push the neuron toward a more positive potential. (gnxp.com)
The H-conductance is closed at positive potentials and becomes activated when the potential moves more negative than about -60 mV. (gnxp.com)

Reducing the concentration of the agonists by pressure ejection of pulses of drug-free Ringer's solution onto the cells completely turned off the drug-induced currents. (nih.gov)
In most humans, the highest concentration of pacemaker cells is in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the natural and primary pacemaker, and the resultant rhythm is a sinus rhythm. (wikipedia.org)
The left and right bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers, will also produce a spontaneous action potential at a rate of 30-40 beats per minute, so if the SA and AV node both fail to function, these cells can become pacemakers. (wikipedia.org)
It is important to realize that these cells will be initiating action potentials and contraction at a much lower rate than the primary or secondary pacemaker cells. (wikipedia.org)
In all other cells, DMT1 is found in intracellular membranes where it promotes the exit of endocytosed Fe 2+ from endosomes into the cytoplasm 9 . (nature.com)
The resting membrane potential of Ascaris muscle bag cells is quite low at around -30mV. (soton.ac.uk)
Ion sensitive microelectrodes (ISMs) incorporating the ion exchanger Corning 477913, were used to measure intracellular Cl - concentration in the muscle bag cells. (soton.ac.uk)
The activity of the K(ATP) channels in pancreatic beta-cells is regulated by changes in the ATP and ADP concentrations (ATP/ADP ratio) caused by glucose metabolism. (diabetesjournals.org)
One such protein, the voltage sensing phosphatase (VSP), developed a sophisticated mechanism of inter-domain coupling, which enabled cells to integrate changes in membrane potential into chemical changes in a class of secondary signaling lipids called phosphatidylinositol-phosphates (PIPs). (escholarship.org)
In addition, the root cause of the disease has been identified: The plasma membranes of cells in the affected organs are missing a key component and so do not function properly. (visionlearning.com)
Compared with the MPTP group, the survival rates of cells at low, medium, and high concentrations of eleutheroside E all increased. (bvsalud.org)
We have established a complete experimental protocol, relying on ion indicators and potential probes for ion concentration analysis and membrane potential detection of cultured cells. (creative-bioarray.com)

The anion selectivity of the GABA-Cl channel was investigated, selectivity was determined using the reversal potential of the GABA event (E GABA ). (soton.ac.uk)
In this work, it is show that two unrelated domains, a VSD from voltage dependent ion channels and a lipid PD homologous to protein tyrosine phosphatases evolved a tight mechanism of allosteric regulation that transduces fluctuations in membrane potential into changes in the enzyme selectivity of a novel lipid phosphatase. (escholarship.org)

There is also a tendency for Cl − to permeate the membrane, since that ion is at higher concentration outside the neuron than inside. (britannica.com)
However, in occupational set-up, humans are exposed to ATZ at a thousand-fold higher concentration than seen in residential exposure. (frontiersin.org)

Miller E W. Small molecule fluorescent voltage indicators for studying membrane potential[J]. Current opinion in chemical biology, 2016, 33: 74-80. (creative-bioarray.com)

The coordination and rapid changes of membrane potential realize many advanced functions such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. (creative-bioarray.com)

For example, water cannot pass directly through a biological membrane because it is a polar molecule , with partial positive and partial negative charges . (visionlearning.com)
Glucose is another example of a polar molecule that cannot easily pass through the membrane . (visionlearning.com)

Magainin 2 and PGLa in Bacterial Membrane Mimics I: Peptide-Peptide and Lipid-Peptide Interactions. (muni.cz)

The ability of FZHY to act on this novel mechanism represents an important aspect of its therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis. (bvsalud.org)

If all glycogens are broken down to glucose, how does osmotic pressure inside the liposome CHANGE? (twoplustwo.com)
In the second system, we used osmotic pressure caused by the ion concentration change in the bathing solutions for the articular cartilage to deform them. (who.int)

Further studies are necessary to fully realize the potentials of these two new methods. (who.int)

A diffusion coefficient is a factor of proportionality that represents the amount of substance diffusion across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. (wikibooks.org)
2) Chemical diffusion occurs in the presence of a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)

A group of matched healthy controls will undergo similar assessments and MRI scanning at the same time points to help discern whether study treatments induce brain changes toward or away from normal values. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition to biological tissues, these systems have potential applications for the assessment of bioengineered tissues, biomaterials with fine structures, or some engineering materials. (who.int)

Both the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone and the κ-selective antagonists nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) and zyklophin produced rightward shifts in the U50,488 concentration-response curves, consistent with competitive antagonism of the KOR mediated response. (ku.edu)

Liu P, Miller E W. Electrophysiology, unplugged: imaging membrane potential with fluorescent indicators[J]. Accounts of chemical research, 2019, 53(1): 11-19. (creative-bioarray.com)
They cause chemical burns or blisters of the skin and mucous membranes, such as the conjunctiva of the eyes and the mucosa of airways. (cdc.gov)

In a second study, endosomal structures damaged by membrane-destabilizing substances are characterized and their potential improvements on cholesterol conjugated siRNA delivery. (lu.se)

I didn't want to, but I think I have to explain reversal vs. activation potential. (gnxp.com)

The fast response probe can be used for preliminary analysis of physiological processes with instantaneous (millisecond) potential changes, such as nerve impulses. (creative-bioarray.com)

It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold. (missionalcall.com)

Anatomy49

Organisms18

Chemicals and Drugs102

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes54

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science5

Health Care1

Permeability10

Depolarization10

Side of the membrane3

Plasma membrane12

Hyperpolarization8

Mitochondrial7

Ions20

Proteins5

Neuronal2

Intracellular concentrations1

Neurons4

Inhibitory2

Cell27

Fluorescence1

Synaptic transmission2

Selectively2

Transporters1

Osmosis7

Cytoplasmic1

Sodium4

Different concentrations1

Ionic1

Cellular1

Assay1

Hydrocarbon2

Solute1

Extracellular6

Vesicles3

Postsynaptic1

Passive4

Cardiac3

Decrease2

Antimicrobial2

Signals1

Cytosolic2

Lower concentration1

Conformational6

High concentration1

Apoptosis1

Reactive1

Molecules3

Conductance2

Cells12

Selectivity2

Higher concentration2

20161

Contraction1

Polar molecule2

Interactions1

Therapeutic1

Osmotic pressure2

Realize1

Diffusion2

Induce1

Biological1

Selective1

Chemical2

Substances1

Reversal1

Millisecond1

Action1