• The original industrial route to acrolein, developed by Degussa, involves condensation of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: HCHO + CH3CHO → CH2=CHCHO + H2O Acrolein may also be produced on lab scale by the action of potassium bisulfate on glycerol (glycerine). (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein condenses with acetaldehyde and amines to give methylpyridines. (wikipedia.org)
  • E-cig aerosol contains ultra-fine particles, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and numerous toxic chemicals including acetaldehyde, acrolein, toluene, and formaldehyde in lower concentration than cigarette smoke (2, 3). (researchsquare.com)
  • Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 chemicals, including carcinogenic and toxic carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein).1,2 The amount of many individual carbonyl compounds in mainstream smoke is typically in the range of micrograms per cigarette.3 A risk assessment by Fowles and Dybing4 on chemical constituents in cigarette smoke suggested that mainstream smoke gas-phase constituents contribute heavily toward the cancer risk indices. (cdc.gov)
  • Low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are difficult to accurately analyze because they are highly volatile, reactive, and water-soluble. (cdc.gov)
  • The highest acetaldehyde concentrations were generally found in fortified wines (118 ± 120 mg/l, range 12-800 mg/l). (who.int)
  • 100 µM) concentrations of acetaldehyde. (who.int)
  • Three recent studies have reported acetaldehyde air concentrations in facilities that produce and use flavorings. (who.int)
  • In a facility that manufactures flavorings, modified dairy products and bacterial additives, NIOSH (2007) reported mean, full-shift time-weighted average (TWA) acetaldehyde air concentrations of 0.14 ppm in the powder production room, 0.07 ppm in the liquid production room, and 0.07 ppm in the pre-production corridor. (who.int)
  • A task-based acetaldehyde air concentration of 0.19 ppm was measured during pouring and mixing of ingredients for a fruit flavor in the liquid production room. (who.int)
  • TWA acetaldehyde air concentrations were 0.44 ppm in the spray-drying room, 0.343 ppm in the powder production room, 0.273 ppm in the liquid production room, and 0.029 ppm in the pre-production corridor. (who.int)
  • The highest task-based acetaldehyde air concentration (4.02 ppm) was measured during packaging of a powdered dairy-flavored product in the powder production room. (who.int)
  • In a small popcorn popping plant, NIOSH (2009b) reported that acetaldehyde concentrations in air were less than the detectable (0.09 ppm) or quantifiable (0.15 ppm) concentrations. (who.int)
  • Action level means a concentration of 0.5 part formaldehyde per million parts of air (0.5 ppm) calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average (TWA) concentration. (cornell.edu)
  • The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of formaldehyde which exceeds 0.75 parts formaldehyde per million parts of air (0.75 ppm) as an 8-hour TWA. (cornell.edu)
  • This test method is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the concentration range from approximately 10 ppb to 1 ppm (v/v). (astm.org)
  • In a fire, these insulation materials can release irritant gases, such as Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic and Hydrofluoric acids, various NOx gases as well as Formaldehyde and Acrolein. (backtoearth.co.uk)
  • High-quality incense does not contain toxic additives such as formaldehyde or acrolein, which can be irritating to the respiratory system and are associated with bronchial irritation, asthma and headaches. (fineherbalincense.com)
  • In the researchers' simulations, concentrates that were subjected to higher heat seemed to create vapor containing higher levels of methacrolein (MC), a "noxious irritant" related to the powerful pulmonary irritant acrolein, and benzene, a known carcinogen that's been studied for years. (forbes.com)
  • Though benzene is a " ubiquitous pollutant," unlike MC, the authors wrote, "the concentrations of benzene found in the dabbing terpenes at the highest [temperature range] are far greater than those found in ambient air. (forbes.com)
  • Overall, 65% of paired samples (across all sample days) showed a post-shift increase in urinary levoglucosan and 5 firefighters were exposed to benzene at concentrations at or above the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit. (cdc.gov)
  • INTRODUCTION: Firefighters are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during structural fire responses and training fires, several of which (e.g., benzene, acrolein, styrene) are known or probable carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
  • The research presented in this thesis aimed to further characterise the effect of lipoxidation on PTEN by investigating the effect of acrolein on PTEN's activity, structure and interactions using a range of proteomic techniques. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Acrolein was used in warfare due to its irritant and blistering properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein is toxic and is a strong irritant for the skin, eyes, and nasal passages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein is primarily an irritant of the respiratory tract. (toronto.ca)
  • From the EPA data, the team determined that the levels of nine of the 50 gases initially rose above their normal baselines, especially acrolein, a respiratory irritant. (clinicalnews.org)
  • In response to occupational exposures to acrolein, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) at an eight-hour time-weighted average. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ratios between personal exposures and ambient concentrations were similar and close to 1 for EC and NO2, but significantly higher for PAHs. (lu.se)
  • Using modern vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) may have contributed to the lower ambient underground PM concentration and exposures. (lu.se)
  • It then summarizes the information available on secondhand-smoke concentrations and exposures before and after the implementation of smoking bans. (nationalacademies.org)
  • NIOSH considers asbestos to be a potential occupational carcinogen and recommends that exposures be reduced to the lowest feasible concentration. (cdc.gov)
  • These data were used to calculate representative mid-range and upper bound concentrations relevant to chronic exposures for 267 pollutants and representative peak concentrations relevant to acute exposures for 5 activity-associated pollutants. (lbl.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to determine if puff duration and flow rate have an effect on the characteristics of the mainstream emission from waterpipes, including total particulate matter (TPM), mass ratio of nicotine and mass concentration of volatile carbonyls. (bmj.com)
  • We measured particulate matter (PM), acrolein, and other indoor air contaminants in eight visits to grocery stores in California. (lbl.gov)
  • However, the procedure described in the Annex A has been used by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency to estimate acrolein and crotonaldehyde concentrations in standard atmospheres following special precautions. (astm.org)
  • Testing has not been completed to determine the carcinogenicity of acrolein, butyraldehyde (CAS#: 123-72-8), crotonaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal (CAS#: 107-22-2), paraformaldehyde (CAS#: 30525-89-4), propiolaldehyde (CAS#: 624-67-9), propionaldehyde (CAS#: 123-38-6), and n-valeraldehyde, nine related low-molecular-weight-aldehydes. (cdc.gov)
  • The main metabolic pathway for acrolein is the alkylation of glutathione. (wikipedia.org)
  • Olfactory and respi- ratory glutathione (GSH) concentrations were also evaluated in naive and acrolein-preexposed rats. (cdc.gov)
  • 2004). Ambient air with glutathione (GSH) and other cellular nucleophiles (Kehrer measurements in the United States have detected acrolein at & Biswal, 2000), depletes rat nasal and lung GSH (Arumugam concentrations ranging from 2 to 7 ppb. (cdc.gov)
  • No correlation between bacterial intracellular concentrations of LMW-SH, including glutathione, and reuterin or hydrogen peroxide sensitivities were found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acrolein induced a biphasic effect on glutathione (GSH) levels with a depletion after 30 min of treatment followed by a progressive increase 24 hrs after exposure while the expression of γ-glutamyl-cysteine-synthase (γ-GCS) was induced. (hal.science)
  • Protein carbonyls levels were significantly higher with all tested concentrations of acrolein. (hal.science)
  • Acrolein is one of seven toxicants in cigarette smoke that are most associated with respiratory tract carcinogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cigarette smoke contains high concentrations of acrolein, a neurotoxin that has been implicated in playing a major role in the pathogenesis of SCI 4,5 . (confex.com)
  • The development of a filter to remove acrolein from cigarette smoke may be beneficial to smokers who may be unable to quit and also may provide useful information about the specific involvement of acrolein in the exacerbation of NP as opposed to the collective involvement of the many components of cigarette smoke. (confex.com)
  • Therefore, it is reasonable to consider that chemically modifying a cellulose acetate filter would result in a reduction of acrolein in cigarette smoke. (confex.com)
  • Spinal cord injury leaves the body susceptible to acrolein-mediated damage, and increased exposure to acrolein through cigarette smoke will result in sensory hypersensitivity. (confex.com)
  • Urine samples (27 workers) were collected after 8 h exposure and analyzed for PAH metabolites and effect biomarkers (8-oxodG for DNA oxidative damage, 4-HNE-MA for lipid peroxidation, 3-HPMA for acrolein). (lu.se)
  • Semi-volatile PAHs may not be effectively reduced by the aftertreatment systems, and ambient area sampling did not predict the personal airborne PAHs exposure well, neither did the slightly elevated concentration of urinary PAH metabolites correlate with airborne PAH exposure. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, research has associated metabolites that form as a result of high-temperature cooking - such as acrylamide and acrolein metabolites - with insulin resistance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The uptake efficiency (UE) of 0.6, 1.8, or 3.6 ppm acrolein was measured in the isolated upper respiratory tract (URT) of anesthetized naive rats under constant-velocity unidirectional inspi- ratory flow rates of 100 or 300 ml/min for up to 80 min. (cdc.gov)
  • Dose response experiments were performed to determine a range that spanned non-toxic to moderately toxic concentrations. (mattek.com)
  • A treatment with 20 μM of acrolein for 30 min activated NF-κB, Nrf2, and heme oxygenase-1 while after 24 hrs of exposure, their induction was observed with the subtoxic and toxic concentrations of acrolein except for NF-κB. (hal.science)
  • Acrolein changes into a vapor much faster than water does at normal temperatures. (cdc.gov)
  • The change of acrolein from a liquid to a vapor becomes faster as temperature increases. (cdc.gov)
  • Acrolein that enters the air as a vapor changes into other chemicals within days. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the acrolein in water changes into a vapor and enters the air. (cdc.gov)
  • Acrolein that enters the soil can change into vapor and enter the air, be washed out with water, or may bind to soils in such a way as to make it non-toxic. (cdc.gov)
  • Because acrolein easily changes into a vapor, you are more likely to be exposed to it from breathing air than from drinking water. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to acrolein vapor resulted in reduced respiratory epithelial GSH concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • As such, reducing acrolein uptake is likely an effective way to curtail post-SCI pain. (confex.com)
  • An additional group of animals was exposed to 0.6 or 1.8 ppm acrolein, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for 14 days prior to performing nasal uptake studies (with 1.8 or 3.6 ppm acrolein) at a 100 ml/min airflow rate. (cdc.gov)
  • In acrolein-preexposed animals, URT acrolein UE was also dependent on the acrolein concentra- tion used prior to the uptake exposure, with preexposed rats having higher UE than their naive counterparts. (cdc.gov)
  • Despite having increased acrolein UE, GSH concentrations in the respiratory epithelium of acrolein preexposed rats were higher at the end of the 80 min acrolein uptake experiment than their in naive rat counterparts, suggesting that an adaptive response in GSH metabolism occurred following acrolein preexposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Acrolein is primarily used to make other chemicals and may also be found in some livestock feed. (cdc.gov)
  • The acrolein left in the water is changed into other chemicals, which are rapidly broken down, or it may be removed by binding to substances in water. (cdc.gov)
  • Acrolein was identified as one of the chemicals involved in the 2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution incident. (wikipedia.org)
  • These devices produce aerosolized substances by heating a liquid, which generates a large number of chemicals due to the presence of propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine in various concentrations, flavoring agents and other additive compounds (1). (researchsquare.com)
  • 3 Although the composition of sidestream and mainstream smoke are qualitatively similar, there are substantial quantitative differences in composition between mainstream and sidestream smoke because the chemicals emitted in tobacco smoke change with temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, and the extent of combustion. (nationalacademies.org)
  • It was this eye-watering character of acrolein that prompted its use as a warfare agent during World War I. It was one of several 'lachrymators' deployed to harass, and the forerunner of safer chemicals, such as 'tear gas' CS, developed for riot control. (divched.org)
  • A number of useful compounds are made from acrolein, exploiting its bifunctionality. (wikipedia.org)
  • BPA and phthalates may disrupt endocrine function, and the authors note that some recent meta-analyses have shown that high concentrations of these compounds are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Acrolein is used as a starting material for the manufacture of many organic compounds, including plastics, perfumes, acrylates, textile finishes, synthetic fibres and pharmaceuticals. (iloencyclopaedia.org)
  • Acrolein is a relatively electrophilic compound and a reactive one, hence its high toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Eric Fujita and colleagues characterized concentrations of mobile-source air toxics (MSATs) and other pollutants in potential Los Angeles County pollution hot spots, including on urban highways with a varying mix of gasoline- and diesel-powered traffic and sites at various distances from the highways and close to other roads. (healtheffects.org)
  • Ambient air sampling of these pollutants and particle number size distribution and concentration were performed in the vicinity of the workers. (lu.se)
  • In this study, we compiled summary results from 77 published studies reporting measurements of chemical pollutants were representative of concentrations in residences in the United States. (lbl.gov)
  • Representative concentrations are compared to available chronic and acute health standards for 97 pollutants. (lbl.gov)
  • According to Biziou, burning incense releases a number of pollutants that are dangerous when inhaled at high concentrations. (fineherbalincense.com)
  • In particular, endogenous concentrations of acrolein are significantly elevated after spinal cord injury and acrolein inhalation in rodents, as well as after cigarette smoking in humans 6,7 . (confex.com)
  • Nasal lesions induced by acrolein in rodents have been used is College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. (cdc.gov)
  • A section 304(a) water quality criterion is a qualitative or quantitative estimate of the concentration of a water constituent or pollutant in ambient waters which, when not exceeded, will ensure a water quality sufficient to protect a specified water use. (epa.gov)
  • The outbreak of COVID-19 promoted strict restrictions to human activities in China, which led to a dramatic decrease in most air pollutant concentrations (e.g. (copernicus.org)
  • The smell of burnt fat (as when cooking oil is heated to its smoke point) is caused by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein. (wikipedia.org)
  • When glycerol (also called glycerin) is heated to 280 °C, it decomposes into acrolein: (CH2OH)2CHOH → CH2=CHCHO + 2 H2O This route is attractive when glycerol is co-generated in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reuterin was produced by Lb . reuteri SD2112 in pure glycerol solution, purified and used to test the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The glycerol loses two molecules of water and forms acrolein, whose assault on the eyes is partly responsible for the tears elicited by smoke. (divched.org)
  • Acrolein is also formed in building fires at concentrations that can be deadly for occupants. (cdc.gov)
  • 1985). Inspired acrolein reacts rapidly fires can exceed 3 ppm (Slaughter et al. (cdc.gov)
  • The use of combustible materials increases growth and severity of fires as well as producing higher concentrations of toxic substances. (backtoearth.co.uk)
  • However, only the larger fires tend to produce lethal concentrations of this gas. (backtoearth.co.uk)
  • Amines have also been shown to actively scavenge acrolein in many in vitro investigations 11 . (confex.com)
  • In the second chapter, PTEN-V5-His was treated in vitro with acrolein, from 0.2:1 to 20:1 acrolein:PTEN. (aston.ac.uk)
  • HECTD1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was validated in vitro as a novel interactor of PTEN that showed increased binding on acrolein treatment of PTEN. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Grocery stores had significantly higher concentrations of acrolein, fine and ultrafine PM, compared to other retail stores, likely attributable to cooking. (lbl.gov)
  • An improved understanding of the relationship between inspired concentration of the potent nasal toxicant acrolein and delivered dose is needed to support quantitative risk assessments. (cdc.gov)
  • Our results provide evidence that acrolein is a potent inducer of redox-sensitive pathways in astrocytes with a differential regulation after a short or a long term period of exposure to overcome cell death. (hal.science)
  • ROS can oxidise phospholipids resulting in lipid oxidation products, such as acrolein and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). (aston.ac.uk)
  • Lipid peroxidation leads to the formation of a number of by-products including acrolein. (hal.science)
  • Small amounts of acrolein can be formed and can enter the air when organic matter such as trees and other plants (including tobacco) are burned and also when fuels such as gasoline and oil are burned. (cdc.gov)
  • Acrolein is chemically reactive, highly water soluble, and and diesel engine exhausts, partially combusted animal fats and produces cytotoxicity at the site of initial contact. (cdc.gov)
  • One example is the reactive compound acrolein that induced sensory irritation in a time-dependent manner at a concentration below previously reported detection levels and at half the Swedish occupational threshold limit. (bmj.com)
  • Acrolein is prepared industrially by oxidation of propene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, all acrylic acid is produced via the transient formation of acrolein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein is a direct agonist of the transient receptor protein ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel 8 , which is a cation channel on sensory fibers that is crucial to the perception of thermal, chemical, and mechanical pain that has been shown to have increased mRNA expression after SCI 9 . (confex.com)
  • The aim of this study is quantify the exacerbation of NP due to acrolein inhalation after injury and to chemically modify cellulose acetate in order to capture acrolein before entering the body to offer protection to those who may be unable to quit smoking. (confex.com)
  • Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and changes in the reduction of pain thresholds during animal studies were used to quantify acrolein sequestering with the modified cellulose acetate filter during inhalation. (confex.com)
  • At much higher concentrations, it is used to make chemical weapons. (cdc.gov)
  • microRNAs are present in higher concentration in exosomes that play a major role in various physiological and pathological functions. (researchsquare.com)
  • Analysis using tandem mass spectrometry showed a greater susceptibility of cysteine residues to modification, with lysine modifications detected at higher acrolein concentrations. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Acrolein emission rates to indoors in grocery stores had a mean estimate about 30 times higher than in other retail store types. (lbl.gov)
  • For bladder cancer , the initial study found that dogs were at a higher risk of developing bladder cancer if they lived in a county with higher ozone concentrations or higher levels of trihalomethanes in the tap water. (dogcancer.com)
  • For instance, during the day, acrolein and butyl acrylate were up to six times higher near the accident site than background levels, but at night they dropped to the background amount. (clinicalnews.org)
  • Twelve other organic substances were detected, ranging in concentration up to 14.8 milligrams per cubic meter for naphtha. (cdc.gov)
  • and my answer has not changed for 2 years: lack of toxicity has not been demonstrated, but the number of toxic substances is much smaller (at lower concentrations also). (transitionnottingham.org.uk)
  • These substances can be harmful when inhaled in high concentrations because they interfere with the body's ability to transport oxygen. (fineherbalincense.com)
  • In a flavoring manufacturing plant in The Netherlands, control measures taken to enclose the process, led to a reduction in air concentrations from 7.6 to 0.7 mg/m3 (geometric mean). (who.int)
  • PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO x , SO 2 and CO). However, an obvious increase in ozone (O 3 ) concentrations was found during the lockdown period in most urban areas of China. (copernicus.org)
  • Nasal lesions following acrolein exposure have been replicated thank Drs. Mel Andersen and Teresa Leavens for their critical review in multiple species. (cdc.gov)
  • If you live near a hazardous waste site in which acrolein is not stored properly, you could be exposed to acrolein from breathing air or drinking water that contains acrolein. (cdc.gov)
  • Acrolein (systematic name: propenal) is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein was first named and characterized as an aldehyde by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1839. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein might be found in the air, water, or soil near hazardous waste sites if it was not properly stored. (cdc.gov)
  • Now, in ACS' Environmental Science & Technology Letters, they report that some gases, including acrolein, reached levels that could be hazardous. (clinicalnews.org)
  • Occupational exposure to asphalt fumes shall be controlled so that employees are not exposed to the airborne particulates at a concentration greater than 5 mg/m 3 , determined during any 15-minute period. (cdc.gov)
  • Results Mass concentration of TPM linearly decreased with increased flow rate, with no dependency on puff duration. (bmj.com)
  • Taken together, these results demonstrate that acrolein causes a functional change in the activity, structure and interactions of PTEN. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Using the rat primary astroglial cells, our results show that acrolein is toxic from 15 μM. (hal.science)
  • Considering the crucial role of astrocytes in the brain, these results demonstrated that acrolein could disrupt neuronal functions and synaptic homeostasis by provoking dysfunctional or loss of astrocytes. (hal.science)
  • The final chapter characterised the in cellulo effect of acrolein treatment, where a dose- and time-dependent loss of cell viability was identified for HCT-116 cells. (aston.ac.uk)
  • It presents 'safe' concentrations for humans, and in the case of suspect or proven carcinogens, gives various levels of incremental cancer risk. (epa.gov)
  • Due to the relatively low concentration involved, the risk of chronic health effects seem slight. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the total number of NPL sites evaluated for this substance is not known, the possibility exists that the number of sites at which acrolein is found may increase in the future as more sites are evaluated. (cdc.gov)
  • This question had previously been discussed by the Royal Society Committee and the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay KCB FRS FRSE (1852-1916) (Figure 1a, Note 2) had suggested the employment of acrolein, a substance the use of which he had previously advocated during the Russo-Japanese War (a war fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan in 1904-1905 over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea). (divched.org)
  • Although acrolein occurs in French fries (and other fried foods), the levels are only a few μg per kg. (wikipedia.org)
  • On treatment with sublethal acrolein concentrations, the levels of active phosphoAkt increased whereas inactive Akt remained constant. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Acrolein has been found in at least 32 of the 1,684 current or former NPL sites. (cdc.gov)
  • In brain from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), acrolein was found to be elevated in vulnerable regions. (hal.science)
  • COGO-S has been tested for high concentrations of H2S and SO2. (noah.com.sg)
  • So we, we saw that dogs were more likely to live in these counties that had high VOC concentrations. (dogcancer.com)
  • Acrolein UE in naive animals was dependent on the concentration of inspired acrolein, airflow rate, and duration of exposure, with increased UE occurring with lower acrolein ex- posure concentrations. (cdc.gov)
  • It also contains a lower concentration of phenols, which can be irritative to the eyes and skin. (fineherbalincense.com)
  • smoke concentrations associated with 6 ppm (Babiuk et al. (cdc.gov)
  • The process uses air as the source of oxygen and requires metal oxides as heterogeneous catalysts: CH3CH=CH2 + O2 → CH2=CHCHO + H2O About 500,000 tons of acrolein are produced in this way annually in North America, Europe, and Japan. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acrolein acts in an immunosuppressive manner and may promote regulatory cells, thereby preventing the generation of allergies on the one hand, but also increasing the risk of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1977. [Experimental irritating effects of acrolein on man. (cdc.gov)
  • This public health statement tells you about acrolein and the effects of exposure to it. (cdc.gov)
  • The authors conclude that the reported symptoms are due to combined effects of acrolein and other aldehydes. (cdc.gov)
  • We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an underground iron ore mine. (lu.se)
  • These adverse health effects depend not only on the level of PM concentration in the air but also on its particular internal composition [ 11 ]. (springer.com)
  • In fact, vinyl chloride declined to concentrations below long-term limits of health concern. (clinicalnews.org)
  • Cellulose Acetate Modification Prior to polymer modification, mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was used to confirm possible APTES-Acrolein interaction in a dilute IPA solution. (confex.com)
  • Acrolein is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of acrylic acid. (toronto.ca)
  • Most people begin to smell acrolein in air at concentrations of 0.25 parts acrolein per million parts of air (ppm). (cdc.gov)