Complications botulinum toxins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Botulinum toxin is best known to clinicians as a deadly poison produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. (medscape.com)
Clostridium botulinum produces all 7 toxin types ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
It is produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxin (abbreviated either as BTX or BoNT) is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium. (medscape.com)
In 1895, Professor Emile Van Ermengem, of Belgium, first isolated the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (medscape.com)
In 1946, Dr. Edward J Schantz succeeded in purifying BoNT-A in crystalline form-cultured Clostridium botulinum and isolated the toxin. (medscape.com)
Botulinum toxin is a natural toxic substance (also known as "sausage poison"), produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum. (nemlib.cz)
Toxins secreted by the soil bacteria Clostridium Botulinum , which causes botulism, are poisonous substances found in nature [4]. (usc.edu)
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes a flaccid muscle paralysis. (jcadonline.com)
Dysport is an injectable form of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), which is isolated and purified from Clostridium bacteria producing BoNT-A. 1 It is supplied as a lyophilized powder. (biospace.com)
The Botulinum toxin is synthesized by the Gram-positive anaerobe bacteria Clostridium botulinum 3,4,13 and acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction preventing muscle contraction. (bvsalud.org)
Botulinum is a potent toxin, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (animalresearch.info)
Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
They contain one common substance, the botulinum toxin (produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum). (glowday.com)
Ermengem identified the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (originally called Bacillus botulinus) in 1897, as the causative agent of botulism after examining post-mortem tissue of patients in Belgium who had contracted gastroenteritis and died from having eaten raw, salted pork. (tabauk.com)

The demand for cosmetic surgeries and minimally invasive procedures, such as botulinum toxin and dermal fillers, has increased tremendously over the past decade. (fortunebusinessinsights.com)
In such cases it is possible to treat the crow's feet with botulinum toxin or fillers . (bodyclinic.nl)
If you have deeper, static wrinkles (which are present even when your face isn't moving), you may require a combination of dermal fillers and Botulinum toxin to achieve the desired outcome. (glowday.com)
My Dermal Fillers Complications Mastery course instantly gives you access to a comprehensive mastery program with learning material and resources to start you off on your way to mastering aesthetic complications. (drtimpearce.com)

Injections of botulinum toxin A provide an opportunity to manage these hyperfunctional lines with minimal morbidity. (medscape.com)
The Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health (DH) is today (June 10) investigating an additional suspected case of botulism after receiving injections of botulinum toxin in the Mainland, and again urged the public that such injections should only be prescribed and performed by registered doctors. (gov.hk)
According to information provided by the patient, she received injections of botulinum toxin on May 23 to her bilateral calves at a residential premises in Guangzhou. (gov.hk)
All received intraprostatic injections of botulinum toxin, 300 units, using a transperineal approach. (urologytimes.com)
If they are still fresh, a few injections of botulinum toxin will probably be sufficient. (bodyclinic.nl)

At our facility we fully examine the patient before their first application of botulinum toxin, the patient is informed of the procedure and signs an informed consent to the procedure. (nemlib.cz)
We then proceed to the application of botulinum toxin itself. (nemlib.cz)
To present the case of a patient who presented dental-gingival discrepancy and gummy smile, treated by gingival resection surgery and complemented by the application of botulinum toxin. (bvsalud.org)
A female patient, 23 years old, presented dental-gingival discrepancy and gummy smile, treated by gingival resection surgery and complemented by the application of botulinum toxin. (bvsalud.org)
The gingival resection surgery promoted improvement of dental relationship, caused by increase of dental zenith and the application of botulinum toxin caused uniform dehiscence of the upper lip, increasing the harmony of the smile and improving self-esteem and quality life. (bvsalud.org)
The purpose of this study was to report the case of a patient with gummy smile treated by associating gingival resection surgery (gingivectomy) with the application of botulinum toxin. (bvsalud.org)
Treatment planning comprised gingival resection surgery (gingivoplasty) followed by the application of botulinum toxin for the correction of the gummy smile. (bvsalud.org)
While cosmetic treatments are the best known application of botulinum toxin, the important clinical uses for which it was researched and developed are often overlooked. (animalresearch.info)

We describe a case of botulism type F in an adult who recovered despite the continued presence of toxin in the blood. (cdc.gov)
and * The CHP's botulism page (www.chp.gov.hk/en/content/9/24/44865.html). (gov.hk)
The symptoms of foodborne botulism often develop few days after ingestion of toxin produced in food by C. botulinum . (wikidoc.org)
Wound botulism occurs when C. botulinum spores germinate within wounds. (wikidoc.org)
Infant botulism occurs when C. botulinum spores germinate and produce toxin in the gastrointestinal tract of infants. (wikidoc.org)
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulinum. (animalresearch.info)
[18] The toxin causes the disease botulism . (wikipedia.org)
The botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridia botulinum is a neurotoxic protein associated with several types of botulism. (laughyourdickoff.com)
The disease botulism is caused by the toxin botulinum. (laughyourdickoff.com)

Botulinum toxin (botox) is made from a type of bacteria. (epnet.com)
Examples include Botox, Dysport, and Reloxin, which are formulations of botulinum toxin type A. Myobloc is another brand, but it is a formulation of botulinum toxin type B. These products are used for cosmetic and medical reasons. (epnet.com)
Scottsdale, AZ--Injecting botulinum toxin A (Botox) into the prostate gland shows potential for providing a quick, easy, and safe treatment option for men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to BPH, but two small studies-one from the United States and Chile, and one from Italy-provided equivocal results regarding the efficacy of this investigational approach. (urologytimes.com)
Botox, or Botulinum toxin A, works by blocking the release of a key chemical, acetylcholine, preventing the transmittal of signals from nerve cells to muscles. (usc.edu)
Botulinum toxin A, given the softer sounding name "Botox" by its manufacturer, Allergan, is an increasingly popular cosmetic agent in treating facial lines and wrinkles. (usc.edu)
The toxin is composed of a light chain and a heavy chain of molecules which unite to form Botox. (usc.edu)
Injecting botulinum toxin A (known commercially as Botox) appears to be a safe procedure to improve smiles by restoring lip symmetry in children with facial paralysis, a condition they can be born with or acquire because of trauma or tumor, according to a report published online by JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery . (medicalxpress.com)
Botulinum toxin is best known for its use in cosmetic surgery, where it has been used as a 'face-lift in a bottle' under the brand name Botox since 1990. (animalresearch.info)
The widespread advertising of Botox as a cosmetic treatment, and its popularity among celebrities have led to Botulinum toxin becoming well-known as a frivolous treatment to help the rich appear youthful. (animalresearch.info)
The risks of Botox therapy are mainly associated with complications such as an allergic reaction, headache, anesthetic reaction, eye irritation, nausea, skin irritation, and anaphylactic shock. (laughyourdickoff.com)
The botulinum toxin (botox) injections need to target specific areas to allow the eyes to open and to reduce the spasms so they stay open. (optegra.com)
Botox is a drug that contains small doses of botulinum toxin . (medicalsparx.com)
Toxta is a modern botulinum toxin type A manufactured in South Korea by JETEMA Co. It is KFDA-approved, an excellent alternative to Botox for forehead lines, and designed to treat forehead wrinkles , interbrow lines, crow's feet, and other wrinkles. (medicalsparx.com)

The different types of botulinum toxin target different components of the release mechanism. (animalresearch.info)
The seven main types of botulinum toxin are named types A to G (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G). [20] [22] New types are occasionally found. (wikipedia.org)

The risk of antibody formation is increased when too high or too frequent doses of botulinum toxin are applied. (nemlib.cz)
Results from the phase-2, dose-ranging NOVA study found no significant differences in the rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in cardiac surgery patients who received either 125U or 250U doses of botulinum toxin type A (AGN-151607) compared with placebo. (acc.org)

Today, the injection of botulinum toxin into the muscles that surround the eyes is one of the available options in the management of strabismus. (wikipedia.org)
For patients who have had healthy vision heretofore until a small, horizontal deviation set in suddenly, the injection of botulinum toxin may allow them to maintain the binocular vision skills that had been acquired earlier. (wikipedia.org)
Conclusion: Intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin was associated with a high rate of neurourological side effects. (uni-muenchen.de)
We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intradermal injection of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of localized recalcitrant chronic pruritus in lichen simplex, inverse psoriasis, post-burn itching, lichen planus (hypertrophic), and postherpetic neuralgia. (jcadonline.com)
Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin causes local paralysis, as the toxin remains around the site of injection. (animalresearch.info)

More frequent administration of botulinum toxin increases the risk of antibody formation and the loss of treatment efficacy. (nemlib.cz)
This course is designed to improve clinical practice and improve the treatment, management and administration of botulinum toxin for blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, bells palsy, gustatory lacrimation and entropion. (moorfields.nhs.uk)

Treatment of these rhytides with botulinum toxin can increase brow ptosis. (medscape.com)
Botulinum toxin injection could be used in the treatment of migraine headaches and this use could be complicated by ptosis. (medicinehouse.com)
Other complications of Botulinum toxin like eyebrow ptosis, loss of ability to pull mouth corner while smiling, and complications during "off label" use of BTXA will also be discussed in detail. (cbamedicine.com)

Botulinum toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin with a lethal level in humans of around 1 ng / kg bodyweight (ng = nanogram = 0.000000001 g) and it is therefore vital that material released for clinical use is safe and of the strength stated on the label. (animalresearch.info)

Anyone who develops compatible symptoms following botulinum toxin injections is urged to immediately seek medical attention for prompt management, and call the DH's hotline (2125 1133), operating from 9am to 6pm from Monday to Friday, to provide details for epidemiological investigations. (gov.hk)
Botulinum toxin does not cure the cause of the disease, it only suppresses some of its symptoms. (nemlib.cz)
Botulinum toxin A appears to be a safe and effective therapy for the improvement of localized recalcitrant itching in LSC, inverse psoriasis, burns, hypertrophic lichen planus, lichen planus, and symptoms of postherpetic neuralgia. (jcadonline.com)
Postmarketing reports indicate that the effects of Dysport and all botulinum toxin products may spread from the area of injection to produce symptoms consistent with botulinum toxin effects. (biospace.com)
Pharmacological therapy is based on levodopa and dopamine agonists and is very successful in the early stages of the disease, when dopaminergic symptoms and signs are predominant and long term motor complications still have not developed, but other treatment strategies are almost invariably necessary as time passes [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Botulinum toxin type A (BTxA) is used for cosmetic procedures, but its use for nasal dorsum augmentation has, to our knowledge, never been studied. (jcadonline.com)
People mainly focus on easy, pain-free methods of appearing youthful and healthy without the complications of invasive cosmetic surgery. (fortunebusinessinsights.com)
Botulinum toxin is an additional option in the cosmetic improvement of the smile and gives better results when combined with gingival resection surgery. (bvsalud.org)
The use of botulinum toxin is currently controversial, because of the method of testng, which is a mouse potency assay, and because it is viewed as a cosmetic treatment. (animalresearch.info)
Prior to a botulinum toxin treatment, the cosmetic physician checks the strength of your muscle contraction. (bodyclinic.nl)
Botulinum toxin is a facial cosmetic treatment that is injected into the muscles to relax and reduce the appearance of fine lines or wrinkles. (nationallaserinstitute.com)
[19] The toxin is also used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes. (wikipedia.org)
There are a number of cosmetic uses of botulinum toxin products. (glowday.com)

The injection of the toxin to treat strabismus, reported upon in 1981, is considered to be the first ever use of botulinum toxin for therapeutic purposes. (wikipedia.org)
The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner (1786-1862) first developed the idea of a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin, which he called "sausage poison. (medscape.com)
Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of therapeutic indications, many of which are not part of the approved drug label. (wikipedia.org)
During a anti-wrinkle injection treatment, botulinum toxin is safely injected into specific muscles, in extremely small therapeutic quantities. (glowday.com)
And the therapeutic properties of botulinum toxin became known earlier - in 1981, while cosmetologists officially used the agent only since 2002. (medicalsparx.com)

Most aesthetic practitioners think they're alone when it comes to anxiety around dermal filler complications and follow-ups. (drtimpearce.com)

However, like all medications, it has several contraindications and can cause complications. (medicalsparx.com)

Cost-effectiveness of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of post-stroke spasticity. (epnet.com)
Some consider botulinum injections to be a treatment option for children with small- to moderate-angle infantile esotropia. (wikipedia.org)
Another study reported similar long-term success rates for infantile esotropia treated before 24 months of age by either strabismus surgery or botulinum toxin treatment. (wikipedia.org)
In medicine, however, botulinum toxin has found application in the treatment of certain nervous disorders which are characterized by increased muscular tension, involuntary movements and the twitching of certain muscle groups. (nemlib.cz)
In the second part, 30 patients received 200 units of botulinum toxin or normal saline in a sham-controlled, double-blind study, and sequential MRIs were taken pretreatment and at 1 and 3 months post-treatment to measure prostate volume. (urologytimes.com)
Four patients (25%) in the Italian study required a second botulinum toxin treatment at 2 to 3 months due to lack of effect. (urologytimes.com)
Botulinum toxin has also been used experimentally in the treatment of many other dermatological conditions with positive results, including persistent facial flushing, gustatory sweating, anal fissures, familial benign pemphigus, dyshidrotic eczema, and surgical wound closures. (jcadonline.com)
1 Dysport is also the first FDA-approved botulinum toxin for the treatment of both upper and lower limb spasticity in children two years of age or older. (biospace.com)
Botulism's prognosis depends on the amount of the ingested toxins and prompt treatment. (wikidoc.org)
The amount of botulinum toxin an individual is exposed to will play a role in the overall prognosis, but early treatment will significantly decrease the chance of death . (wikidoc.org)
Botulinum toxin A is an effective treatment in adults to achieve facial symmetry after facial paralysis but few investigators have described its use in children, according to the study background. (medicalxpress.com)
The development of new techniques such as botulinum toxin application may be a more conservative treatment option than surgical intervention (myectomy and Le Fort I osteotomy) in the treatment of gummy smile. (bvsalud.org)
However, the use of botulinum toxin can be considered as a treatment option, with a more conservative, effective, fast and safe method when compared to most invasive surgical procedures 6,14 . (bvsalud.org)
Currently, botulinum toxin has been found effective in the treatment of gummy smile, in patients with overactive smiling muscles as well to treat temporomandibular disorders (masseter hypertrophy, bruxism) and myofascial pain 5,8 . (bvsalud.org)
No anaesthesia is necessary when undergoing a Botulinum toxin crow's feet treatment. (bodyclinic.nl)
Is it possible that my eyebrows will droop after an anti-frown treatment with Botulinum toxin for crow's feet? (bodyclinic.nl)
[52] [53] AbobotulinumtoxinA is the first and only FDA-approved botulinum toxin for the treatment of pediatric lower limb spasticity. (wikipedia.org)
How often you need anti-wrinkle injections can depend on the dose administered but more often it's about individual responses to treatment and the rate at which your body breaks down the toxin. (glowday.com)
Supportive treatment to improve quality of life, maximize function, and reduce complications is recommended. (nih.gov)

Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus is a medical technique used sometimes in the management of strabismus, in which botulinum toxin is injected into selected extraocular muscles in order to reduce the misalignment of the eyes. (wikipedia.org)
There are indications that botulinum toxin therapy is as successful as strabismus surgery for patients with binocular vision and that it is less successful than surgery for those who have no binocular vision. (wikipedia.org)
For treating strabismus, the toxin is used in much diluted form, and the injection is targeted to reach specific muscles that move the eye, thereby temporarily weakening the selected muscles. (wikipedia.org)
In a small-scale study, adults whose reading difficulties due to convergence insufficiency had been unsuccessfully addressed by convergence exercises, base-in prism glasses or strabismus surgery showed improved reading after botulinum toxin therapy, maintaining improved reading remaining also after six months. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxin therapy has been reported to be similarly successful as strabismus surgery for patients with binocular vision and less successful than surgery for those who have no binocular vision. (wikipedia.org)
One study found that botulinum toxin therapy had similar long-term success rates for treating infantile esotropia with botulinum toxin A before the age of 12 months as would have been expected from strabismus surgery. (wikipedia.org)
ABSTRACT Early diagnosis and management of strabismus is needed to avoid complications such as amblyopia. (who.int)
1 dioptre), mild at presentation to the clinic and the strabismus is needed to reduce the risk (1-3 dioptres), moderate (3-6 diop- mean age of onset were 15.0 (SD 11.8) of complications such as amblyopia [7]. (who.int)

Botulinum neurotoxins are unique in the way they cause specific paralysis of skeletal muscles. (animalresearch.info)

Botulinum toxin type A was injected into the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercillis, and temporalis muscles bilateral, as well as into the procerus muscle, in a patient with chronic migraine headache. (medicinehouse.com)
On day 8, she began moving spontaneously, even though blood tests later showed botulinum toxin type F remained. (cdc.gov)
Toxin type E may also be produced by C. butyricum ( 5 ), and type F by C. baratii ( 6 - 9 ). (cdc.gov)
In 1928, Dr. Herman Sommer, at the University of California, San Francisco, first isolated in purified form botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) as a stable acid precipitate. (medscape.com)
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) blocks the release of acetylcholine and many other neurotransmitters from the presynaptic vesicle by deactivating soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. (jcadonline.com)
It was hypothesized that localized pruritus in LSC, if mediated by acetylcholine sensitive C-fibers, could be blocked by intradermal botulinum toxin type A injections. (jcadonline.com)
The prognosis depends on the type of toxin. (wikidoc.org)
There are seven distinct toxin serotypes (A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G). However, the type A is the most common and powerful subtype used in clinics 13 . (bvsalud.org)
The estimated human median lethal dose of type A toxin is 1.3-2.1 ng /kg intravenously or intramuscularly , 10-13 ng/kg when inhaled, or 1000 ng/kg when taken by mouth. (wikipedia.org)
Re N Tox is an innovative drug (botulinum toxin) of type A premium class, developed by the South Korean company Pharma Research Bio. (medicalsparx.com)
Preoperative bougie dilatation (p = 0.9851), pneumatic dilatation (p = 0.8548), botulinum toxin injection (p = 0.1724), and the type of fundoplication (p = 0.5904) did not affect functional results. (elsevierpure.com)

Botulinum toxin has a wide and ever extending range of clinical indications and in order to ensure it is suitable and safe for these uses, animal testing will be required for the foreseeable future. (animalresearch.info)

My wish is that you will be able to identify and handle every one of the major complications and side effects that you will come across in medical aesthetics and that this will set you free from worry and enable you to surge forward with building your practice while your patients are safe. (drtimpearce.com)

Botulinum toxin is the most popular non-surgical procedure worldwide. (cbamedicine.com)
Although the procedure is considered safe and associated with a favorable complications profile but any medical intervention carries inherent risks. (cbamedicine.com)
Understand the procedure, potential risks and complications before receiving botulinum toxin injections. (gov.hk)
6 BTxA injection is a minimally invasive procedure with few complications that has been used to correct the nasal profile for plunging nasal tip and nasal ala, 6 but, to our knowledge, has not yet been studied for nasal dorsum augmentation. (jcadonline.com)
A Botulinum toxin procedure seldom shows any give-away signs. (bodyclinic.nl)

President Franklin Roosevelt in response, ordered the US National Academy of Sciences and Fred Ira Baldwin, chairman of the bacteriology department of the University of Wisconsin, gathered bacteriologists and physicians in a laboratory named Fort Detrick: the investigation of dangerous infectious bacteria and toxins to use as offensive and defensive biological weapons. (tabauk.com)

The toxin temporarily weakens targeted muscles. (epnet.com)
After local or general anaesthesia has been applied, the botulinum toxin is injected directly into the selected eye muscles using a specially designed needle electrode that is connected to an electromyography (EMG) apparatus as well as to a syringe containing the botulinum toxin solution. (wikipedia.org)
When treated with botulinum toxin A, the injection is given so as to weaken the strong muscles on the nonparalyzed side of the face. (medicalxpress.com)
Muscles weakened by toxin injection recover from paralysis after several months, so injection might seem to need to be repeated, but muscles adapt to the lengths at which they are chronically held, [48] so that if a paralyzed muscle is stretched by its antagonist, it grows longer, while the antagonist shortens, yielding a permanent effect. (wikipedia.org)
Surgery to cut the periorbital muscles is also effective but, because of potential complications, is considered only if botulinum toxin is ineffective. (msdmanuals.com)

Injecting botulinum toxin. (medlineplus.gov)

Hands-on training is important for injectable treatments because it helps attendees understand how they can achieve the desired results and minimize the risk of any complications. (nationallaserinstitute.com)
There are other treatments but this is the main one with a lower risk of complications. (optegra.com)

This session will enable the injector to predictably, safely and efficiently administer botulinum toxin in the upper and lower face. (leewalkeracademy.com)

Botulinum toxin works by disrupting the normal acetylcholine release process, resulting in chemical denervation and ultimately paralysis. (usc.edu)
Siba Haykal, M.D., Ph.D., of the University of Toronto, Canada, and coauthors reviewed medical records and identified 18 children with facial paralysis treated with botulinum toxin A injections from 2004 through 2012. (medicalxpress.com)
The Botulinum Toxins cause paralysis by preventing the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as the nerve cells meet muscle, at the neuromuscular junction. (animalresearch.info)

Objective: The aim of the study was a prospective assessment of patient-reported side effects in an open-label study after intradetrusor botulinum toxin injections for idiopathic overactive bladder (OAB). (uni-muenchen.de)
[46] Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for refractory overactive bladder . (wikipedia.org)

The cause of this loss of effect may be the body's natural defense mechanism, the formation of antibodies against the foreign protein of botulinum toxin. (nemlib.cz)
In a related development, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan have elucidated the mechanism for botulinum toxin A in an animal model of BPH. (urologytimes.com)
He added that the mechanism of AFib suppression with botulinum toxin may be related to both direct autonomic influences and decreased inflammation. (acc.org)
iii) Intracellular poisoning - the toxin disables the neurotransmitter release mechanism. (animalresearch.info)

He was later considered to be the godfather of botulinum toxin (BoNT). (tabauk.com)
Ironically, though BoNT today is considered one of the deadliest poisons in the world, with just 1 gram it has the potential to kill 1 million people, however the toxin is not an ideal biological weapon, since large amounts need to be ingested and mortality rates vary. (tabauk.com)

This 2 hour event will cover the pertinent anatomy associated with toxin injection, including muscular dynamics and motor endplate location. (leewalkeracademy.com)

For example, if injections take place near the eyes, there may be complications with eyelids or the brow line. (epnet.com)

The conflicting data raise questions about the efficacy and durability of intraprostatic botulinum toxin injections in men with LUTS associated with BPH, Dr. Larson said, but he recommended that research continue because of the potential benefit of botulinum toxin and the procedure's safety, tolerability, and simplicity. (urologytimes.com)

Ondo WG, Gollomp S, Galvez-Jimenez N. A pilot study of botulinum toxin A for headache in cervical dystonia. (epnet.com)

Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)
This toxin is highly potent. (glowday.com)

However, there are many procedural complications that can occur following surgical rhinoplasty, such as asymmetry, infection, numbness, and extrusion of prosthetic implants. (jcadonline.com)
[29] Intoxication can occur naturally as a result of either wound or intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. (wikipedia.org)
In 1822, he compared contaminated sausage ingredients and concluded that the toxin must occur in the fat, leading him to call the suspicious substance "sausage poison", "fat poison', or "fatty acid," and published the first complete monograph of the "fatty toxin" from blood sausages. (tabauk.com)
It can be a complication of pneumonic or bubonic plague or it can occur by itself. (cdc.gov)

i) Binding - the toxin binds rapidly and irreversibly to receptors on the presynaptic nerve (nerve cell) surface. (animalresearch.info)

The toxin will be injected through the skin into the targeted muscle. (epnet.com)

[55] Botulinum toxins have been used off-label for several pediatric conditions, including infantile esotropia . (wikipedia.org)

Patients and Methods: Botulinum toxin A injection was performed in 56 patients with idiopathic OAB. (uni-muenchen.de)
PurposeTo assess 7-year outcomes after complex ventral hernia (CVH) repair using pre-operative Botulinum toxin A (BTA) injection and the Macquarie System of management.Methods Clinical examination and functional non-contrast abdominal CT scans were used to assess complications and recurrences encountered in a prospective series of 88 consecutive CV. (researchgate.net)

Botulinum toxin is the most acutely lethal toxin that is known. (wikipedia.org)
During animal and self-experimentation, Kerner observed that the toxin developed under anaerobic conditions and was lethal in small doses. (tabauk.com)

These complications may result from inadequate surgical excision. (scirp.org)

Anatomy18

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Diseases53

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Psychiatry and Psychology1

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Anatomy1

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