For use in dietary supplement materials and compounding pharmacies, the USP established an official monograph for R/S-LA. Lipoic acid is a cofactor for five enzymes or classes of enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, the glycine cleavage system, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase, and the alpha-oxo(keto)adipate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
The lipoyl group transfers acyl groups in 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes, and methylamine group in the glycine cleavage complex or glycine dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
2-Oxoacid dehydrogenase transfer reactions occur by a similar mechanism in: the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase or 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex the branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase (BCDH) complex the acetoin dehydrogenase complex. (wikipedia.org)
The most-studied of these is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. (wikipedia.org)
Lipoic acid serves as co-factor to the acetoin dehydrogenase complex catalyzing the conversion of acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone) to acetaldehyde and acetyl coenzyme A. The glycine cleavage system differs from the other complexes, and has a different nomenclature. (wikipedia.org)
The precursor to lipoic acid, octanoic acid, is made via fatty acid biosynthesis in the form of octanoyl-acyl carrier protein. (wikipedia.org)
The octanoate is transferred as a thioester of acyl carrier protein from fatty acid biosynthesis to an amide of the lipoyl domain protein by an enzyme called an octanoyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
Interproscan6
Protein of unknown function (DUF520) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Most endogenously produced RLA are not "free" because octanoic acid, the precursor to RLA, is bound to the enzyme complexes prior to enzymatic insertion of the sulfur atoms. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, lipoic acid is synthesized attached to proteins and no free lipoic acid is produced. (wikipedia.org)
Lipoic acid can be removed whenever proteins are degraded and by action of the enzyme lipoamidase. (wikipedia.org)
The NPLOC4-UFD1L-VCP complex regulates spindle disassembly at the end of mitosis and is necessary for the formation of a closed nuclear envelope. (nih.gov)
Covalently2
Free lipoate can be used by some organisms as an enzyme called lipoate protein ligase that attaches it covalently to the correct protein. (wikipedia.org)
Probe Set ID Ref Seq Protein ID Signal Strength Name Gene Symbol Species Function Swiss-Prot ID Amino Acid Sequence 1367452_at NP_598278 16.52 small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 precursor Sumo2 Rattus norvegicus " Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or as a lysine-linked polymer. (nih.gov)
Oxidase1
Thiamine pyrophosphate (also called thiamine diphosphate) is derived from vitamin Bi (thiamine) and has the structure: The thiazole ring can lose a proton to produce a negatively-charged carbon atom: This is a potent nucleophile and can participate in covalent catalysis, particularly with α-keto (oxo) acid decarboxylase, α-keto acid oxidase, transketolase and phosphoketolase enzymes. (ferienwohnung-gluecksburg.net)
Degradation1
Polymeric SUMO2 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins (By similarity). (nih.gov)
Membrane protein1
protein_coding" "AAC73829","ybgE","Escherichia coli","putative inner membrane protein in cydABX-ybgE operon [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Only the (R)-(+)-enantiomer (RLA) exists in nature and is essential for aerobic metabolism because RLA is an essential cofactor of many enzyme complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by an E3 ligase such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. (nih.gov)
It is likely that the enzyme stabilizes the TPP-acetaldehyde complex and prevents this condensation from occurring. (ferienwohnung-gluecksburg.net)
Replication1
This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. (nih.gov)
Structural1
the complex also influences the Golgi structural integrity, as well as the processing, activity, and endocytic recycling of LDL receptors (By similarity). (nih.gov)
Central1
These complexes have a central E2 core and the other subunits surround this core to form the complex. (wikipedia.org)
Transport1
Coatomer complex is required for budding from Golgi membranes, and is essential for the retrograde Golgi-to-ER transport of dilysine-tagged proteins. (nih.gov)
Activity2
The number of domains has been experimentally varied and seems to have little effect on growth until over nine are added, although more than three decreased activity of the complex. (wikipedia.org)
P61959.1 MADEKPKEGVKTENNDHINLKVAGQDGSVVQFKIKRHTPLSKLMKAYCERQGLSMRQIRFRFDGQPINETDTPAQLEMEDEDTIDVFQQQTGGVY 1367453_at NP_446195 8.92 hsp90 co-chaperone Cdc37 Cdc37 Rattus norvegicus " Co-chaperone that binds to numerous kinases and promotes their interaction with the Hsp90 complex, resulting in stabilization and promotion of their activity. (nih.gov)