• Portfolio startups like Yuanfudao and Shixianghui have been penalized for unfair price tactics and other anti-competitive behaviors. (dailymaverick.co.za)
  • An entity that enjoys a monopoly can, among other things, engage in anti-competitive behaviors and price gouging. (carolinajournal.com)
  • Retail had to adapt to significant changes in consumer behavior and market volatility in 2022. (netchoice.org)
  • For example, nickel price has been very volatile in 2022. (evwind.es)
  • In the first quarter of 2022, prices for lithium alone have grown 438% 8 . (evwind.es)
  • Report Ocean's recent analysis of The Global Healthcare Cold Chain Logistics Market in 2022 encompasses a comprehensive examination of various market facets, including characteristics, size, growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends, and strategies. (taiwannews.com.tw)
  • John Antonakis is Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Business and Economics of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland. (unil.ch)
  • S-WoPEc: Price patterns resulting from different producer behavior in spatial equilibrium. (hhs.se)
  • Balafoutas, L., Sutter, M. (2019), How uncertainty and ambiguity in tournaments affect gender differences in competitive behavior European Economic Review 118: 1-13. (uibk.ac.at)
  • In 2019, the European Union fined four electronics manufacturers for forming a cartel to fix the price of electronic capacitors. (legal-explanations.com)
  • Senator Mike Lee, R-Utah, questioned the take-it-or-leave-it price-fixing of the fees as "anticompetitive cartel behavior for banks through the Visa and Mastercard networks. (nrf.com)
  • What does cartel behavior look like? (nowpublishers.com)
  • describes cartel behavior and provides a behavioral screening approach to identify patterns in market data consistent with a cartel operating. (nowpublishers.com)
  • Countries around the world have enacted laws to prevent and punish cartel behavior, including the United States' Sherman Antitrust Act. (legal-explanations.com)
  • The diamond industry has been accused of operating as a cartel by controlling the supply and pricing of diamonds. (legal-explanations.com)
  • As economic uncertainty lingers into 2023, consumers are still price sensitive and will be looking for ways to save. (netchoice.org)
  • Price as of December 1, 2023, 4:00 p.m. (fool.com)
  • If brands invest in ways to predict customer behaviors seasonally while also keeping their logistic processes flexible, they'll be better equipped to navigate instability in the year ahead . (netchoice.org)
  • The joint offering will focus on providing a tool suite that can predict optimized pricing scenarios across banks' product portfolios. (thomasnet.com)
  • And you can use this insight to predict future buying behaviors, shape demand and seize opportunities to maximize margins. (sas.com)
  • The price tag made it easier to train shopkeepers, reduced wait time at checkout, and improved the overall customer experience. (wikipedia.org)
  • E-commerce platforms, such as Amazon, also utilize dynamic pricing strategies to optimize sales and profits by adjusting prices based on competitors, stock levels, and customer demand. (wikipedia.org)
  • A competitive intelligence report is likely to include current and emerging competitors, customer profiles, market intel, pricing and more. (forbes.com)
  • It considers pricing factors such as demand modeling, seasonality, customer behavior, current market rate and competitive analysis. (thomasnet.com)
  • Interfacing CSC's Hogan Core Banking System with the SAP Price Optimization application gives a large percentage of the world's top-tier banks easy access to tools to improve their agility and reduce customer attrition with attractive retail banking market pricing," said Jim Cook, president of CSC's Financial Services Sector. (thomasnet.com)
  • Price optimization technology revolutionizes how banks price products in the market and ensures that no money is left on the table in customer sales opportunities. (thomasnet.com)
  • Progressive Insurance relies on it to capture driving behavior, determine customer risk profiles and decide on competitive pricing. (bain.com)
  • It, of course, is Big Data-the mining and processing of petabytes' worth of information to gain insights into customer behavior, supply chain efficiency and many other aspects of business performance. (bain.com)
  • Ammara's primary research interests include social media marketing, modeling consumer behavior across digital channels and pricing strategies in competitive markets with customer recognition. (wlu.ca)
  • How do customer characteristics impact behavior-based price discrimination? (wlu.ca)
  • Mobile devices, conversational commerce, social networking and other technologies have shifted the behavior of the connected customer - and retailers and consumer goods companies need to shift accordingly. (sas.com)
  • Changing customer behaviors and preferences and the rise of insurtechs are increasing competitive pressure on actuaries. (genpact.com)
  • This theory is based on the concept that there are five forces that determine the competitive intensity and attractiveness of a market. (ipl.org)
  • However, the observed lack of consistency between altitudes and behavior has suggested the need of investigating more thoroughly situational and behavioral variables. (bvsalud.org)
  • Within consumer behavior analysis, the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM) interprets consumer behavior as occurring at the intersection of the individual's learning history and the consumer setting, which signals utilitarian and informational consequences associated with consumption-related responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Eventually, the term came to describe any group of businesses or organizations that come together to engage in anti-competitive behavior in order to control a market or product. (legal-explanations.com)
  • We prove that competitive equilibrium prices for agents with strong substitutes preferences can be computed by minimizing the difference between two linear programs for the positive and the negative bids with suitably relaxed resource constraints. (springer.com)
  • This also leads to a new algorithm for computing competitive equilibrium prices which is competitive with standard steepest descent algorithms in extensive experiments. (springer.com)
  • This paper shows that for an important and widely-studied class of problems-those for which agents have strong substitutes valuations over multiple units of multiple differentiated goods-competitive-equilibrium prices can be found by considering two linear programs. (springer.com)
  • the dual prices of one of these relaxed programs are competitive equilibrium prices. (springer.com)
  • This then allows us to develop an efficient algorithm to find the competitive equilibrium prices when preferences are represented this way. (springer.com)
  • Since, as we detail below, the SSPMA language is a natural way for agents to express their preferences, our algorithm is a practical way to find competitive equilibrium prices for strong substitutes. (springer.com)
  • Our paper also provides a novel algorithm to find the prices in an SSPMA, since these are prices that would be competitive equilibrium prices for the given aggregate supply if bidders had bid their actual values. (springer.com)
  • In particular, all agents having strong substitutes preferences is a sufficient condition for the existence of competitive equilibrium prices in markets with indivisible goods. (springer.com)
  • Footnote 4 The interest in strong substitutes is due to the fact that it captures practically relevant valuations for indivisible goods, but the allocation problem can be solved in polynomial time and Walrasian competitive equilibrium prices always exist, which is not the case for general valuations [ 14 ]. (springer.com)
  • One is that competing retailers can more easily collude on high prices when they meet in multiple product markets, compared to when retailers meet only in one product market. (lu.se)
  • In other words, the retailers mutually refrain from price competition because such price pressure can spread to other product markets where the same retailers also operate. (lu.se)
  • The economy has been highly unpredictable this year, and big shifts in consumer behavior have impacted supply chains. (netchoice.org)
  • In a competitive world, a monopoly hiking prices and degrading service would create an opening for rivals and potential rivals to … grow and compete," she said. (wbhm.org)
  • Understand customers' buying patterns, preferences, and pricing trends. (ram-charan.com)
  • The goal of this paper is to highlight the remarkably different price patterns obtained from different modes of seller behavior in a spatial market. (hhs.se)
  • I study prices over time for all consumer goods sold online in Sweden, and reveal two sorts of pricing patterns that are strongly coherent with anti-competitive practices. (lu.se)
  • The FTC, tasked with protecting U.S. consumers and market competition, argues that Amazon punishes sellers for offering lower prices elsewhere on the internet and pressures them into paying for Amazon's delivery network. (wbhm.org)
  • There are also competitive pressures from industry peers who are spending aggressively. (dailymaverick.co.za)
  • The application takes pricing factors into consideration and statistically determines the price elasticity of a product. (thomasnet.com)
  • While inflation reached record highs, stores maintained competitive pricing and convenient shopping options to attract consumers despite ongoing economic uncertainty. (netchoice.org)
  • 1. Dynamic pricing can help with fluctuations in consumer behavior. (netchoice.org)
  • With this in mind, retailers should consider consumer expectations when setting prices. (netchoice.org)
  • Middle managers must observe consumer behavior. (ram-charan.com)
  • However, a period of 30 days will make it difficult for businesses to react swiftly to consumer behavior in a competitive market. (jpost.com)
  • The retail market is dynamic and calls for a quick response to consumer behavior. (jpost.com)
  • from there, the ABC Board marks up the price of the distilled spirit-by as much as 75%-which gets passed on to the consumer. (carolinajournal.com)
  • If a bar, restaurant, or individual consumer doesn't like a distributor's prices or selection, they have a plethora of other distributors to choose from. (carolinajournal.com)
  • Uncover precise consumer needs by tapping into where and at what price customers shop across all channels and devices. (sas.com)
  • You are about to defend your thesis Quantitative studies on pricing and consumer behavior . (lu.se)
  • Another major factor, Kullgren said, is that consumers need to be trained to think of healthcare as a consumer good and shop for it the way they would comb the internet for the best price and best shipping terms for something like a pair of shoes. (medscape.com)
  • Consumer behavior analysis can be viewed as an alternative theoretical approach that emphasizes situational variables and measures of behavior. (bvsalud.org)
  • Taken together, results indicate that the BPM ofIers a useful conceptual framework for interpreting, investigating and explaining consumer behavior. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this context, there is an urgent need to assess the extent to which the material price surge could distract the uptakes of EVs, therefore helping formulate cost-effective EV deployment strategies. (evwind.es)
  • Automation services handle the daily operations of your store, giving you the opportunity to concentrate on product selection, pricing strategies, and marketing efforts. (cdlponline.org)
  • To ensure the success of your Walmart Done for You store, it's crucial to pay attention to the key components that make it thrive: product selection, pricing strategies, and marketing efforts. (cdlponline.org)
  • Your pricing strategies should be competitive and in line with Walmart's policies to ensure you stay ahead of the competition and maximize your profits. (cdlponline.org)
  • Jeffrey T. Kullgren, MD, assistant professor at University of Michigan Medical School and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation in Ann Arbor, told Medscape Medical News that before giving up on price transparency and seeking better strategies, consumers need to be better trained on how to compare healthcare prices and how to think of shopping for healthcare in the same way they shop for other goods. (medscape.com)
  • More specifically, using dynamic pricing-varying the cost of products or services based on market conditions and demand-will allow retailers to compete effectively. (netchoice.org)
  • Unlike the Quakers, who used fixed pricing as a way to maintain fairness, retailers used fixed pricing to reduce the need for highly skilled shopkeepers and smooth out the shopping experience within a store. (wikipedia.org)
  • Witnesses outlined how price-fixing means banks don't compete for merchants' business by setting their own fees, and how the networks' "honor all cards" rule means retailers that accept any Visa and Mastercard credit card must accept all of their credit cards regardless of the issuing bank and fees charged. (nrf.com)
  • That's why 921 retailers worldwide, including 66% of retail companies on the Fortune 500, rely on SAS to stay competitive. (sas.com)
  • The second anti-competitive practice is that manufacturers may prohibit their retailers from charging low prices. (lu.se)
  • Collaborative Insights - Expand your deep domain insights from participants at competitive companies worldwide while you share your own! (strategyr.com)
  • My thesis is about anti-competitive behavior in e-commerce. (lu.se)
  • Competitive intelligence should be viewed as a crucial element when building a 2020 business strategy. (forbes.com)
  • Microeconomics analyzes the market mechanisms that enable buyers and sellers to establish relative prices among goods and services. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microeconomics is a branch of mainstream economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms. (wikipedia.org)
  • One goal of microeconomics is to analyze the market mechanisms that establish relative prices among goods and services and allocate limited resources among alternative uses [ citation needed ] . (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] Microeconomics also deals with the effects of economic policies (such as changing taxation levels) on microeconomic behavior and thus on the aforementioned aspects of the economy. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to Bloomberg's report, the price of these critical minerals grew by 280% in 2021 7 . (evwind.es)
  • Shopkeepers needed to know everything they could about a product, including the purchase price, stock levels, market demand, and more, to succeed in their jobs and bring profit to the store. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sismeiro, C., and A. Mahmood, (2018), " Competitive vs. Complementary Effects in Online Social Networks and News Consumption: A Natural Experiment ," Management Science , 64(1) , 4967-5460. (wlu.ca)
  • Businesses are able to change prices based on algorithms that take into account competitor pricing, supply and demand, and other external factors in the market. (wikipedia.org)
  • These forces create pricing signals which result from the changes in the supply and demand curves for a given product or service. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • There are dynamic market forces other than price, demand, and supply. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • It describes a collusive outcome in terms of price and an allocation of market supply, how a collusive outcome is monitored and enforced, and how a cartel's organizational structure is designed. (nowpublishers.com)
  • Germany pairs generous levels of supply of providers with reimbursement systems that set incentives on high volumes and low waiting times, and low prices compared to other OECD countries. (who.int)
  • When market power is present and one seeks insight into competition and price formation, details in other dimensions cannot compensate for not modeling the exertion of market power. (hhs.se)
  • This essay will be covering how the apple Inc. accomplishes the global competitive advantage based on the Star Analysis frame work. (ipl.org)
  • Competitive Analysis. (majortests.com)
  • SAP and CSC have focused on pricing to help banks find better ways to generate new revenues and increase product sales through improved strategic and operational impact analysis of loan and deposit data. (thomasnet.com)
  • When consumers buy online, their interaction with a brand is mostly transactional: they usually know what they want and make decisions based on factors like availability, price, shipping costs and speed. (netchoice.org)
  • Dynamic pricing is now the norm for hotels, car rentals, and more, and consumers have largely accepted the practice as commonplace. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most recent innovation in dynamic pricing-and the one felt most by consumers-is the rise of dynamic pricing in rideshare apps like Uber. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fees, which are most merchants' highest cost after labor and drive up the prices consumers pay, soared 24 percent last year to an all-time record of $137.8 billion. (nrf.com)
  • When swipe fees on credit and debit cards go up as they just recently did, it increases inflation and consumers ultimately pay the price. (nrf.com)
  • This means that China will continue to be the world's largest EV and battery producer and consumers in the coming decades and therefore, assessing the impact of material price on the vehicle fleet electrification in China has significant implications for achieving the carbon neutral target of the world. (evwind.es)
  • If the FTC gets its way," Amazon General Counsel David Zapolsky wrote in a post , "the result would be fewer products to choose from, higher prices, slower deliveries for consumers, and reduced options for small businesses-the opposite of what antitrust law is designed to do. (wbhm.org)
  • The paper argued that the tech giant was anti-competitive even as it gave consumers lower prices and concluded that the company should be broken up. (wbhm.org)
  • They can result in higher prices for consumers and impede the free market. (legal-explanations.com)
  • Kullgren says barriers also include that consumers are missing the information with listed prices of care that would tell them what quality they could expect with a certain provider, such as, in the case of primary care, whether they would easily be able to get an appointment or how good the provider is in managing chronic conditions. (medscape.com)
  • That will take showing consumers how to use the price transparency tools and carving out a place in the continuum of care for conversations about comparisons. (medscape.com)
  • High-deductible health plans were thought to be an answer to getting consumers to shop for prices, but they have not worked that way, Mehrotra and colleagues say. (medscape.com)
  • Informational consequences are social, mediated by other people, and are related to feedback upon consumers' behavior, such as social status and prestige. (bvsalud.org)
  • For example, some actuaries work with accountants and financial analysts to set the price for security offerings or with data scientists to forecast demand for new products. (bls.gov)
  • The key to prevailing in the current competitive climate is to work with a trusted partner who can support everything that actuaries do - from inputs and modeling to outputs and deliverables. (genpact.com)
  • The key is to identify challenges, advantages and white spaces to build a strategy that creates competitive differentiation. (forbes.com)
  • When ride apps got popular I was a huge fan, because drivers had to commit to the ride you requested to a static price you agreed to pay in advance. (apple.com)
  • Our enterprise customers are excited to finally have a unified view of user behavior and actions across apps and back-end systems. (adtmag.com)
  • Dynamic pricing, also referred to as surge pricing, demand pricing, or time-based pricing, is a revenue management pricing strategy in which businesses set flexible prices for products or services based on current market demands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Special offers however enjoy some liberty, in that it is allowed to announce the reduced price on a sign near the products in question. (jpost.com)
  • 3. Sales of seasonal products (defined as products which are sold for up to three months or of which 80% of yearly sales occur within three consecutive months) are not limited to a specific number of days, as long as they do not exceed the period during which the product was offered at its regular price. (jpost.com)
  • Customers can quickly research products and compare prices through multiple channels, and you must be ready to respond with relevant offers, competitive prices and the right merchandise. (sas.com)
  • Setting the right prices for your products is crucial for success in the Walmart marketplace. (cdlponline.org)
  • They need to offer the right products at the right price and speed up underwriting processes. (genpact.com)
  • OPEC is one of the world's most well-known cartels, controlling the production and price of oil and petroleum products. (legal-explanations.com)
  • He also suggested broadening the government's typical standard for judging whether a market lacks competition, saying it's not enough to rely solely on price increases - especially when internet companies offer services free of charge, such as Google's ad-supported search engine. (politico.com)
  • The German healthcare system features high levels of provision of care and a rigorous price-setting process which limits expenditure increases. (who.int)
  • The WHO FCTC encourages countries to develop and implement action plans to include public policies, such as bans on direct and indirect tobacco advertising, tobacco tax and price increases, promoting smoke-free public places and workplaces, and placing health warning labels on tobacco packaging. (who.int)
  • Cognitive theories have dominated the field ofconsumer behavior for the last decades. (bvsalud.org)
  • The study ofconsumer behavior has been given increasing attention in the context of the expansion of the study of marketing and marketing research over the past decades (e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • Demand oracles can be understood as indirect or iterative mechanisms, where bidders reveal their demand correspondence for a set of prices specified by the auctioneer. (springer.com)
  • Each industry takes a slightly different approach to dynamic pricing based on its individual needs and the demand for the product. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dynamic pricing has also made its way into other industries, such as entertainment and sports events, where prices for tickets can vary depending on factors like demand, seat location, and time of purchase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electricity providers, for instance, can now employ dynamic pricing to encourage customers to reduce consumption during periods of high demand by charging higher rates, while offering lower rates during periods of low demand. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our project focused panels are constituted of senior executives in business strategy, marketing, sales, and product management at competitive companies worldwide. (strategyr.com)
  • Companies invested millions of dollars to develop computer programs that would adjust prices automatically based on known variables like departure time, destination, season, events, and more. (wikipedia.org)
  • With competitive landscapes becoming more dynamic, it is imperative for companies to seize a knowledge advantage. (forbes.com)
  • They must ensure that the premiums are profitable yet competitive with other insurance companies. (bls.gov)
  • This helps to explain why so many companies are now asking where they stand on Big Data vis-à-vis their rivals- and whether they're missing out on a new and essential competitive tool. (bain.com)
  • The report also offers detailed information on the companies' recent development and competitive scenario. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The report includes Competitive Quadrant, a proprietary tool to analyze and evaluate the position of companies based on their Industry Position score and Market Performance score. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The alliance will address the growing need for banks to differentiate themselves through strategically optimized product pricing. (thomasnet.com)
  • Understanding competitor motivations and behaviors helps shape product development, pricing, brand positioning and more. (forbes.com)
  • Competitive intelligence programs uncover and analyze market and competitor activity to provide actionable intelligence. (forbes.com)
  • Charles' research focuses on the gene-culture coevolution of human social cognition and behavior in domains involving conformity, coordination, and cooperation. (unil.ch)
  • This is largely because I am interested in how the built environment impacts health and health behaviors. (cdc.gov)
  • The model describes a healthy school environment as one in which the integration of policies, practices, and programs promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and reduce health-related risk behaviors (13). (cdc.gov)
  • In November 2006, the GYTS was conducted in the four states of the FSM: Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk, and Yap, to document and monitor the prevalence of tobacco use including: cigarette smoking and current use of smokeless tobacco, and to better understand and assess students' attitudes, knowledge and behaviors related to tobacco use and its health impact. (who.int)
  • Although patients support healthcare price shopping in theory, few are doing it, dampening hopes that price transparency alone will drive down escalating healthcare costs, say authors of a health policy report published online April 4 in the New England Journal of Medicine . (medscape.com)
  • The researchers say that among the top barriers to uptake of price shopping are that patients are reluctant to change from the provider they know, and many want to stay in the same health system because they feel it will better coordinate their care. (medscape.com)
  • To calculate them accurately, "one must have a provider's prices specific to an individual health insurer and real-time access to both the benefit design of the insurer and the patient's health spending to date in the year," the authors explain. (medscape.com)
  • Uber's "Surge Pricing" model, where riders pay more for a trip during peak travel times, began as a way to incentivize drivers to stay out later in Boston, according to Bill Gurley, former board member of Uber. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a recent surge in the prices of critical materials (e.g., lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese) 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 in power batteries has led to widespread concerns on the competitiveness of EVs in the near future. (evwind.es)
  • By maintaining high retail prices, the manufacturers can more easily sustain collusion/cartels with rival manufacturers and extract higher profits. (lu.se)
  • It also addresses issues related to the nation's need to sustain a globally competitive work force. (cdc.gov)
  • The SAP Price Optimization application goes beyond traditional pricing offerings. (thomasnet.com)
  • Dynamic pricing has been the norm for most of human history. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among other journals, Charles has published in Evolution and Human Behavior , Nature Human Behaviour , Proceedings of the Royal Society B , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science, and Nature . (unil.ch)
  • He is consulting editor for Evolution and Human Behavior and a member of the editorial board for Evolutionary Human Sciences . (unil.ch)
  • Human emotions can also drive decisions, influence the market, and create price signals. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • As natural human behavior, we share regularly with friends and family small and big events that unfold in our lives. (lu.se)
  • We should be helping to keep businesses competitive. (prlog.org)
  • Businesses need to have the liberty to change prices in case a product doesn't sell as expected. (jpost.com)
  • Although the nickel price has retreated from this peak, it is still relatively high. (evwind.es)
  • Visa and Mastercard - which centrally price-fix the swipe fees charged by the banks that issue their cards and have been criticized in the past year for a growing string of anticompetitive practices that let them control 80 percent of the credit card market - refused. (nrf.com)
  • Elon Musk, Tesla's chief executive, emphasized that prices of critical materials (lithium, cobalt, nickel) have reached insane levels, and Tesla may have to get into mining and refining directly on a large scale unless prices reduce 9 , 10 . (evwind.es)
  • In the long-term care sector, prices of nursing homes are negotiated on an individual level and benchmarked with the price-level of their neighbouring homes. (who.int)
  • Competitive pricing will be key to maintaining and attracting shoppers. (netchoice.org)
  • Certain items, such as trendy fashion pieces, are better candidates than others for dynamic pricing, but overall it can help stores stay competitive and fulfill shoppers' desire to save. (netchoice.org)
  • By charging the same price of all shoppers, Quakers created a system that was fair for all, regardless of shoppers' wealth or status. (wikipedia.org)
  • The current concept of dynamic pricing would emerge anew in the 1980s, aided by innovations in technology and computerized automation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dynamic pricing re-appeared in the market at large in the 1980s airline industry in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
  • After seeing the success of dynamic pricing in selling airline seats, many other verticals within the travel and tourism industry adopted the practice. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dynamic pricing has entered the realm of utilities, particularly with the advent of smart grid technology. (wikipedia.org)
  • The extent to which dynamic pricing has become popular differs across countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • By carefully selecting items that resonate with your target audience, you can ensure that your store's catalog is both appealing and profitable, giving you an edge in the competitive online marketplace. (cdlponline.org)
  • Second, the prohibition to call such price change a "sale" complicates the marketing strategy of the business. (jpost.com)
  • It thus seems that, despite the intention of the legislator to allow the business some discretion, there will be no incentive to lower prices during the 30-day non-sale period. (jpost.com)
  • Cartels were originally formed in Europe in the 19th century when business owners would post placards outside their shops announcing an agreement to sell goods at a fixed price. (legal-explanations.com)
  • Building a strategy without competitive intelligence is like planning a road trip without a map. (forbes.com)