HybridizationAnalysesGenomicsMolecularSequencesGeneticEvolutionaryMethodsTumoursChromosomeClinicalHybridisationStructuralClinicallyAnalysisDiagnosticSequencingTumorsTaxonomicSpeciesObservationalTranscriptomicsWhole genomeVariationsRevealUndergoneSubstantialCost effectivenessDevelopmentalVariantsReliability2017Series of comparativeSequenceCytogenetic studiesScreeningGenesExperimentsResearchMedicineProspectiveExplorePhylogeneticBiological
Hybridization12
- Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization is a method of molecular analysis that identifies chromosomal anomalies (or copy number variants) that correlate with clinical phenotypes. (nih.gov)
- Another goal was to test the association between a positive microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization result and the severity of intellectual disability/developmental delay. (nih.gov)
- Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization identified structural chromosomal alterations responsible for the intellectual disability/developmental delay phenotype in 16% of our sample. (nih.gov)
- We want to emphasize the need to conduct microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization on all individuals with intellectual disability/developmental delay, regardless of the severity, because the degree of intellectual disability/developmental delay does not predict the diagnostic yield of microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. (nih.gov)
- Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is now often recommended to identify a greater number of subtle cytogenetic abnormalities in pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). (medscape.com)
- Detection of genomic imbalances by comparative genomic hybridization in Chinese fetuses with malformations. (nel.edu)
- Wang Y, Meng J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Wang L, Simpson J, Chen Z. Detection of genomic imbalances by comparative genomic hybridization in Chinese fetuses with malformations. (nel.edu)
- Additional experiments introduce fundamental techniques in yeast genomics, including both performance and interpretation of Synthetic Genetic Array analysis, multiplexed whole genome and barcode sequencing, and comparative genomic hybridization to DNA arrays. (cshlpress.com)
- 2004) Leiomyosarcoma of the breast: A pathologic and comparative genomic hybridization study of two cases. (scirp.org)
- Genomic complexity (GC) and del(17p) status were assessed by array comparative genomic hybridization. (confex.com)
- Mayr D, Hirschmann A, Marlow S, Horvath C, Diebold J. Analysis of selected oncogenes (AKT1, FOS, BCL2L2, TGFbeta) on chromosome 14 in granulosa cell tumors (GCTs): a comprehensive study on 30 GCTs combining comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence-in situ-hybridization (FISH). (cancercentrum.se)
- The women were randomly assigned to undergo embryo selection for transfer on the basis of day-5 morphology or PGD-A using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) for 24-chromosome testing before the start of treatment. (medscape.com)
Analyses12
- The aim of the present study was to apply a clinical score previously designated by de Vries to 329 patients with intellectual disability/developmental disorder (intellectual disability/developmental delay) referred to our tertiary center and to see whether the clinical factors are associated with a positive outcome of aCGH analyses. (nih.gov)
- In sensitivity analyses, case windows with vary- tire study period and compared ORs for 1998-2007 ing durations of minimum incubation (range 0-12 with those for 2008-2018. (cdc.gov)
- We investigated skin-gut axis microorganisms as potential exogenous factors causing AGA, through comparative analyses of the scalp and gut microbiome in individuals with and without AGA in a Korean cohort. (frontiersin.org)
- Applicants will need to make a statement (cover letter) how they are planning to contribute to the training of early career scientists in comparative and evolutionary genome analyses (and other OMICs). (dfg.de)
- The assembly was characterized, including analyses of the genomic structure, with the aim of providing data to support the discovery of beneficial or harmful genes and to improve our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis. (researchsquare.com)
- In this study, we undertook extensive genome-wide comparative analyses of twelve species that conform the Pectobacterium genus. (mdpi.com)
- For the first time it is possible to complement our genetic understanding of the disorder with substantial evolutionary and comparative genomic analyses," said Dr Dorus. (sciencedaily.com)
- Our genomic analyses support the hypothesis that bifidobacterial strains have been subjected to genetic adaptations to their host environment. (soken.ac.jp)
- Integrative and comparative genomic analyses identify clinically relevant pulmonary carcinoid groups and unveil the supra-carcinoids. (who.int)
- We mostly study lizards and water fleas, and combine experiments with genomic analyses, field studies and comparative methods. (lu.se)
- Our analyses of IDH1 mutations in for R132C mutations in astrocytes or glioblastomas from a population- precursor cel s that already carry a based study (407 cases) showed that germline TP53 mutation. (who.int)
- This module will build on the statistical analyses encountered to quantify selection, quantitative genetic and genomic variation, providing a 'toolbox' that can be used to address a wide range of evolutionary questions. (lu.se)
Genomics18
- Comparative genomics is introduced using different yeast strains to study natural variation, evolution, and quantitative traits. (cshlpress.com)
- New experimental and computational techniques provide exciting opportunities to study the evolutionary history of genomes using comparative genomics. (dfg.de)
- The goal of the Priority Programme is to exploit new methods to reveal in the insect taxon the role of: coding vs. regulatory changes, transposable elements, epigenetic regulation, gene family evolution, copy number dynamics, structural genomic rearrangements etc. in trait evolution by using multiple cutting edge quantitative OMICs resources (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics and epigenomics). (dfg.de)
- Insects are the most species rich class of metazoans with a huge variation in various traits making them the ideal system to investigate general principles of the evolutionary dynamics underlying major innovations based on a comparative genomics framework. (dfg.de)
- During his academic career at the U. of Connecticut and Vet Med U. of Vienna, Dr. Papazisi studied genomics, virulence factors, and vaccine design for mycoplasmas as well as molecular profiling of Salmonella . (atcc.org)
- We divide the field of genomics into genotyping (focused on the genome sequence), transcriptomics (focused on genomic expression) and epigenomics (focused on epigenetic regulation of genome expression). (bmj.com)
- Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which researchers use a variety of tools to compare the complete genome sequences of different species. (genome.gov)
- What are the benefits of comparative genomics? (genome.gov)
- Comparative genomics also provides a powerful tool for studying evolution. (genome.gov)
- As DNA sequencing technology becomes more powerful and less expensive, comparative genomics is finding wider applications in agriculture, biotechnology and zoology as a tool to tease apart the often subtle differences among animal species. (genome.gov)
- What results has the field of comparative genomics produced? (genome.gov)
- Comparative genomics has yielded dramatic results. (genome.gov)
- Investigators are increasingly using comparative genomics to explore areas ranging from human development and behavior to metabolism and susceptibility to disease. (genome.gov)
- Some researchers are using comparative genomics to reveal the genomic underpinnings of disease in animals with the hope of gaining new insights into disease development in humans. (genome.gov)
- The Web site "www.artichokegenome.unito.it" hosts all the available genomic sequences, together with their structural/functional annotations and project information are presented to users via the open-source tool JBrowse, allowing the analysis of collinearity and the discovery of genomic variants, thus representing a one-stop resource for Cynara cardunculus genomics. (researchgate.net)
- Comparative genomics, both intra- and inter-species showed all the genomes to be highly homologous. (gla.ac.uk)
- Title : Genomics and Public Health: Development of Web-based Training Tools for Increasing Genomic Awareness Personal Author(s) : Kardia, Sharon L. R.;Bodzin, Jennifer;Goldenberg, Aaron;Citrin, Toby;Raup, Sarah F.;Bach, Janice V. (cdc.gov)
- A review of bioinformatics platforms for comparative genomics. (cdc.gov)
Molecular9
- G band cytogenetic analysis often leads to the discovery of unbalanced karyotypes that require further characterisation by molecular cytogenetic studies. (bmj.com)
- Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) is one of several molecular approaches that can be applied to ascertain the origin of extra chromosomal material. (bmj.com)
- Some molecular studies suggest that this could have occurred around 70 Ma. (nature.com)
- Track the emergence and spread of fungal diseases by conducting molecular surveillance and genomic epidemiology. (cdc.gov)
- 1 The idea that the field of molecular biology needed to move from studying isolated biological molecules towards a broad analysis of large sets of biological molecules was underscored with the completion of the human genome project (HGP) in 2001. (bmj.com)
- The purpose of this study was to develop a robust, standardized method for comparative expression profiling and molecular characterization of Leishmania donovani clinical isolates. (cambridge.org)
- Intracellular amastigote protocols need further refinement, but we describe a first generation tool for high-throughput comparative molecular characterization of patients' isolates, based on the changing expression profiles of promastigotes during in vitro differentiation. (cambridge.org)
- The primary outcome will be the proportion of patients who receive a molecular diagnosis via genomic testing (diagnostic rate) compared with usual care. (bmj.com)
- Molecular studies have demonstrated that bats are natural host reservoirs for several recently emerged high-profile zoonotic viruses. (cdc.gov)
Sequences4
- CGH has been widely applied to detect gains and losses of DNA sequences on specific chromosomes in the study of solid tumours, 1 but has not been extensively used to study unbalanced constitutional karyotypes. (bmj.com)
- They ended up with the genomic sequences of 22 mammals - the largest comparative study of this nature. (mongabay.com)
- The aim of this study is to investigate the adaptation of bifidobacterial species to various hosts and to examine the genetic biodiversity of bifidobacterial species from various hosts like human, non-human primates, bat and other organisms by decoding genome sequences. (soken.ac.jp)
- The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms. (bvsalud.org)
Genetic7
- However, this study is an eye opener - it has, for the first time, found convergent similarity between two very unrelated groups at the genetic level . (mongabay.com)
- In the present study, the genetic diversity of analysis of Bellis perennis L. collected in 4 Turkish geographical locations was investigated by RAPD-PCR analysis. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- In this review we define the field of occupational and environmental health (OEH) research as the study of interactions between the following domains: environment (the exposome), 4 individual (genetic) susceptibility (the (epi)genome), and biological outcomes (the responsome) 5 ( figure 1 ). (bmj.com)
- Decades of intensive research, using association and inheritance studies between affected and non-affected siblings, has resulted in a much clearer understanding of the genetic basis of the disorder. (sciencedaily.com)
- Ethical, Social and Psychological Impacts of Genomic Risk Communication examines the introduction of new types of health risk information based on faster, cheaper and larger sets of genetic or genomic analysis. (routledge.com)
- The aim of this study is to explore the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of genomic testing within a national cohort of patients with suspected genetic kidney disease who attend multidisciplinary renal genetics clinics. (bmj.com)
- Included is construction of complete genetic, physical, and transcript maps, and the analysis of this structural genomic information on a global scale such as in GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDIES. (bvsalud.org)
Evolutionary4
- In March 2021, the Senate of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) established the Priority Programme "Genomic Basis of Evolutionary Innovations (GEvol)" (SPP 2349). (dfg.de)
- Our comprehensive analysis of the whole genome of F. equiseti provides basic data for studies of gene expression, regulatory and functional mechanisms, evolutionary processes, as well as disease prevention and control. (researchsquare.com)
- Completely genomic and evolutionary characteristics of human-dominant G9P[8] group A rotavirus strains in Yunnan, China. (cdc.gov)
- This module will focus on how comparative methods make it possible to infer the sequence of evolutionary events and test predictions from evolutionary theory. (lu.se)
Methods2
Tumours3
- Screening for chromosome imbalances was carried out using comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) in 14 frozen samples of tumour from a series of 13 breast cancer patients with multiploid (n = 11) and hypertetraploid (n = 2) tumours. (bmj.com)
- Ways to abrogate heterogeneity will be required to optimise the genomic classification of tumours. (springer.com)
- Not only has knowledge of the genomic landscape helped inform the development of new drugs, this understanding also promises to improve risk stratification of tumours and to determine their sensitivity to systemic therapies. (springer.com)
Chromosome4
- We have used comparative genomic hybridisation to analyse 19 constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected by G band analysis, including seven deletions, five supernumerary marker chromosomes, two interstitial duplications, and five chromosomes presenting with abnormal terminal banding patterns. (bmj.com)
- Constitutional chromosome studies involving conventional GTG band cytogenetic analysis, however, often show unbalanced karyotypes which cannot be fully defined because the extra material is too small to have a recognisable banding pattern. (bmj.com)
- Others have applied CGH to the study of constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected postnatally. (bmj.com)
- Although the structural chromosome abnormalities in these cases were too small to identify the origin of the extra genomic material based on banding pattern, none of the abnormalities described by these authors can be considered to be subtle or cryptic. (bmj.com)
Clinical8
- For the legitimacy of clinical NGS genomic testing, quality information from the process of producing genomic data should be included within the results. (jmir.org)
- The goal of this study was to develop a Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)-based web app, NGS Quality Reporting (NGS-QR), to report and manage the quality of the information obtained from clinical NGS genomic tests. (jmir.org)
- We defined data elements for the exchange of quality information from clinical NGS genomic tests, and profiled a FHIR genomic resource to enable information exchange in a standardized format. (jmir.org)
- This study successfully demonstrated how quality information of clinical NGS genomic testing can be exchanged in a standardized format. (jmir.org)
- As the demand for NGS genomic testing in clinical settings increases and genomic data accumulate, quality information can be used as reference material to improve the quality of testing. (jmir.org)
- To implement clinical NGS applications, health care providers operate their own NGS laboratories or request genomic tests to external laboratories. (jmir.org)
- Some insights into clinical risk factors and their genomic correlates have been made. (springer.com)
- Secondary outcomes will include change in clinical diagnosis following genomic testing, change in clinical management following genomic testing and the cost-effectiveness of genomic testing compared with usual care. (bmj.com)
Hybridisation1
Structural1
- Bryndorf et al 2 applied CGH to the study of unbalanced karyotypes in prenatal cases, including seven cases of unbalanced structural abnormalities and four cases of simple aneuploidies. (bmj.com)
Clinically1
- To date, however, the utility of genomic testing in a clinically ascertained, prospectively recruited kidney disease cohort remains unknown. (bmj.com)
Analysis13
- While both the Melbourne and San Diego studies showed net reductions in the short-term cost of acute hospital care, a complete analysis of economic benefits associated with a timely genomic diagnosis would require estimates of long-term health outcomes and healthcare costs. (cdc.gov)
- Genomic sequencing analysis showed that the artificial spore-derivative hybrid is an allotriploid, which is very common among natural hybrids. (frontiersin.org)
- Moreover, a comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals that each spore-derivative hybrid subgenome is regulating different processes during the fermentation, in which each parental species has demonstrated to be more efficient. (frontiersin.org)
- Using hierarchical Bayesian models to explore intra-ethnic social variation in health outcomes: Preliminary results of an analysis of income-mortality associations in the New Zealand Census-Mortality Study. (otago.ac.nz)
- Comparative RAPD analysis and pollen structure studies of Bellis peren" by NESLİHAN KAVALCIOĞLU, LEYLA AÇIK et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Comparative RAPD analysis and pollen structure studies of Bellis perennis L. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- A comparative genomic analysis supported the high quality of the F. equiseti assembly, exhibiting good collinearity with the reference strains, 3,483 species-specific genes, and 1,805 core genes. (researchsquare.com)
- In this study a genome wide comparative analysis of bifidobacterial species from different hosts was done. (soken.ac.jp)
- The comparative analysis in this study has revealed the important features of bifidobacteria in various hosts such as their contribution in metabolizing the host dietary carbohydrates. (soken.ac.jp)
- Comparative genomic analysis of the genus Marinomonas and taxonomic study of Marinomonas algarum sp. (bvsalud.org)
- A recent comparative analysis, showed bats to be more likely to be infected with more zoonotic viruses per host species than were rodents, thus adding weight to the suggestion that bats might in some way be unique as sources of emerging zoonoses. (cdc.gov)
- performed a comparative analysis of viruses in bats and rodents and associated ecologic factors. (cdc.gov)
- Through an extensive genomic analysis of 2 divergent species of bats, Zhang et al. (cdc.gov)
Diagnostic3
- This app could also motivate laboratories to perform diagnostic tests to provide high-quality genomic data. (jmir.org)
- A Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Diagnostic Markers for Human Pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni Strains. (cdc.gov)
- One has to consider the diagnostic failure rate, which was around 3% in this study. (medscape.com)
Sequencing7
- What is the Value of Rapid Genomic Sequencing in Acute Infant Care? (cdc.gov)
- Rapid genomic sequencing includes both rapid genome sequencing (rGS) and rapid exome sequencing (rES). (cdc.gov)
- Both studies concluded that rapid genomic sequencing led to substantially earlier diagnosis that in a small number of cases resulted in substantial reductions in costly hospital stays. (cdc.gov)
- Moreover, both studies concluded that the avoided hospital costs more than offset the additional cost of rapid sequencing. (cdc.gov)
- One comment on "What is the Value of Rapid Genomic Sequencing in Acute Infant Care? (cdc.gov)
- Use whole genome sequencing to study how and why certain fungi spread and make people sick. (cdc.gov)
- In this study, the complete genomic sequence of Fusarium equiseti D25-1 was determined using multiple sequencing platforms. (researchsquare.com)
Tumors1
- Pauniaho SL, Salonen J, Helminen M, Vettenranta K, Heikinheimo M, Heikinheimo O. The incidences of malignant gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in males and females: a population-based study covering over 40 years in Finland. (cancercentrum.se)
Taxonomic2
- We do not encourage projects focusing on single-genes and/or single-organisms, nor studies and approaches with a strong focus on ecological, taxonomic, comparative physiology, population genetics or short-term adaptation. (dfg.de)
- Recent developments of the EDGAR 2.0 platform and its utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. (cdc.gov)
Species7
- Comparative RNA-seq studies are welcome, provided they compare multiple species and complement other OMICs data (which may exist or are generated in companion projects). (dfg.de)
- While, other studies have shown that different bat species have undergone changes that resulted in strong similarities in the genes that govern hearing. (mongabay.com)
- Environmental conditions may help us to determine the genomic structures of species. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- It pinpoints genes that are essential to life and highlights genomic signals that control gene function across many species. (genome.gov)
- These studies are uncovering new behavioral, neurological and developmental pathways and genes that are shared or related among species. (genome.gov)
- Certain species-specific SSR motifs were identified, along with a hexa-nucleotide motif shared only with the other two Compositae species (sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and horseweed (Conyza canadensis)) included in the study. (researchgate.net)
- In areas where these viruses have been studied, some viral groups have much higher viral diversity and prevalence in bats than in sympatric species of rodents. (cdc.gov)
Observational2
- Observational studies have inherent limitations, which are accentuated with small numbers of subjects. (cdc.gov)
- Their application in human observational studies (HOS) has become feasible in recent years due to a spectacular increase in the sensitivity, resolution and throughput of OMICS-based assays. (bmj.com)
Transcriptomics1
- RNA-Seq-Based Comparative Transcriptomics: RNA Preparation and Bioinformatics. (cdc.gov)
Whole genome1
- In this study, the Illumina HiSeq 4000 and PacBio platforms were used to sequence and assemble the whole genome of Fusarium equiseti D25-1. (researchsquare.com)
Variations2
- The NGS genomic testing reports provide information regarding genomic variations and related data. (jmir.org)
- The results of this study clearly show that there are significant variations in the field collected populations of B. perennis from different geographic and climatic locations in Turkey. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Reveal2
- Specifically, we solicit proposals that use a genome wide comparative approach to reveal the genomic dynamics, which underlie the evolution of novel traits. (dfg.de)
- These studies reveal that recurrent somatic mutations occur in only a handful of genes, with an overall mutational burden of roughly 1-2 per Mb. (springer.com)
Undergone1
- The most common non-clear cell renal cancers have also undergone genomic profiling and are characterised by distinct genomic landscapes. (springer.com)
Substantial1
- As the number of requests for NGS genomic testing increases, substantial efforts have been made to deliver the testing results clearly and unambiguously. (jmir.org)
Cost effectiveness1
- Comparative and cost effectiveness studies (e.g. (varian.com)
Developmental1
- Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of developmental stability may contribute especially in the framework of comparative studies as a population biomonitoring tool. (sisef.it)
Variants1
- Studies suggest that the ERCC2 gene variants responsible for trichothiodystrophy reduce the amount of functional TFIIH complex in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Reliability1
- However, most reports provide insufficient quality information to confirm the reliability of genomic testing owing to the complexity of the NGS process. (jmir.org)
20171
- Literature and Food Studies (2017), Amy L. Tigner, Allison Carruth. (wikipedia.org)
Series of comparative2
- A series of comparative critical threshold (2-deltadeltaCT) real-time PCR was used to quantify targeted bacterial (16S rRNA) genes and major ARGs. (cdc.gov)
- The limitations and possibilities associated with expression profiling in intracellular amastigotes and promastigotes were assessed through a series of comparative experiments in which technical and biological parameters were scrutinized. (cambridge.org)
Sequence1
Cytogenetic studies1
- High-resolution cytogenetic studies with FISH are used to test for 15q duplication, which has been found in 3%-5% of individuals with autism. (medscape.com)
Screening2
- In a Brazilian study, neonatal screening for the TP53 R337H mutation, which is prevalent in the region, identified 461 (0.27%) carriers among 171,649 newborns who were screened. (oncolink.org)
- Committee opinion no. 690: Carrier Screening in the age of genomic medicine. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes3
- However, there are few in-depth studies on the functional genes. (researchsquare.com)
- A study discovered that about 60 percent of genes are conserved between fruit flies and humans, meaning that the two organisms appear to share a core set of genes. (genome.gov)
- Introduction Recent advances in genomic technology have allowed better delineation of renal conditions, the identification of new kidney disease genes and subsequent targets for therapy. (bmj.com)
Experiments1
- This is an updated edition of the course manual, which provides a set of teaching experiments, along with protocols and recipes for the standard techniques and reagents used in the study of yeast biology. (cshlpress.com)
Research10
- The Center for Genomic Gastronomy is an independent research group that examines the biotechnology and biodiversity of human food systems. (wikipedia.org)
- Their Research is split into five primary research streams: Cultures of Biotechnology Eating in the Anthropocene Databases of Taste Protein Futures Food Phreaking WHABBH poster designed by the Center for Genomic Gastronomy (2010) The Center for Genomic Gastronomy's research has been featured and reviewed in The Lancet, Nature, and Chemical & Engineering News. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, museums, zoos, and commercial entities are available to provide genomic resources to the placental research community. (illinois.edu)
- Recommendations for tissue storage conditions of placentas in genomic research are given. (illinois.edu)
- Dive into the research topics of 'Sources for Comparative Studies of Placentation. (illinois.edu)
- To demonstrate the utility of these spike-in controls in microbiome research, we conducted studies where we mixed them with whole-cell or gDNA mock communities containing different bacterial strains at various ratios. (atcc.org)
- To illustrate the current status of the application of OMICS in OEH research, we will provide examples of studies that used OMICS technologies to investigate human health effects of two well-known toxicants, benzene and arsenic. (bmj.com)
- The MPhil in Politics (Comparative Government) is an advanced two-year graduate degree which provides training in research techniques and methodology and substantive knowledge in this sub-area of the discipline. (topuniversities.com)
- This course emphasizes the research-led study of government and political institutions from area-specific and comparative perspectives and provides a range of educational experiences in a variety of learning environments to develop your written and oral communication skills as well as other technical skills. (topuniversities.com)
- Led by scientists from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and partners, the study identified an aggressive new subtype of pulmonary carcinoids, called supra-carcinoids. (who.int)
Medicine1
- They summarized two recently published studies, one conducted at the Royal Children's Hospital and Monash Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia, and one conducted at the Rady Children's Institute of Genomic Medicine in San Diego, California. (cdc.gov)
Prospective1
- Comprehensive prospective comparative studies of costs and benefits are needed. (cdc.gov)
Explore1
- The purpose of this study is to explore the response of melatonin circadian rhythm to fluoxetine treatment and its relationshi. (nel.edu)
Phylogenetic1
- Emphasis is placed on the use of phylogenetic trees to study adaptive evolution, and what explains differences in diversity across the tree of life. (lu.se)