• The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)
  • The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparative Cytogenetics 14(4): 549-566. (pensoft.net)
  • Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. (kent.ac.uk)
  • In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
  • In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. (kent.ac.uk)
  • In this group of vertebrates, several new species have been described based on chromosomal characterization, since the importance of cytogenetic data is not only restricted to identifying the diploid number, morphology, structure and organization of sequences on chromosomes. (fapesp.br)
  • Within Akondontini tribe, only by using karyotype it is possible to distinguish some species. (fapesp.br)
  • It is a member of a genus with fewer than 20 species, which have different genome sizes, basic chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. (aber.ac.uk)
  • The aim of the project will thus be to generate a freely available comparative genomic resource that can be used to compare the genome structures of 25-30 bird species. (ukri.org)
  • Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
  • In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The karyotypes of the remaining species differed from the ancestral karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
  • Pamphagidae species with the neo-X neo-Y/neo-X neo-X sex chromosome system from Central Asia ( Bugrov 1986 ) has drawn our attention to this family. (pensoft.net)
  • Use of cross-species in situ hybridization (ZOO-FISH) to assess chromosome abnormalities in day 6 in vivo or in vitro produced sheep embryos. (unina.it)
  • A total of 93 BAC clones were used to localize the chromosome complement of the species and 588 genes were annotated, thus almost reaching the 2.5% of the genome sequences. (metasystems-international.com)
  • In addition, chromosomes with a high number of linked genes that are conserved, even in distant species, were detected. (metasystems-international.com)
  • This kind of result widens the knowledge of this species' chromosome dynamics and evolution. (metasystems-international.com)
  • a comparative electrophysiological and behavioural study has been made in 17 closely related monkeys of the new world species, saguinus midas tamarin. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds. (kent.ac.uk)
  • This was achieved through the use of comparative chromosome painting (CCP) which hybridises fluorescent, chromosome-specific probes derived from B. distachyon to homoeologous meiotic chromosomes of its close relatives. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)
  • Pinkel D., Detection of aneuploidy and aneuploidy-inducing agents in human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome specific DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
  • Eastmond D.A., Rupa D.S., Hasegawa L.S., Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
  • Comparison of the human with the sheep genomes by use of human chromosome-specific painting probes. (cnr.it)
  • In patients with normal karyotypes, the clinical features may still suggest appropriate regions to be screened for microscopic imbalance by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis using locus specific probes. (bmj.com)
  • Sexing river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.), sheep (Ovis aries L.), goat (Capra hircus L.) and cattle spermatozoa by double color FISH using bovine (Bos taurus L.) X- and Y- painting probes. (unina.it)
  • Modern genomic research generally focuses on the role of individual genes but the role of chromosomes and homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) is often disregarded. (ukri.org)
  • Bahri-Darwich I., Vaiman D., Olsaker I., Oustry A., Cribiu E.P., Assignment of bovine synteny groups U27 and U8 to R-banded chromosome 12 and 27, respectively, Hereditas 120 (1994) 261-265. (gse-journal.org)
  • synteny of human chromosomes 14 and 15 in the platyrrhines (primates, platyrrhini). (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
  • Abnormalities that affect autosomes (the 22 paired chromosomes that are alike in males and females) are more common than those that affect sex chromosomes (X and Y). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Numerical abnormalities may involve a part of, or the entire, chromosome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Increased frequencies of chromosome abnormalities in Mediterranean Italian buffaloes affected by limb malformation (transversal hemimelia). (unina.it)
  • Nesthor Perez 2.3 Mechanisms of Structural Variation Cytogenetic Techniques: Chromosome Painting: Nesthor Perez 2.3 Mechanisms of Structural Variation Cytogenetic Techniques: Nesthor Perez 2.3 Mechanisms of Structural Variation Cytogenetic Techniques: Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH): Nesthor Perez (FISH) Nesthor Perez Outline 1. (studylib.net)
  • This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)
  • Cytogenetic studies of human ECs have not produced very conclusive data, since many of these studies are based on karyotyping of limited number of cases and no really specific karyotypic changes have yet been identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytogenetic studies of ECs have shown that most tumors have hyperdiploid karyotypes with relatively minor chromosomal aberrations [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The reported cytogenetic data are not conclusive, since they are based on the karyotyping of limited number of cases [ 6 ], and no really specific karyotypic changes have yet been detected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
  • Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
  • Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
  • Poor cytogenetic studies of Pamphagidae were associated not only with the low density of their populations, but also with the uniformity of their karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
  • An extended river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis, 2n=50) cytogenetic map: assignment of 68 autosomal loci by FISH-mapping and R-banding and comparison with humans chromosomes. (unina.it)
  • Karyotype, centric fusion polymorphism and chromosomal aberrations in captive-born mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula). (unina.it)
  • On the basis of the patterns of hybridisation and incorporating published data, we propose twoalternative, but similar, models of karyotype evolution in the genus Brachypodium. (aber.ac.uk)
  • The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We measured the meiotic recombination rate in two regions of chromosome 5, containing or not an NLR gene cluster. (metasystems-international.com)
  • An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
  • 2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
  • Libert F., Lefort A., Okimoto R., Womack J., Georges M., Construction of a bovine genomic library of large yeast artificial chromosome clones, Genomics 18 (1993) 270-276. (gse-journal.org)
  • More recently, the technique of comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) using metaphase chromosomes has been applied to this clinical problem. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, using sequences of three mitochondrial genes, the phylogenetic relationships between every sample with a known karyotype were determined, which revealed significant nucleotide divergence among the karyomorphs. (scielo.br)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
  • We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Akodon cursor, the frequencies of chromosome rearrangements along their geographical distribution in Atlantic Forest have provided information about their dispersal pattern and population differentiation. (fapesp.br)
  • This comparative approach allows tracing of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during bird evolution. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)
  • Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
  • Routine karyotype analysis is not sensitive enough to detect subtle chromosome rearrangements (less than 5 Mb). (bmj.com)
  • Possible approaches for cytogenomic assessment of couples with balanced chromosome rearrangements and problems like reproductive failures were considered and suggested as useful part of effective genetic counseling. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • Spectral karyotyping analysis (also called chromosome painting) uses chromosome-specific multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques that improve the visibility of certain defects, including translocations and inversions. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In the present work we used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to identify cancer-related aberrations in a well-characterized experimental model for spontaneous endometrial carcinoma in the BDII rat tumor model. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multicolor banding, chromosomal microarray analysis, chromosome microdissection with reverse painting, and single-copy sequencing of the rearranged chromosome were performed to determine the length and position of the inverted region as well as to rule out a genetic imbalance at the breakpoints. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • Classical approaches involving karyotyping and FISH coupled with comparative genomics browser technology provide a straightforward solution for the many avian genomes that are assembled to the point of 100+ large scaffolds. (ukri.org)
  • Cai L., Taylor J. F., Wing R.A., Gallagher D.S., Woo S.S., Davis S.K., Construction and characterization of a bovine bacterial artifical chromosome library, Genomics 29 (1995) 413-425. (gse-journal.org)
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result, important data about its genome organization and evolution were obtained, such as the lesser gene density of the large metacentric pair compared with the other metacentric chromosomes, which supports the theory of a sex proto-chromosome pair. (metasystems-international.com)
  • Comparative FISH mapping of bovid X chromosomes reveals homologies and divergences between the subfamilies bovinae and caprinae. (cnr.it)
  • These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
  • The allotetraploids arise by interspecific hybridisation and chromosome doubling between B. distachyon and other diploids. (aber.ac.uk)
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Precise Breakpoint Mapping in Paracentric Inversion 10q22.2q23.3 by Comprehensive Cytogenomic Analysis, Multicolor Banding, and Single-Copy Chromosome Sequencing. (metasystems-probes.com)
  • In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. (kent.ac.uk)
  • This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)
  • Reconstructing the evolution of Brachypodium genomes using comparative chromosome painting. (aber.ac.uk)
  • The aims of this study are not only to reconstruct the evolution of Brachypodium karyotypes to resolve the phylogeny, but also to highlight the mechanisms that shape the evolution of grass genomes. (aber.ac.uk)
  • In mammals, there are sufficient assembled reference genomes to make assembly by comparative analysis. (ukri.org)
  • Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eggen A., Solinas T.S., Fries R.A., Cosmid specific for sequences encoding a microtubule associated protein, MAPIB, contains a polymorphic microsatellite and maps to bovine chromosome 20q14, J. Hered. (gse-journal.org)
  • The most recurrent numerical alterations were gains in rat chromosome 4 (RNO4) and losses in RNO15. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A karyotype analysis involves blocking cells in mitosis during metaphase and staining the condensed chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • High-resolution chromosome analysis uses special culture methods to obtain a high percentage of prophase and prometaphase spreads. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The chromosomes are less condensed than in routine metaphase analysis, and the number of identifiable bands is expanded, allowing a more sensitive karyotype analysis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Comparative molecular analysis of the identified genetic changes in this tumor model with those reported in the human ECs may provide new insights into underlying genetic changes involved in EC development and tumorigenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, in the pheasants fission of the ancestral galliform chromosome 2 could be documented. (kent.ac.uk)
  • In classical banding (eg, G [Giemsa]-banding, Q [fluorescent]-banding, and C-banding), a dye is used to stain bands on the chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • ZOO-FISH and R-banding reveal extensive conservation of human chromosome regions in euchromatic regions of river buffalo chromosomes. (cnr.it)
  • Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report information about the chromosome number and morphology, C-banding patterns, and localization of ribosomal DNA clusters and telomeric ( TTAGG ) n repeats. (pensoft.net)
  • The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Onset and sequence of RBA-band replication on the inactive X-chromosomes of cattle (Bos taurus L.), river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) and goat (Capra hircus L. (unina.it)
  • This is despite the ubiquity of HSBs and the phenotypic consequences/evolutionary implications of chromosome rearrangement. (ukri.org)
  • Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, these methods have limited resolution and are unreliable for subtle copy number changes involving chromosome segments of 5 Mb in length or less. (bmj.com)
  • We will anchor each of the scaffolds physically to chromosomes by FISH. (ukri.org)
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thirteen type I loci from HSA4q, HSA6p, HSA7q and HSA12q were comparatively FISH-mapped in four river buffalo and sheep chromosomes. (cnr.it)
  • Assignment of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM1) gene homologues to bubaline, caprine, and ovine chromosomes by comparative mapping. (unina.it)
  • Chromosome stability test in both cattle and river buffaloes exposed to dioxin. (cnr.it)
  • White (1973) reported a conservative karyotype consisting of 19 acrocentric chromosomes in males and 20 in females with X0♂/XX♀ sex chromosome system. (pensoft.net)
  • Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • De Novo Centromere Formation in Pericentromeric Region of Rice Chromosome 8. (zhangtaolab.org)
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)