• Adopting preventive strategies like regular exercise, avoiding overeating, and minimizing stress can contribute to reducing the risk of developing acid reflux, thus fostering a healthy and balanced digestive system. (gastrofl.com)
  • Acid Reflux Disease Diet When the gastric juices that contain acid travel back into the esophagus. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Triggered by an increase of acid in your esophagus , acid reflux disease may develop for a variety of reasons. (webmd.com)
  • When it works correctly, the diaphragm normally helps keep acid from rising into your esophagus. (webmd.com)
  • But if you have a hiatal hernia, it is easier for acid to move up into your esophagus. (webmd.com)
  • For people with gastric ulcers or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), PPIs' acid-blocking abilities help ulcers to heal or prevent damage to the esophagus. (mcmasteroptimalaging.org)
  • Acid reflux is a prevalent condition characterized by the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing discomfort and a host of symptoms. (gastrofl.com)
  • Acid reflux is primarily caused by the dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter , allowing stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus. (gastrofl.com)
  • These drugs aim to reduce stomach acid production, alleviate symptoms, and promote healing of the esophagus. (gastrofl.com)
  • Acid reflux is caused by acid rising from the stomach into the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat and the stomach. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Every parent just need to be aware that the acid reflux occur because of the acid in the stomach return to the esophagus or even to mouth which will cause the baby to spit out some of the formula that the baby had fed earlier. (kapaluacatalog.com)
  • Acid reflux , aka heartburn, happens when stomach acid moves up into your esophagus. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • When it opens, stomach acid flows back up into your esophagus and causes reflux symptoms. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • This way, your stomach can pace itself during digestion and not overproduce stomach acid so it regurgitates into your esophagus. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • The prone position encourages stomach acid to rise into your esophagus. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • It can also heal the damage caused by acid to the lining of the esophagus and stomach. (readonline.blog)
  • Acid reflux occurs when acid from your stomach flows back up your esophagus toward your mouth. (healthline.com)
  • citation needed] Addition of chlorine to water gives both hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HClO): Cl2 + H2O ⇌ HClO + HCl Cl2 + 4 OH− ⇌ 2 ClO− + 2 H2O + 2 e− Cl2 + 2 e− ⇌ 2 Cl− When acids are added to aqueous salts of hypochlorous acid (such as sodium hypochlorite in commercial bleach solution), the resultant reaction is driven to the left, and chlorine gas is formed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, also known as muriatic acid. (psiberg.com)
  • There are a large number of applications of hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • Hydrochloric acid is used in industries to produce fertilizers, dyes, and chlorides. (psiberg.com)
  • Purification of sugar can be achieved by using hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • Hydrochloric acid reacts with the impurities (organic compounds) that can be removed from the rest of the sugarcane juice. (psiberg.com)
  • Hydrochloric acid is used for the analysis and purification of salts. (psiberg.com)
  • For example, sodium chloride table salt (NaCl) can be purified by using hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • The impure form of salt is dissolved in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • These cations can later be rinsed from resins by using hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • This can be controlled by using hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • Hydrochloric acid is used for the synthesis of organic and inorganic compounds in laboratories and industries. (psiberg.com)
  • Organic compounds, such as vinyl chloride and dichloromethane can be prepared by using hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • Hydrochloric acid is used for the production of inorganic compounds like chlorides i.e. iron chloride, polymers of aluminum chloride, mustard gas, ammonium chloride, etc. (psiberg.com)
  • Impurities are removed from the surface of the metal or alloys by dipping them into the solution of dilute hydrochloric acid. (psiberg.com)
  • Hydrochloric acid is used as a catalyst for the acid-catalyzed polymerization of monomers. (psiberg.com)
  • Due to the corrosive nature of hydrochloric acid, it is used for enhancing oil production by adding an oil well to shape the rocks. (psiberg.com)
  • The significant uses of hydrochloric acid are as a catalyst in the reactions. (psiberg.com)
  • 1) Take solution of hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, glucose and alcohol. (org.in)
  • This shows that hydrochloric acid solution taken in the beaker conduct electricity. (org.in)
  • Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid conduct electricity due to the presence of charged particles whereas glucose and ethanol do not contain ions and hence do not conduct electricity . (org.in)
  • The publication of the crystal structure of L-lysine completes the set of structures of the 20 "common" amino acids, a quest first started 75 years ago with the first publication of the crystal structure an amino acid (glycine), thus giving the opportunity to understand the solid-state structural properties of all members of this biologically important class of compounds. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • An elevated blood level of the amino acid homocysteine has been identified as a risk factor for some of these diseases. (encyclopedia.com)
  • During a conversation with some of the leading lights of the effort, the group did disclose to NutraIngredients-USA ​ that seed funding for the project has been provided by South Korean amino acid manufacturer CJ Bio. (nutraingredients.com)
  • In addition to the amino acid sourcing information the project has been inquiring about certifications that might be important for vegan consumers. (nutraingredients.com)
  • They identified a class of bacteria - Deltaproteobacteria - involved in fighting these infections, and further analysis led them to identify the amino acid Taurine as the trigger for Deltaproteobacteria activity. (tangoherbs.com)
  • Question 2 Why does an aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity? (org.in)
  • Many women experience acid reflux for the first time during pregnancy. (webmd.com)
  • If you experience acid reflux more than two times a week for several weeks, come into GastroDoxs for a consultation. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • People who experience acid reflux and heartburn tend to ingest air more frequently and in larger quantities, leading to burping. (healthline.com)
  • Omeprazole is more effective than other PPIs in suppressing acid secretion and has a longer duration of action. (readonline.blog)
  • Cleveland Clinic: "GERD or Acid Reflux or Heartburn. (webmd.com)
  • Dr. Pothuri recommends not lying down for three hours after eating if you tend to have acid reflux or you have GERD. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • Omeprazole is a type of medicine called a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that is used to treat various conditions that involve excess stomach acid, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and erosive esophagitis. (readonline.blog)
  • It was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1989 for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and later for the treatment of GERD and other acid-related disorders. (readonline.blog)
  • Frequent episodes of acid reflux may be a sign of a condition known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) . (healthline.com)
  • GERD is very common. (healthline.com)
  • Burping is also associated with acid reflux and GERD. (healthline.com)
  • People who are at high risk of strokes and heart disease may greatly benefit by taking folic acid supplements. (encyclopedia.com)
  • You may know acid reflux as heartburn, but there are other signs of this digestive issue. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • Eating large meals or lying down right after a meal can trigger heartburn or other symptoms of acid reflux disease, such as a dry cough or trouble swallowing. (webmd.com)
  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed for common gastrointestinal issues including heartburn from acid reflux, but many people can safely reduce or stop this medication. (mcmasteroptimalaging.org)
  • They do the job (1), which is why they've increasingly been prescribed for more common gastrointestinal issues like heartburn. (mcmasteroptimalaging.org)
  • What does it mean for people experiencing common - yet still distressing - episodes of heartburn? (mcmasteroptimalaging.org)
  • The symptoms of acid reflux include heartburn, regurgitation of food, and a burning sensation in the chest or throat. (gastrofl.com)
  • Discover common causes of and remedies for heartburn. (medhelp.org)
  • If you burp frequently without experiencing acid reflux or heartburn, another gastrointestinal condition might be the culprit. (healthline.com)
  • If your burping is accompanied by acid reflux or heartburn, an over-the-counter antacid may help. (healthline.com)
  • Capric Acid is a fatty acid. (ewg.org)
  • Omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy and risk. (cambridge.org)
  • Unsaturated fats a. have double bonds in their fatty acid chains. (pearson.com)
  • b. have fewer fatty acid molecules per fat molecule. (pearson.com)
  • We aimed to determine longitudinal serum fatty acid profiles in preterm infants and how the profiles are affected by enteral and parenteral lipid sources. (lu.se)
  • Overall, infants displayed common fatty acid trajectories over the study period. (lu.se)
  • However, remarkable differences in fatty acid patterns were observed depending on whether levels were expressed in relative or absolute units. (lu.se)
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal postnatal fatty acid supplementation and profiles in extremely preterm infants to promote development and long-term health. (lu.se)
  • Amino acids, which are organic compounds of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with variable side chains, are the building blocks of proteins. (nutraingredients.com)
  • He also named the acid and its compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Question 5 Compounds such as alcohol and glucose also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids. (org.in)
  • Since 2013, some blotter and liquid "acid" being sold in the Americas and Europe contains NBOMe compounds instead of LSD. (erowid.org)
  • This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ), which permits unrestricted re- use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited. (cambridge.org)
  • Two of the most sour items in any kitchen are lemon juice, which contains citric acid, and vinegar, which contains acetic acid. (sciencing.com)
  • Several natural remedies, such as herbal teas, aloe vera, and chewing gum, can also aid in managing acid reflux symptoms. (gastrofl.com)
  • One common cause of acid reflux disease is a stomach abnormality called a hiatal hernia , which can occur in people of any age. (webmd.com)
  • Additionally, conditions such as hiatal hernia and gastroparesis can contribute to acid reflux. (gastrofl.com)
  • A hiatal hernia is a common cause of acid reflux and is unavoidable. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • Taurine helps the body digest fats and oils and is found naturally in bile acids in the gut. (tangoherbs.com)
  • During the study, the researchers realized that a single mild infection is sufficient to prepare the microbiota to resist subsequent infection, and that the liver and gallbladder - which synthesize and store bile acids containing taurine - can develop long-term infection protection. (tangoherbs.com)
  • Folic acid is the only type of folate shown to help prevent neural tube defects. (cdc.gov)
  • Folic acid is the only type of folate shown to help prevent neural tube defects (severe birth defects of the brain or spine). (cdc.gov)
  • In 1998, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) required food manufacturers to add folic acid to enriched bread and grain products to boost intake and to help prevent neural tube defects (NTD). (encyclopedia.com)
  • This can help to avoid the uncomfortable "rebound" acid reflux that can happen when acid blocking drugs are withdrawn too quickly (7). (mcmasteroptimalaging.org)
  • Both drugs have been found to work well in helping babies to overcome the acid reflux condition. (kapaluacatalog.com)
  • Certain common medications, including laxatives and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) , may list gas and belching as side effects. (healthline.com)
  • The reaction of this acid with metals forms chloride salts. (psiberg.com)
  • Some less common symptoms of acid reflux include chronic cough , sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. (gastrofl.com)
  • By inhibiting the proton pump, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid the stomach makes and thus relieves the symptoms of acid-related conditions. (readonline.blog)
  • When consuming the same amount of folic acid, people with the MTHFR 677 TT genotype have an average blood folate concentration (amount of folate in their blood) that is only slightly lower (about 16% lower) than people with the MTHFR 677 CC genotype. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 10 ] The tissue concentration level of acid maltase helps to establish a definite diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Levels of 31 different fatty acids from serum phospholipids were determined by GC-MS and reported in relative (mol%) and absolute concentration (μmol l −1 ) units. (lu.se)
  • The absolute concentration of total phospholipid fatty acids changed rapidly in the first weeks of life, peaking at day 3, median (Q1-Q3) 4452 (3645-5466) μmol l −1 , and was positively correlated to the intake of parenteral lipids. (lu.se)
  • During pregnancy, a folic acid deficiency may lead to preeclampsia, premature birth, and increased bleeding after birth. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are some lifestyle factors that increase the risk of acid reflux. (gastrofl.com)
  • All women of childbearing age in the United States who are capable of becoming pregnant should consume 0.4 mg of folic acid per day for the purpose of reducing their risk of having a pregnancy affected with spina bifida or other NTDs. (cdc.gov)
  • The evidence that consumption of folic acid, one of the B vitamins, before conception and during early pregnancy (the periconceptional period) can reduce the number of NTDs has been accumulating for several years. (cdc.gov)
  • For severe cases of acid reflux unresponsive to lifestyle modifications and medications, surgical interventions like Nissen fundoplication may be recommended to enhance the function of the lower esophageal sphincter and prevent acid backflow. (gastrofl.com)
  • Acid reflux happens when the valve, known as the lower esophageal sphincter, doesn't close all the way or opens too often. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • The new method relies on the concept of "photoreduction": using light to provide energy for CO 2 to react with something which contains hydrogen, allowing it to become formic acid (CH 2 O 2 , often written as HCOOH). (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • An acid which is completely ionised in water and thus produces a large amount of hydrogen ion is called strong acid. (org.in)
  • An acid which is partially ionised in water and produces a small amount of hydrogen ion is called weak acid. (org.in)
  • However, when mice drank water containing bismuth subsalicylate - a common over-the-counter drug used to treat diarrhea and upset stomach - infection protection waned because bismuth inhibits hydrogen sulfide production. (tangoherbs.com)
  • Long-term use of these medications puts people at risk for health complications and can worsen stomach acid problems. (mcmasteroptimalaging.org)
  • Decreased serum levels of acid maltase can be detected. (medscape.com)
  • Measurement of acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity in dried blood specimens is an optimal and reliable diagnostic test for acid maltase deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • High uric acid symptoms, such as joint pain, redness of the skin, formation of small hard lumps in the joints or kidney cramps, generally appear when uric acid accumulates in the joints or kidneys and form into crystals. (tuasaude.com)
  • In most cases, high uric acid levels in the blood, known as hyperuricemia, does not cause symptoms and is only identified during a blood test. (tuasaude.com)
  • Uric acid levels are considered to be high in values above 6.8 mg/dL. (tuasaude.com)
  • Urine tests can also detect uric acid crystals. (tuasaude.com)
  • High uric acid symptoms are a sign of conditions such as gout or kidney stones. (tuasaude.com)
  • They can emerge due to an accumulation of uric acid in the blood and/or the decrease in its elimination in the urine via the kidneys. (tuasaude.com)
  • Pain and swelling in the joints is a common symptom of gout, and can appear when excess uric acid in the blood is deposited in the joints in the form of crystals. (tuasaude.com)
  • Uric acid crystals deposited in the joints of the fingers, elbows, knees and feet can lead to the formation of small, hard lumps that are painful to the touch. (tuasaude.com)
  • Due to the presence of lumps and swelling in the joints, it may be difficult to move the joint affected by the uric acid crystals. (tuasaude.com)
  • The inflammation caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints can also cause redness of the skin and peeling of the affected skin in the area of the lump, as well as a feeling of "sand" when touching the area where the crystals were deposited. (tuasaude.com)
  • Severe pain in the lower back can arise when uric acid crystals accumulate in the kidneys, causing renal cramps, and affecting the lower back, or side of the body. (tuasaude.com)
  • It generally appears when the stone formed by excess uric acid becomes trapped or blocks some part of the urinary tract, such as the kidneys, ureter or bladder. (tuasaude.com)
  • Kidney stones formed by excess uric acid can cause nausea and vomiting, which is a very common symptom. (tuasaude.com)
  • Pain or burning when urinating can be a sign of a urinary tract infection, which can be caused by the movement of the uric acid stone in the urethra to be eliminated through urine or by blocking the passage of urine. (tuasaude.com)
  • When uric acid stones in the kidneys move, they can cause damage to the cells lining the urinary tract, which can lead to the appearance of small amounts of blood in the urine. (tuasaude.com)
  • Fever or chills may also appear as a sign of a kidney infection caused by the presence of uric acid stones in the kidney or a urinary tract infection. (tuasaude.com)
  • The diagnosis of high uric acid is confirmed by a general practitioner, orthopedist or rheumatologist through evaluation of symptoms, health history and lifestyle habits. (tuasaude.com)
  • There are medicines known as proton pump inhibitors that can reduce the stomach acid. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Various medications are available to treat acid reflux, including antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. (gastrofl.com)
  • Omeprazole works by blocking the activity of an enzyme called proton pump, which is responsible for producing acid in the stomach. (readonline.blog)
  • Each gram of AMELUZ contains 100 mg of aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (equivalent to 78 mg aminolevulinic acid) as the active ingredient and the following inactive ingredients: xanthan gum, soybean phosphatidylcholine, polysorbate 80, medium-chain triglycerides, isopropyl alcohol, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, propylene glycol, sodium benzoate and purified water. (rxlist.com)
  • One of the most common bases in any home is baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, although with a pH of 8.2, it is only slightly alkaline. (sciencing.com)
  • Hypochlorous acid was discovered in 1834 by the French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard (1802-1876) by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water. (wikipedia.org)
  • 5) Pour some dilute sulphuric acid solution in the beaker and switch on the current. (org.in)
  • In wound care, and as of early 2016 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved products whose main active ingredient is hypochlorous acid for use in treating wounds and various infections in humans and pets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wheat Amino Acids is a mixture of amino acids resulting from the complete hydrolysis ofwheat protein. (ewg.org)
  • 106 countries fortify salt with iodine and 71 countries fortify wheat flour with iron and folic acid. (who.int)
  • It increases the appetite and stimulates the production of stomach acid for digestion and it aids in maintaining a healthy liver. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Exposure to large amounts of boron (about 30 g of boric acid) over short periods of time can affect the stomach, intestines, liver, kidney, and brain and can eventually lead to death. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, though, bempedoic acid is activated in your liver, so it's unlikely to cause muscle aches the way statins do, Alan says. (yahoo.com)
  • Common signs and symptoms may stem from decreased hepatic synthetic function (eg, coagulopathy), portal hypertension (eg, variceal bleeding), or decreased detoxification capabilities of the liver (eg, hepatic encephalopathy). (medscape.com)
  • Because alpha-lipoic acid seems to work like an antioxidant, it might provide protection to the brain and also be helpful in certain liver diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Taking alpha-lipoic acid by mouth daily for up to 6 months does not improve liver function or reduce liver damage in people with alcohol-related liver disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 28 weeks of gestation (n = 204) receiving standard nutrition or daily enteral lipid supplementation with arachidonic acid (AA):docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (100:50 mg/kg/day). (lu.se)
  • You will also need to loose abdominal fat as rolls of fat on the stomach can cause stomach acid and reflux more frequently. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • It is a complex carbohydrate and the blandness does not cause stomach acid. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
  • Bending over and lifting up heavy objects can cause stomach acid to rise, especially right after a meal. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • The non-vascular plant, Amblystegium serpens, will be used as a model to test if SAR is triggered by JA and two other molecules in the JA pathway, 12-oxo-phytodieonic acid, and methyl jasmonate. (butler.edu)
  • A common polymorphism in the retinoic acid pathway modifies adrenocortical carcinoma age-dependent incidence. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This SNP resides in a gene involved in the retinoic acid (RA) pathway and patients with differing levels of RA pathway gene expression in their tumours associate with differential ACC progression.ConclusionsThese results identify a novel genetic component to ACC development that resides in the retinoic acid pathway, thereby informing strategies to develop management, preventive and therapeutic treatments for ACC. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We used multivariate structural equation modeling to identify common genetic risk factors for major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia and neuroticism (N) in a sample of 9270 adult subjects from the population-based Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. (nature.com)
  • Spina bifida and anencephaly are common and serious birth defects. (cdc.gov)
  • This enables gastric juices -- yes, that's stomach acid! (davidwolfe.com)
  • It is possible to do, but you'll be working against nature, so if you have alkaline soil, why not grow your acid-loving plants in containers directly in ericaceous compost? (garsons.co.uk)
  • Folate includes naturally occurring folates in foods, such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, and beans, and several types of folate in dietary supplements, such as folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). (cdc.gov)
  • Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made naturally in the body and also found in foods. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This occurs because of a leaky valve that is unable to shut properly, or because there isn't enough acid in the stomach to tell the body to seal everything up. (davidwolfe.com)
  • Antimicrobial resistance occurs through different mechanisms, which include spontaneous (natural) genetic mutations and horizontal transfer of resistant genes through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (who.int)
  • In deodorization, hypochlorous acid has been tested to remove up to 99% of foul odours including garbage, rotten meat, toilet, stool, and urine odours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using large amounts of folic acid (e.g., over 5,000 mcg per day) can mask a vitamin B 12 deficiency and thereby risk of irreversible nerve damage. (encyclopedia.com)
  • But it is possibly unsafe for children to take large amounts of alpha-lipoic acid by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Folic acid is the common type of folate found in many vitamins and supplements. (cdc.gov)
  • To correct a folic acid deficiency, supplements are taken in addition to food. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Lower doses of alpha-lipoic acid don't seem to work. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Alpha-lipoic acid is possibly safe in children aged 10-17 years when taken by mouth in doses up to 600 mg daily for 3 months. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In biology, hypochlorous acid is generated in activated neutrophils by myeloperoxidase-mediated peroxidation of chloride ions, and contributes to the destruction of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rain water conduct electricity because it contain dissolved gases which react with water vapours present in atmosphere to form acids(carbonic acid).This acid provide ions to conduct electricity. (org.in)
  • It is also crucial to maintain a healthy weight and avoid overeating, as excess weight and large meals can put pressure on the stomach and contribute to acid reflux. (gastrofl.com)
  • Abnormalities in the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system have been noted in subjects with mood and anxiety disorders. (nature.com)
  • Lying down after eating increases your risk of experiencing acid reflux symptoms. (gastrodoxs.com)
  • One of the reasons for an increase in burping is because acid reflux increases swallowing. (healthline.com)
  • Folic acid, together with vitamins B 6 and B 12 , helps break down homocysteine, and may help reverse the problems associated with elevated levels. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Available evidence indicates that 0.4 mg (400 ug) per day of folic acid, one of the B vitamins, will reduce the number of cases of neural tube defects (NTDs). (cdc.gov)
  • by cleaving glycogen's 1,4 and 1,6 alpha-glycosidic linkages, the enzyme acid maltase gives rise to free glucose molecules. (medscape.com)