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Sister Chromatid ExchangeChromatidsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneChromosome SegregationCell Cycle ProteinsSeparaseCentromereCrossing Over, GeneticAnaphaseMitosisMeiosisMetaphaseSecurinKinetochoresChromosomes, FungalNuclear ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsChromosomesChromosome PairingSpindle ApparatusSaccharomyces cerevisiaeAcetyltransferasesRecombination, GeneticChromosome AberrationsDNA ReplicationDNA RepairFungal ProteinsS PhaseDNA DamageMutationSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsDe Lange SyndromeMutagensMeiotic Prophase IReplication Protein CBloom SyndromeSchizosaccharomycesCell CycleNondisjunction, GeneticProphaseDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedDNA, CatenatedLymphocytesChondroitin Sulfate ProteoglycansSynaptonemal ComplexUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesAnaphase-Promoting Complex-CyclosomeMutagenicity TestsRad51 RecombinaseEndopeptidasesMultiprotein ComplexesChromosomes, HumanDNA-Binding ProteinsAurora KinasesChromatinPhosphoproteinsMad2 ProteinsIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceGenomic InstabilityRecQ HelicasesEctromeliaHeLa CellsChromosomal InstabilityG2 PhasePrometaphaseAneuploidyMitomycinDNA, FungalMolecular Sequence DataSaccharomycetalesAurora Kinase BDNA Topoisomerases, Type IIDNAMitomycinsSpermatocytesProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesAdenosine TriphosphatasesTelomereNocodazoleBromodeoxyuridineMicronuclei, Chromosome-DefectiveInterphaseCyclin BGene ConversionChromosome BreakageModels, GeneticDNA HelicasesTankyrasesAcetylationDrosophila ProteinsCricetinaeMicrotubulesCell LineAzure StainsGenes, FungalModels, BiologicalAmino Acid SequenceProtein BindingRad52 DNA Repair and Recombination ProteinMicroscopy, Fluorescence

Meiotic sister chromatid cohesionChromosomesMitosisAnaphaseProteinsPair sister chromatidsCentromeric cohesionReplication and repairCondensationVertebrateMetaphaseSeparationEstablishment of cohesionGeneCohesin complexComplexesSMC3RegulationChromatinPCNAShugoshinPds5EstablishMeiosisEco1ComplexWaplStructuralPromotesPhaseCellProcessTranscriptionResolution

Meiotic sister chromatid cohesion1

• 2007). Drosophila BubR1 Is Essential for Meiotic Sister-Chromatid Cohesion and Maintenance of Synaptonemal Complex . (up.pt)

Chromosomes12

• In general, cohesion is established during S phase as DNA is replicated, and is lost when chromosomes segregate during mitosis and meiosis. (wikipedia.org)
• Cohesin must undergo subsequent modification ("establishment") to be capable of physically holding the sister chromosomes together. (wikipedia.org)
• During mitosis, cohesion between sisters is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the mitotic spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate. (silverchair.com)
• The proteins made from these genes make a complex called cohesion that helps to regulate the organization and maintenance of chromosomes during cellular division. (brighthub.com)
• Proper cohesion of sister chromatids is a prerequisite for the correct segregation of chromosomes during cell division. (caslab.com)
• Cohesion is then maintained until the point when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
• Sister chromatid cohesion is necessary for the equal segregation of chromosomes and subsequent genomic inheritance. (sciencedaily.com)
• Our identification of a protein that acts both to establish and protect cohesion in Drosophila chromosomes may represent an intermediate stage of the evolutionary inheritance of factors involved in maintaining genomic integrity. (sciencedaily.com)
• In addition, I propose to investigate how chromosome condensation and cohesion influence the dynamics of chromosome segregation and how (if) cells adapt when in the presence of abnormal chromosomes. (europa.eu)
• The protection of centromeric cohesin by SGO1 maintains the sister chromatid cohesion that resists the pulling forces of microtubules until all chromosomes are attached in a bipolar manner to the mitotic spindle. (cbinsights.com)
• Cohesion at centromeres is protected by Shugoshin (SGO1) 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , giving rise to the typical X-shaped structure of human chromosomes. (cbinsights.com)
• Telophase = Chromosomes packaged into two separate nuclei Prometaphase = Nuclear envelope disappears and sister chromatids attach to mitotic spindles Metaphase = Sister chromatids align at the spindle equator Anaphase = Sister chromatid cohesion is destroyed, and separate strands are held together by opposite spindle poles. (topgradeapp.com)

Mitosis10

• Some studies have suggested that cohesion aids in aligning the kinetochores during mitosis by forcing the kinetochores to face opposite cell poles. (wikipedia.org)
• At entry to mitosis, Sororin is phosphorylated and replaced again by Wapl, leading to loss of cohesion. (wikipedia.org)
• We report that pds5 mutants establish cohesion, but during mitosis exhibit precocious sister dissociation. (silverchair.com)
• smt4 mutants were previously shown to be defective in cohesion maintenance during mitosis. (silverchair.com)
• It is well known that the products of chromosome replication are paired to ensure that the sisters segregate away from each other during mitosis. (rupress.org)
• Thus, the products of chromosome replication (sister chromatids) generated during S-phase must be identified over time until mitosis when sisters associate with the mitotic spindle and segregate away from each other into the newly forming daughter cells. (rupress.org)
• 2) the two sister DNA molecules remain tightly associated with each other from the moment of DNA replication until the metaphase-anaphase transition of the subsequent mitosis. (europa.eu)
• I will develop experimental conditions to mimic different degrees of "cohesion fatigue" (partial loss of sister chromatid cohesion), as well as a variety of abnormalities in chromosome structure and size and quantitatively evaluate how chromosome cohesion and condensation influence chromosome dynamics and signaling of the surveillance mechanism that control mitosis (the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint). (europa.eu)
• Uneven distribution of sister chromatids in mitosis or failure to repair DNA breaks results in aneuploidy or chromosome translocations, which are two prevalent forms of genomic instability in cancer cells. (packard.org)
• As complete resolution of sister chromatid intertwines only occurs during chromosome segregation, it is not clear whether DNA linkages that persist in mitosis are simply an unwanted leftover or whether they have a functional role. (bvsalud.org)

Anaphase3

• Cohesion is established during DNA replication, is partially dismantled in many, but not all, organisms during prophase, and is finally destroyed at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. (nih.gov)
• At the metaphase-anaphase transition, cohesion is dissolved and sisters segregate to opposite poles via microtubule-dependent movements. (silverchair.com)
• Cohesion between sister chromatids must be fully removed at anaphase to allow chromosome segregation. (bvsalud.org)

Proteins3

• Cohesion proteins SMC1ß, SMC3, REC8 and STAG3 appear to participate in the cohesion of sister chromatids throughout the meiotic process in human oocytes. (wikipedia.org)
• Dmt localizes to regions of tightly packed chromatin through interactions with other proteins to launch cohesion, and protects cohesion at other cell cycle timepoints by binding different proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
• Jan. 23, 2020 Scientists have identified a mechanism of adhesive proteins in a mussel that controls the surface adhesion and cohesion. (sciencedaily.com)

Pair sister chromatids2

• This solves the problem of how the cell might properly identify and pair sister chromatids by ensuring that the sister chromatids are never separate once replication has occurred. (wikipedia.org)
• A key issue is how cells pair sister chromatids but preclude the catastrophic pairing of nonsister chromatids. (rupress.org)

Centromeric cohesion1

• By protecting centromeric cohesion, SGO1 thus ensures faithful chromosome segregation. (cbinsights.com)

Replication and repair2

• In particular, our research program aims to understand the execution, interplay, and coordination of DNA replication and repair, sister-chromatid cohesion, and chromosome segregation during the cell cycle. (packard.org)
• Our functional studies of selected CIN genes in yeast have elucidated mechanistic insights into various aspects of the chromosome cycle, including sister chromatid cohesion, kinetochores, DNA replication and repair, and cell cycle checkpoints. (ubc.ca)

Condensation2

• The mcd1 mutant is defective in sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation. (nih.gov)
• These data implicate Mcd1p as a nexus between cohesion and condensation. (nih.gov)

Vertebrate2

• In vertebrate cells, sister chromatids are associated along their length from their formation in S phase through metaphase. (silverchair.com)
• Moreover, the behavior of Dmt and its means of establishing cohesion were very similar to that of vertebrate sororin. (sciencedaily.com)

Metaphase1

• We show here that the yeast homologue of Spo76, called Pds5, is essential for establishing sister chromatid cohesion and maintaining it during metaphase. (nih.gov)

Separation3

• The latter mechanism facilitates a considerable degree of sister chromatid separation in securin-knockout cells that lack APC/C activity. (nature.com)
• Fig. 2: Co-depletion of securin and SGO2 is cytotoxic and results in premature sister chromatid separation and cohesin cleavage. (nature.com)
• In order to achieve proper chromosome replication and segregation, sister chromatids must be recognized as such and kept together until their separation. (bvsalud.org)

Establishment of cohesion5

• Establishment of cohesion refers to the process by which chromatin-associated cohesin becomes cohesion-competent. (wikipedia.org)
• The Eco1/Ctf7 gene (yeast) was one of the first genes to be identified as specifically required for the establishment of cohesion. (wikipedia.org)
• Though Eco1 contains several functional domains, it is the acetyltransferase activity of the protein which is crucial for establishment of cohesion. (wikipedia.org)
• The Pds5 gene was also identified in yeast as necessary for the establishment of cohesion. (wikipedia.org)
• One model of establishment of cohesion suggests that establishment is mediated by the replacement of Wapl in the Wapl-Pds5-cohesin complex with the Sororin protein. (wikipedia.org)

Gene2

• Additionally, the research team found that blocking Dmt gene expression prevented cohesion from occurring, showing that Dmt is crucial for the launch of cohesion. (sciencedaily.com)
• Genetic studies have revealed that genes of this pathway, whose fundamental role is in chromosomal cohesion and coordinated segregation of sister chromatids, are also involved in gene regulation during development. (medscape.com)

Cohesin complex3

• Pds5p and the cohesin complex are required for sister chromatid cohesion and localize to the same chromosomal loci over the same cell cycle window. (silverchair.com)
• However, Pds5p and the cohesin complex likely have distinct roles in cohesion. (silverchair.com)
• Thus, unlike the cohesin complex, which is required for cohesion establishment and maintenance, Pds5p is required only for maintenance. (silverchair.com)

Complexes2

• By interacting with a unique domain of Esco1, Pds5 recruits Esco1 to chromatin-bound cohesin complexes to form cohesion. (genscript.com)
• This process of cohesion is mainly achieved through proteinaceous linkages of cohesin complexes, which are loaded on the sister chromatids as they are generated during S phase. (bvsalud.org)

SMC32

• Sister chromatid cohesion depends on a complex called cohesin, which contains at least four subunits: Smc1, Smc3, Scc1 and Scc3. (nih.gov)
• Mutations in 5 genes, SCC2/NIPBL , SMC1A or SMC3 , RAD21 , and HDAC8 , coding protein components of the cohesion pathway, cause approximately 65% of Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS) cases. (medscape.com)

Regulation1

• In addition to interacting with cohesin, Pds5 also interacts with Wapl (wings apart-like), another protein that has been implicated in the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion. (wikipedia.org)

Chromatin4

• Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion is the process by which chromatin-associated cohesin protein becomes competent to physically bind together the sister chromatids. (wikipedia.org)
• Chromatin association of cohesin is not sufficient for cohesion. (wikipedia.org)
• Though cohesin can associate with chromatin earlier in the cell cycle, cohesion is established during S phase. (wikipedia.org)
• Sororin also has chromatin binding activity independent of its ability to mediate cohesion. (wikipedia.org)

PCNA1

• PCNA controls establishment of sister chromatid cohesion during S phase. (ihcworld.com)

Shugoshin2

• In vertebrates, this protection is provided by the shugoshin protein, but mechanisms of Drosophila cohesion protection were unclear. (sciencedaily.com)
• Now, Japanese researchers at Nagoya University have identified Dalmatian (Dmt) as a fruit fly protein related to sororin that is both required for cohesion and has shugoshin-like cohesion protection roles. (sciencedaily.com)

Pds52

• Pds5 is not strictly establishment-specific, as Pds5 is necessary for maintenance of cohesion during G2 and M phase. (wikipedia.org)
• We identified SMT4 , which encodes a SUMO isopeptidase, as a high copy suppressor of both the temperature sensitivity and precocious sister dissociation of pds5 mutants. (silverchair.com)

Establish1

• Eco1 must be present in S phase to establish cohesion, but its continued presence is not required to maintain cohesion. (wikipedia.org)

Meiosis2

• A quite separate protein called Spo76 is required for sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis in the ascomycete Sordaria. (nih.gov)
• Enduring and robust, structural cohesins resist poleward-pulling forces produced by the mitotic spindle that act to separate sister chromatids and must often persist for extended periods of time in meiosis. (rupress.org)

Eco11

• Functional control of Eco1 through the MCM complex in sister chromatid cohesion. (yeastgenome.org)

Complex4

• This new complex is the established, cohesion-competent cohesin state. (wikipedia.org)
• These chromatids are attached to one another held by the cohesion complex. (brighthub.com)
• It too makes a subunit responsible for the formation of the cohesion complex. (brighthub.com)
• The cohesin multiprotein complex is required for sister chromatid cohesion. (caslab.com)

Wapl1

• Wapl has been tied to the loss of cohesin from the chromatids during M phase. (wikipedia.org)

Structural1

• At least two classes of factors are critical for sister chromatid pairing: structural cohesins and deposition factors. (rupress.org)

Promotes1

• These data provide the first link between a protein required for cohesion, Pds5p, and sumoylation, and suggest that Pds5p sumoylation promotes the dissolution of cohesion. (silverchair.com)

Phase1

• Early data suggesting that S phase is crucial to cohesion was based on the fact that after S phase, sister chromatids are always found in the bound state. (wikipedia.org)

Cell2

• Tying establishment to DNA replication allows the cell to institute cohesion as soon as the sister chromatids are formed. (wikipedia.org)
• Although cohesin is then removed, cohesion around the region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids link is protected until slightly later in the cell cycle. (sciencedaily.com)

Process1

• The identification of both replication factor C and DNA helicases as critical for sister chromatid pairing has brought new insights into this fundamental process. (rupress.org)

Transcription1

• Cohesin recruits the Esco1 acetyltransferase genome wide to repress transcription and promote cohesion in somatic cells. (genscript.com)

Resolution1

• In this review, we provide an overview of DNA linkages between sister chromatids, from their origin to their resolution, and we discuss the consequences of a failure in their detection and processing and speculate on their potential role. (bvsalud.org)