• Analogously, the activation of each of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids to serve as building blocks in the ribosome-based protein biosynthetic nanomachinery starts with nucleotidyl transfers. (tutordale.com)
  • Such accumulation is known to be controlled by the activity of two enzymes, the ribosome-bound RelA enzyme (ppGpp synthetase I) that synthesises (p)ppGpp nucleotides upon the depletion of amino acids [ 19 ] and the bifunctional SpoT enzyme (ppGpp synthetase II) that is responsible for maintaining the intracellular levels of (p)ppGpp nucleotides via enzymatic degradation [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This group of essential amino acids are identified as the branched-chain amino acids, BCAAs. (drugbank.com)
  • Because this arrangement of carbon atoms cannot be made by humans, these amino acids are an essential element in the diet. (drugbank.com)
  • The catabolism of all three of these amino acids uses the same enzymes in the first two steps. (drugbank.com)
  • Since there is only one dehydrogenase enzyme for all three amino acids, all three a-keto acids accumulate and are excreted in the urine. (drugbank.com)
  • The second step is transfer of the now activated aminoacyl groups to cognate tRNAs to be ferried to the ribosomes by chaperone proteins. (tutordale.com)
  • Indeed, the identification of biologically relevant concepts in free text, namely genes, tRNAs, mRNAs, gene products and small molecules, is crucial to capture the structure and functioning of different responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A) Low amino acid concentrations lead to decreased charging of the corresponding tRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Leucine is an amino acid commonly found as a component of total parenteral nutrition. (drugbank.com)
  • An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. (drugbank.com)
  • An essential amino acid. (drugbank.com)
  • This regulator itself shows an enhanced expression in the presence of high c-di-GMP concentrations [ 12 ], a secondary messenger molecule which has been studied extensively in regulation of bacterial multicellular behavior, motility and virulence [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, recent developments have raised interest in nonpolypeptide regulators of immune cell trafficking belonging to a group of related molecules with a lysophospholipid-like structure. (ashpublications.org)
  • Transfer of P as the PO32 group opens the biological world of phosphate monoesters brought about by phosphoryl transfer enzymes and includes all the kinases for low molecular weight metabolites and for proteins in their myriads. (tutordale.com)
  • Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) is an important molecule located at the inner leaflet of cell membrane, where it serves as anchoring sites for a cohort of membrane-associated molecules and as a broad-reaching signaling intermediate. (ebsco.com)
  • This work represents the first time results from RNA-seq, microarray, ribosome footprinting, proteomics, and small molecule LC-MS experiments have been integrated to compare gene expression in bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Microarrays are now often supplemented or replaced by RNA-seq experiments, and tools like proteomics, ribosome profiling/Ribo-seq and metabolomics are becoming commonplace. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An aminoacyl tRNA complex reaches the A-site and attaches to mRNA codon next to initiation codon with the help of its anticodon. (worksheetsbag.com)
  • The aminoacyl-tRNA complex specific for the initiation codon reaches the P-site to initiate the process of protein synthesis. (worksheetsbag.com)
  • Once activated, DCs increase the expression levels of the MHC peptide complex and costimulatory molecules, allowing them to efficiently activate T cells ( 22 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • For example, for histone lysine acetylation, HATs (such as p300 and CBP) transfer acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA, a key metabolic coenzyme, to the ε -amino group of the lysine residue. (hindawi.com)
  • 14 C-labeled acyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and succinyl-CoA) was purchased from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA, USA). (hindawi.com)
  • Calf thymus histone and unlabeled acyl-coenzyme A were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). (hindawi.com)
  • Exosomes can carry important signaling molecules for intercellular communication and material transfer ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Both PS-NPs and PS-MPs decreased the expression of miR-126a-3p in the intestinal and serum exosomes, which is an important signalling molecule involved in MPs induced gut barrier function disorder. (bvsalud.org)
  • With the advent of high-throughput "omic" technologies, however, researchers can now simultaneously analyze an entire system at the level of molecule (DNA, RNA, protein, metabolite) and process (transcription, translation, enzyme catalysis). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. (lookformedical.com)
  • Dex, which mimics the biology of donor DCs, can transfer functional major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) to DCs, leading to the activation of CD8 and CD4 T cells ( 14 - 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Prevalence and progression of infection by P. aeruginosa in the host is dependent on secretion of numerous extracellular molecules such as polysaccharides, proteases, eDNA, pyocyanin and pyoverdine. (intechopen.com)
  • RNA was electroeluted from gel slices using a Whatman Elutrap system, concentrated, washed once with 1 M KCl, and desalted extensively through serial dilution with water by ultrafiltration using Amicon Ultra centrifugal filters (10 kDa molecular weight cutoff), and stored at 4 °C in water or in 0.1 mM EDTA prior to use. (ferienwohnung-gluecksburg.net)
  • To test the hypothesis that a multi-omics approach would provide a more fully realized model of a biological system, we collected and integrated RNA-seq, microarray, Ribo-seq, proteomic and small molecule data over the course of a single experiment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the diverse and complex mode of information transfer between Dex and various cells may serve an integral role in the occurrence and progression of AR, Dex engineered to carry anti-allergic drugs may have the potential to interrupt the allergic and immune processes underlying AR on a novel level ( 5 , 19 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures. (lookformedical.com)
  • In this chapter, we have outlined the roles of various extracellular molecules secreted by P. aeruginosa and specifically focused on the role of pyocyanin in inducing eDNA production, binding to eDNA via intercalation and facilitating biofilm promoting factors, whilst inducing oxidative stress to host cells via production of reactive oxygen species. (intechopen.com)
  • The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. (lookformedical.com)