Codon and trna. Medical search. Frequent questions

Translation at each codon is monitored by stable binding of transfer RNAs (tRNAs)-labelled with distinct fluorophores-to translating ribosomes, which allows direct detection of the identity of tRNA molecules bound to the ribosome and therefore the underlying messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. (pacb.com)
We observe the transit of tRNAs on single translating ribosomes and determine the number of tRNA molecules simultaneously bound to the ribosome, at each codon of an mRNA molecule. (pacb.com)
Our results show that ribosomes are only briefly occupied by two tRNA molecules and that release of deacylated tRNA from the exit (E) site is uncoupled from binding of aminoacyl-tRNA site (A-site) tRNA and occurs rapidly after translocation. (pacb.com)
Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. (bartleby.com)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain various post-transcriptional modifications that are crucial for tRNA stability, translation efficiency, and fidelity. (mdpi.com)
Transporter molecules, aptly called tRNAs, then read the code-say, TCG-and grab onto the corresponding amino acid. (singularityhub.com)
For instance, some genes specify ribosomal RNAs ( rRNAs ), which serve as structural components of ribosomes, or transfer RNAs ( tRNAs ), cloverleaf-shaped RNA molecules that bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis. (khanacademy.org)
Other RNA molecules, called tRNA, attach themselves to the mRNA via complementary nucleotide base-pairing. (databasefootball.com)
Molecules of tRNA carry the amino acids that are specified by the mRNA codons. (databasefootball.com)
tRNA molecules continue to attach to mRNA Strand matching anticodon with codon. (psu.edu)
Assuming we still have 3-letter codons and a few stop codons, this would mean that we would need approximately 512 (8x8x8) tRNA molecules, each with their own 3-letter anti-codon and carrying one of the 20 amino acids used in all living cells. (creation.com)
Because of differences in the way in which tRNA molecules are charged by tRNA synthetases in different organisms, it is difficult to predict to what extent a tRNA charged with a non-canonical amino acid by an engineered tRNA synthetase will truly be orthogonal to the canonical set of tRNAs and tRNA synthetases in any given organism. (justia.com)

Functional recognition of the modified human tRNA(UUU)(Lys3) anticodon domain by HIV's nucleocapsid protein and a peptide mimic. (ncsu.edu)
The A4435G mutation leads to the change of A37 to G37 in the anticodon loop of the tRNA (21Qu J. Li R. Zhou X. Tong Y. Lu F. Qian Y. Hu Y. Mo J.Q. West C.E. Guan M.X. Investig. (ncsu.edu)
Anticodon domain modifications contribute order to tRNA for ribosome-mediated codon binding. (ncsu.edu)
The accuracy and efficiency with which tRNA decodes genomic information into proteins require posttranscriptional modifications in or adjacent to the anticodon. (ncsu.edu)
The contributions of this important modification to the structures and codon binding affinities of the unmodified and fully modified anticodon stem and loop domains of tRNA (Val3) UAC (ASL (Val3) UAC) were elucidated. (ncsu.edu)
Together with recent crystal structures of ASL (Val3) UAC-cmo (5)U 34;m (6)A 37 bound to all four of the valine codons in the A-site of the ribosome's 30S subunit, these results clearly demonstrate that the xo (5)U 34-type modifications order the anticodon loop prior to A-site codon binding for an expanded codon reading, possibly reducing an entropic energy barrier to codon binding. (ncsu.edu)
The modification contributes to the tRNA's anticodon domain structure, thermodynamic properties and its ability to bind codons AUA and AUG in translational initiation and elongation. (ncsu.edu)
Correct codon-anticodon pairing promotes translational fidelity, with these interactions greatly facilitated by modified nucleosides found in tRNA. (nih.gov)
How Mutations in tRNA Distant from the Anticodon Affect the Fidelity of Decoding. (expasy.org)
The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons . (wn.com)
Hier, ein tRNA-Molekül mit einer drei Nukleotid-Anticodon-Sequenz auf einer Seite und einer spezifischen Aminosäure auf der anderen bindet sich an ein komplementäres Codon in der mRNA. (jove.com)
tRNA molecule attaches to mRNA strand by matching bases from its anticodon to mRNA's codon. (psu.edu)
An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. (genome.gov)
Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)

To determine the biochemical consequence of the 8U→C mutation, the abilities of the U8 and 8U→C hmtRNAMet transcripts to be aminoacylated by the human mitochondrial methionyl-tRNA synthetase (hmMetRS) were tested. (ncsu.edu)
In Escherichia coli , conventional amber and ochre stop codons can be separately targeted by engineered amber-suppressing Methanocaldococcus jannaschii tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA Pyl and ochre-suppressing Methanosarcina maezi pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA Pyl pairs for coding two different noncanonical amino acids in one protein gene. (springer.com)
Wang YS, Fang X, Wallace AL, Wu B, Liu WR (2012) A rationally designed pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase mutant with a broad substrate spectrum. (springer.com)
Odoi KA, Huang Y, Rezenom YH, Liu WR (2013) Nonsense and sense suppression abilities of original and derivative Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNA Pyl pairs in the Escherichia coli Bl21(DE3) cell strain. (springer.com)
In order to add novel building blocks to this existing repertoire, unique aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA pairs are required, in addition to the specific amino acid codon and a source of the amino acid. (news-medical.net)
To date, with the development of new orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA pairs, over 70 c (UAAs) have been added into E. coli , yeast and mammalian cells. (news-medical.net)
The orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and tRNA pairs are often engineered within other eukaryotic or bacteria cells and do not cross-talk with other endogenous pairs. (news-medical.net)
We demonstrate that genomic integration of expression cassettes for a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS), pyrrolysyl-tRNA (PylT) and the target protein of interest enables site-specific incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid (ncAA) in response to an amber stop codon. (nih.gov)

During protein synthesis within the ribosome, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) move sequentially through different sites as their attached amino acids are transferred onto the growing protein chain. (nature.com)
Besides their canonical roles in translation, tRNAs also originate tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs with regulatory functions ranging from translation regulation to gene expression control and cellular stress response. (mdpi.com)

RNA codons and protein synthesis. (crossref.org)
Termination of protein synthesis occurs when a translating ribosome encounters one of three universally conserved stop codons: UAA, UAG or UGA. (nature.com)
The hmtRNAMet serves both in translational initiation and elongation in human mitochondria making this tRNA of particular interest in mitochondrial protein synthesis. (ncsu.edu)
Aminoacylation is an early step required for the tRNA to be used in either the elongation or initiation phase of protein synthesis and is thus of central importance for protein synthesis in mitochondria. (ncsu.edu)
rRNA and tRNA are involved in protein synthesis. (dekooktips.com)
The three main types of RNA directly involved in protein synthesis are messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (dekooktips.com)

An amino acyl-tRNA (anti-codon = UAC) with an attached methionine comes into the P-site of the ribosome. (howstuffworks.com)

Real-time tRNA transit on single translating ribosomes at codon resolution. (pacb.com)

There is a different tRNA molecule for each codon. (wikipedia.org)
For example, there is a specific tRNA molecule for the codon UCU and another specific for the codon UCC, both of which code for the amino acid serine. (wikipedia.org)
This tRNA molecule is attached to an Amino Acid. (psu.edu)
This mRNA then attracts a tRNA molecule that holds an amino acid. (psu.edu)

In many cases, they lack a number of the conserved or semi-conserved nucleotides that play important roles in creating the L-shaped tertiary structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasmic tRNAs (3Dirheimer G. Keith G. Dumas P. Westhof E. RajBhandary U. Soll D. tRNA: Structure, Biosynthesis and Function. (ncsu.edu)
To facilitate comparison of the normal U8 and 8U→C mutant tRNAs, the two data sets were normalized to the reactivity of the -CCA end nucleotides. (ncsu.edu)
Genetic information is coded using this process with groups of three nucleotides along the mRNA which are commonly known as codons. (wikipedia.org)
The set of three nucleotides almost always produce the same amino acid with a few exceptions like UGA which typically serves as the stop codon but can also encode tryptophan in mammalian mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Each sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)
Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a "stop" codon (a sequence of three nucleotides that does not code for an amino acid). (medlineplus.gov)
The genetic code consists of 64 triplets of nucleotides called codons, with each codon, except 3, encoding one of the 20 amino acids. (news-medical.net)
Moreover, the code can be expressed as RNA or DNA codons with the former being used during translation (i.e. biosynthesis of proteins) after acquiring its sequence of nucleotides from the latter during transcription (i.e. copying of DNA into mRNA). (news-medical.net)
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. (genome.gov)

In this compacted mRNA conformation, stop codons are favoured by a hydrogen-bonding network formed between rRNA and essential eRF1 residues that constrains the identity of the bases. (nature.com)
Es gibt drei RNA-Typen, die in der Proteinsynthese eine Rolle spielen: Boten-RNA (englisch messenger RNA, mRNA), Transfer-RNA (tRNA) und die ribosomale RNA (rRNA). (jove.com)
RNA processing in chloroplasts includes mRNA 5′- and 3′-end processing, intron splicing, and intercistronic cleavages of polycistronic messages, as well as typical tRNA and rRNA processing. (dekooktips.com)
They are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (dekooktips.com)
There are three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. (dekooktips.com)
The other two forms of RNA, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), are involved in the process of ordering the amino acids to make the protein. (dekooktips.com)
There are three types of RNA involved in the translation process: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). (dekooktips.com)
Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are the three major types of RNA. (dekooktips.com)

The ribosome shifts so that the P-site now contains the UUU codon with the attached phenyl-alanine tRNA and the next codon (ACA) now occupies the A-site. (howstuffworks.com)
The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding to the next codon. (wn.com)

The mitochondrial genome encodes 13 proteins necessary for energy production, two rRNAs and all of the 22 tRNAs required for the synthesis of these proteins (1Attardi G. Int. Rev. Cytol. (ncsu.edu)
Can we streamline the genetic code, freeing up "extra" codons for other proteins? (singularityhub.com)
Die Codons, Gruppen von drei Nukleotiden, in einem mRNA-Molekül steuern die Produktion eines Proteins durch die Angabe der Aminosäuresequenz und die Angabe, wo die Proteinsynthese beginnen und enden soll. (jove.com)
Novagen Rosetta strains are BL21 derivatives designed to enhance the expression of eukaryotic proteins that contain codons rarely used in E. coli. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Purification of individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins from human cells have identified a potential interaction between a catalytic-inactive version of Nsp5 with human tRNA methyltransferase 1 (TRMT1) ( Gordon et al , 2020b ). (elifesciences.org)

By contrast, eukaryotes rely on an evolutionarily unrelated omnipotent release factor (eRF1) to recognize all three stop codons 2 . (nature.com)
Misreading of termination codons in eukaryotes by natural nonsense suppressor tRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The mitochondrial tRNA genes are hot spots for mutations that lead to human disease. (ncsu.edu)
Considerable interest in mitochondrial tRNAs centers on the occurrence of diseases arising from mutations in their genes that lead to maternally inherited genetic disorders (9Wittenhagen L.M. Kelley S.O. Trends Biochem. (ncsu.edu)
Codon reengineering studies suggest that Trm9-catalyzed tRNA modifications promote fidelity during the translation of specific genes, those rich in arginine and glutamic acid codons from mixed boxes. (nih.gov)
The tRNA genes are driven by their native promoters. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In Rosetta(DE3)pLacI, the rare tRNA genes are present on the same plasmid that carries the lac repressor gene. (sigmaaldrich.com)
To carry that many tRNA genes, we would need to expand the genomes of living organisms, and most species have multiple copies of each tRNA gene. (creation.com)
The human genome only has about 20,800 genes, including nearly 500 tRNA genes (2.4% of all genes). (creation.com)

43: 9743-9754Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar) have shown that the transcript of mitochondrial tRNAMet has aminoacylation properties similar to those observed with the native tRNA. (ncsu.edu)
There is frequently background charging of introduced tRNAs by native tRNA synthetases, and background charging of native tRNAs by introduced tRNA synthetases. (justia.com)

The first tRNA is attached at the start codon . (wn.com)

Mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs have several unusual features that distinguish them from canonical tRNAs. (ncsu.edu)
However, chemical and enzymatic probing has lead to the idea that these tRNAs have retained the basic cloverleaf structure of canonical tRNAs but that they lack several conserved tertiary interactions leading to a weaker three-dimensional structure (4Watanabe Y.-I. Kawai G. Yokogawa T. Hayashi N. Kumazawa Y. Ueda T. Nishikawa K. Hirao I. Miura K.-I. Watanabe K. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)

A Disease-causing Point Mutation in Human Mitochondrial tRNA(Met) Results in tRNA Misfolding Leading to Defects in Translational Initiation and Elongation. (ncsu.edu)
104: 15299-15304Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar), and from the failure of the tRNA to be correctly modified leading to translational defects (18Kirino Y. Yasukawa T. Ohta S. Akira S. Ishihara K. Watanabe K. Suzuki T. Proc. (ncsu.edu)
As a result of this dual role, mitochondrial Met-tRNAMet must be recognized by the mitochondrial Met-tRNA transformylase (MTFmt) and be brought as fMet-tRNAMet to the ribosome for translational initiation (19Spencer A.C. Spremulli L.L. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)
We hypothesized that wobble uridine modifications catalyzed by tRNA methyltransferase 9 (Trm9) are essential for translational fidelity. (nih.gov)
Using quantitative tRNA modification analysis, we determined that trm9Δ cells are only deficient in 2 of 23 tRNA modifications, with those 2, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine (mcm ( 5) U) and 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm ( 5) s ( 2) U), classified as key determinants of translational fidelity. (nih.gov)
These data support a model in which Trm9-catalyzed tRNA modifications promote fidelity during the translation of specific transcripts, with decreased wobble base modification leading to translational infidelity, protein errors and activation of protein stress response pathways. (nih.gov)
The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Many organisms are known to exhibit codon usage biases, suggesting that there is selection for the use of particular codons due to the need for translational stability. (wikipedia.org)

2008). Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate critical residues of RF1 and determine their role in the recognition process of codon specificity or in the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNA. (escholarship.org)
Surprisingly, all of the mutants were found to have similar rates of peptidyl- tRNA hydrolysis when compared to wild type RF1. (escholarship.org)

This work establishes a foundation for understanding the physiological consequences of the numerous mitochondrial tRNA mutations that result in disease in humans. (ncsu.edu)
The diseases associated with mitochondrial tRNA mutations may arise from failure in the processing of the tRNA (13Levinger L. Jacobs O. James M. Nucleic Acids Res. (ncsu.edu)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) availability is one of the reasons that silent mutations might not be as silent as conventionally believed. (wikipedia.org)
Silent mutations lead to a change of one of the letters in the triplet code that represents a codon, but despite the single base change, the amino acid that is coded for remains unchanged or similar in biochemical properties. (wikipedia.org)

Strands of mRNA contain codons, 3-base segments, where each group of three bases corresponds with a particular amino acid. (databasefootball.com)

The methionine-specific tRNA leaves the P-site and goes off to gather another methionine. (howstuffworks.com)
For example, if the mRNA codon is 'AUG' then the corresponding tRNA base pairing is 'TAC', which specifies the amino acid methionine. (databasefootball.com)
Thus, for the convenience of people reading GenBank records, the genetic code tables shown here use T instead of U. The initiator codon - whether it is AUG, CTG, TTG or something else, - is by default translated as methionine (Met, M). The possible intiator codons are marked as 'M' in the second ('Starts') row of the translation tables. (nih.gov)

Human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit a decrease in TRMT1 protein levels and TRMT1-catalyzed tRNA modifications, consistent with TRMT1 cleavage and inactivation by Nsp5. (elifesciences.org)
These results will be of interest to virologists interested in studying the alterations in tRNA modifications, host methyltransferases, and viral infections. (elifesciences.org)
Among them, sulfur modifications of tRNA are important for tRNA functions, such as codon recognition and stabilization of the tertiary structure [Fig. 1]. (go.jp)
METTL1/WDR4-mediated m 7 G tRNA modifications and m 7 G codon usage promote mRNA translation and lung cancer progression. (bvsalud.org)

In this instance, if there was a thousand times less UCC tRNA than UCU tRNA, then the incorporation of serine into a polypeptide chain would happen a thousand times more slowly when a mutation causes the codon to change from UCU to UCC. (wikipedia.org)

Interestingly, whereas the 8U→C hmtRNAMet was poorly aminoacylated by the hmMetRS, it was not aminoacylated at all by the E. coli MetRS (Fig. 1C) suggesting that the mutated tRNA had a significantly altered structure. (ncsu.edu)
However, this work demonstrates that the hmMetRS is less discriminatory than E. coli MetRS for the structure of the tRNA. (ncsu.edu)
In a technological tour-de-force , his team rewrote over 18,000 codons in E. coli bacteria-a workhorse for biotechnology and research-and showed the new life form lived and divided happily, but with newly freed codons ready for programming. (singularityhub.com)
However, expression problems are most often due to open reading frames with non-optimal codons for E. coli. (neb.com)

However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. (nih.gov)
Recombinant tRNA and selection marker coding sequences are likewise provided. (justia.com)

Codons that code for the same amino acid are termed synonyms. (wikipedia.org)

After the DNA has been turned into mRNA a process called translation occurs and it turns the mRNA into tRNA. (bartleby.com)

Release factors recognize stop codons in the ribosomal A-site to mediate release of the nascent chain and recycling of the ribosome. (nature.com)
Here we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures at 3.5-3.8 Å resolution of mammalian ribosomal complexes containing eRF1 interacting with each of the three stop codons in the A-site. (nature.com)
Binding of eRF1 flips nucleotide A1825 of 18S ribosomal RNA so that it stacks on the second and third stop codon bases. (nature.com)
ASL (Val3) UAC-cmo (5)U 34;m (6)A 37 exhibited high affinities for its cognate and wobble codons GUA and GUG, and for GUU in the A-site of the programmed 30S ribosomal subunit, whereas the unmodified ASL (Val3) UAC bound less strongly to GUA and not at all to GUG and GUU. (ncsu.edu)
Incoming amino acid monomers enter the ribosomal A site in the form of aminoacyl-tRNAs complexed with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP. (embl.de)

Figure 3: Stop codon configuration in the eukaryotic decoding centre. (nature.com)

The small fraction of hmtRNAMet that can be aminoacylated is not formylated by the mitochondrial Met-tRNA transformylase preventing its function in initiation, and it is unable to form a stable ternary complex with elongation factor EF-Tu preventing any participation in chain elongation. (ncsu.edu)

This modification may play a role in the unusual codon recognition requirements of this tRNA, which must recognize both AUG and AUA codons. (ncsu.edu)
The modification uridine-5-oxyacetic acid (cmo (5)U 34) is found at wobble position 34 in a single isoaccepting tRNA species for six amino acids, alanine, leucine, proline, serine, threonine, and valine, each having 4-fold degenerate codons. (ncsu.edu)
Here, we show that Nsp5 binds and cleaves human tRNA methyltransferase 1 (TRMT1), a host enzyme required for a prevalent post-transcriptional modification in tRNAs. (elifesciences.org)
The TRMT1 cleavage fragments exhibit altered RNA binding activity and are unable to rescue tRNA modification in TRMT1-deficient human cells. (elifesciences.org)
These findings provide evidence that Nsp5-dependent cleavage of TRMT1 and perturbation of tRNA modification patterns contribute to the cellular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. (elifesciences.org)
This manuscript provides important insights into the degradation of a host tRNA modification enzyme TRMT1 by SARS-CoV-2 protease nsp5. (elifesciences.org)

The crystal structure of EF-Tu and G24A-tRNA-Trp bound to a cognate codon on the 70S ribosome. (expasy.org)

Recent crystal structures have allowed the investigation of critical residues in these release factors that may be critical to codon recognition as well as peptide release (Laurberg, et al. (escholarship.org)
Figure 4: Molecular basis of stop codon recognition by eRF1. (nature.com)

No data are currently available that examine the structure of mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs with single nucleotide resolution. (ncsu.edu)

A ribosome binds to mRNA with the AUG codon in the P-site and the UUU codon in the A-site. (howstuffworks.com)
tRNA binds to the corresponding base segments, carrying along with it the specified amino acid. (databasefootball.com)

The molecular basis of eRF1 discrimination for stop codons over sense codons is not known. (nature.com)
The premature insertion of a stop codon, a nonsense mutation, can alter the primary structure of a protein. (wikipedia.org)
Protein function and folding is dependent on the position in which the stop codon was inserted and the amount and composition of the sequence lost. (wikipedia.org)
The ribosome shifts down one codon so that the stop sequence is now in the A-site. (howstuffworks.com)
AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution ( Osawa, Ohama, Jukes & Watanabe 1989 ). (nih.gov)

Likewise, the codon UGG encodes for the amino acid tryptophan. (databasefootball.com)

29: 4334-4340Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar), from reduced stability of the tRNA (14Hao H. Moraes C.T. Mol. (ncsu.edu)

In particular, a number of the long range interactions between the D- and T-arms of the tRNAs appear to be missing.All 22 tRNAs that function in mammalian mitochondria are encoded in the mitochondrial DNA. (ncsu.edu)

Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons demonstrating that the genetic code is degenerate-different codons result in the same amino acid. (wikipedia.org)

Here we show that the single 8U→C mutation leads to a failure of the tRNA to respond conformationally to Mg2+. (ncsu.edu)
Thus, we believe that this mutation has disrupted a critical Mg2+-binding site on the tRNA required for formation of the biologically active structure. (ncsu.edu)
Thus, it was possible to use the normal transcript and a transcript containing the 8U→C mutation for studies on the effect of the mutation on the properties of the tRNA. (ncsu.edu)

A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. (medlineplus.gov)

In a thermophilic bacteria, activated sulfur which bond to a sulfur-carrier protein TtuB [Fig. 2] is transferred to tRNA by a sulfur transferase. (go.jp)

This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy10

Organisms15

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs122

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes92

Information Science4

Health Care1

Molecules12

Anticodon14

Synthetase8

RNAs2

Protein synthesis6

Anti-codon1

Ribosomes1

Molecule4

Nucleotides9

RRNA8

Next codon2

Proteins5

Eukaryotes2

Genes7

Native tRNA2

Start codon1

Canonical2

Translational8

Peptidyl-tRNA2

Mutations4

Contain codons1

Methionine3

Modifications4

Polypeptide chain1

Coli4

Sequences2

Code for the same amino acid1

Translation1

Ribosomal5

Eukaryotic1

Elongation factor1

Modification6

Cognate1

Recognition2

Nucleotide1

Binds2

Stop5

Tryptophan1

Stability1

Mammalian1

Genetic code1

Mutation3

Transfer1

Bacteria1

Usage bias1