DiseasesChemicals and DrugsPsychiatry and PsychologyAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
MorphinansCodeineMorphineMorphine DerivativesMorphine DependenceAnalgesics, OpioidAntitussive AgentsNarcoticsDrug and Narcotic ControlUnited States Department of AgricultureNorth CarolinaResearch SubjectsLegislation, DrugMethyltestosteroneUnited States Department of Homeland Security
AlkaloidsOpium poppyDerivativesBiosynthesisOpioidsAgonistsPotentAnaloguesSubstancesAnalgesicAnalgesicsAgonistRespiratory depressionHeroinPsychoactiveNaturallyDiacetylmorphinePharmacologicalDerivativePoppyRing remaininSpeciesBenzomorphanChemicalExamplesChronicOxycodoneIncludeStructureDrugPropertiesProductionEffectsPainSingle
Alkaloids7
  • Morphinans are alkaloids which include the painkiller drugs morphine and codeine. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Extracts from Papaver somniferum , or the opium poppy, contain opioid alkaloids (e.g. morphine and codeine). (catalogueofopioids.net)
  • In the Oxford Catalogue of Opioids, there were seven naturally occurring alkaloids (i.e. codeine , morphine , narceine, noscapine , oripavine, paraveretum, and thebaine). (catalogueofopioids.net)
  • Noscapine belongs to the phthalideisoquinoline subclass of the structurally diverse isoquinoline alkaloids whereas codeine, morphine, thebaine and oripavine belong to the morphinan subclass ( 10 ). (ampliconexpress.com)
  • They include powerful pain relieving agents such as naturally occurring alkaloids (e.g. morphine, codeine), semisynthetic derivatives (e.g. oxycodone, oxymorphone, buprenorphine), and synthetic analogues (e.g. levorphanol, butorphanol). (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is one of the natural plant alkaloids found in opium , along side codeine which is extracted from Papaver somniferum (also known as the poppy plant). (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Other alkaloids were later identified from the opium plant, one of these thirty such alkaloids later became codeine . (psychonautwiki.org)
Opium poppy4
  • Noscapine was first characterized from opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ) by the distinguished French chemist Pierre Jean Robiquet in 1817 ( 1 ) but unlike codeine, which he also discovered, and several other opiates, noscapine is non-painkilling and non-addictive. (ampliconexpress.com)
  • We metabolite profiled capsule extract from three opium poppy varieties developed in Tasmania for alkaloid production that we designate as High Morphine 1 (HM1), High Thebaine 1 (HT1) and High Noscapine 1 (HN1) on the basis of the most abundant alkaloid in each case ( Fig. 1A ). (ampliconexpress.com)
  • The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • It is a derivative of morphine , a natural product of the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ). (psychonautwiki.org)
Derivatives7
  • The physiological behavior of morphinans (naturally occurring and semi-synthetic derivatives) is thought to be associated with the aromatic A ring, the nitrogen-containing D ring and the "bridge" between these two rings formed by carbons 9, 10 and 11 of the core, with the D ring "above" the core (levorotatory). (wikipedia.org)
  • Small groups are usually found on morphinan derivatives at carbons 3 and 6. (wikipedia.org)
  • Modifications of morphine-like alkaloid derivatives led to the production of semi-synthetic opioids (e.g. heroin and oxycodone). (catalogueofopioids.net)
  • [2] Additionally, it is considered to be the prototype opiate (i.e. the standard to which others are compared) and the basis of derivatives such as codeine , diacetylmorphine (heroin), and hydrocodone . (psychonautwiki.org)
  • These derivatives are about thousand times more potent than morphine as μ agonist. (pharmacy180.com)
  • Studies of Morphine, Codeine and their Derivatives X. Desoxymorphine-C, Desoxycodeine-C and their Hydrogenated Derivatives. (wikidoc.org)
  • none of the dextrorotary derivatives of the dromoran and norlevorphanol sub-families of morphinan derivatives are controlled as they do not have opioid activity but the other racemic compounds are. (cloudfront.net)
Biosynthesis2
  • Morphinan biosynthesis requires the isomerization of ( S )- to ( R )-reticuline. (chemistryviews.org)
  • While the biosynthesis of morphinans has been elucidated at the molecular level ( 11 - 16 ) our knowledge of noscapine biosynthesis has not advanced significantly since the demonstration using isotope labeling in the 1960s, that it is derived from scoulerine ( 17 ). (ampliconexpress.com)
Opioids5
  • Later, fully synthetic opioids were derived from morphinan (e.g. levorphanol), diphenylheptane (e.g. methadone), benzomorphan (e.g. pentazocine), and phenylpiperidine (e.g. fentanyl). (catalogueofopioids.net)
  • Morphinans play an important role among therapeutically valuable opioids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morphine and related opioids currently prescribed as potent analgesics for the treatment of severe pain produce their analgesic activity primarily through their agonist action at μ opioid receptors, which is the main receptor type targeted for pharmacotherapy of pain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Altogether, the present study indicate that specific structural elements are required to confer high affinity/selectivity for μ opioid receptors and potent agonist and analgesic activity in the morphinan class of opioids, and are important in drug development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The rigid structural and stereochemical requirements essential for the analgesic actions of morphine and related opioids led to the theory that they produce their effects by interacting with a specific receptor. (opioids.wiki)
Agonists3
  • Of the major naturally occurring opiates of the morphinan type-morphine, codeine and thebaine-thebaine has no therapeutic properties (it causes seizures in mammals), but it provides a low-cost feedstock for the industrial production of at least four semi-synthetic opiate agonists, including hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone and oxymorphone, and the opioid antagonist naloxone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Agonists interact with opioid receptors, usually MOPs, to elicit a graded response (e.g. analgesia following the administration of morphine). (catalogueofopioids.net)
  • 2 Evidence for multiple receptors, m , k and s , came from the demonstration of different profiles of pharmacological activity in the chronic spinal dog with the prototype agonists morphine, ketazocine and N-allylnormetazocine (SKF 10047). (opioids.wiki)
Potent4
Analogues1
  • Toward this goal, we performed a comparative study on physicochemical properties and biological activities of well-known opioid morphinans such as the naturally occurring alkaloid morphine, and semisynthetic analogues e.g. oxymorphone. (biomedcentral.com)
Substances2
  • Despite related molecular structures, the pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action between the various types of morphinan substances can vary substantially. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Drugs, Substances, or Supplements Interact with Codeine Sulfate? (rxlist.com)
Analgesic5
  • Codeine sulfate is an opioid analgesic (pain reliever) drug used to treat mild to moderate pain. (rxlist.com)
  • Codeine sulfate is an opioid analgesic indicated for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain where the use of an opioid analgesic is appropriate. (rxlist.com)
  • In 1803, Sertürner isolated a crystalline sample of the main constituent alkaloid, morphine, which was later shown to be almost entirely responsible for the analgesic activity of crude opium. (opioids.wiki)
  • 1 The concept that there is more than one type of opioid receptor arose to explain the dual actions of the synthetic opioid nalorphine, which antagonises the analgesic effect of morphine in man but also acts as an analgesic in its own right. (opioids.wiki)
  • Martin (1967) concluded that the analgesic action of nalorphine is mediated by a receptor, later called the k -opioid receptor, that is different from the morphine receptor. (opioids.wiki)
Analgesics3
  • Morphinan is the prototype chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Selection of patients for treatment with codeine sulfate should be governed by the same principles that apply to the use of similar opioid analgesics. (rxlist.com)
  • Besides the classical and clinically relevant opioid analgesics, synthetic morphinans developed by our group were included in the study, the 14-O-methyl derivative of oxymorphone and its 5-methyl substituted analogue, 14-methoxymetopon. (biomedcentral.com)
Agonist1
Respiratory depression3
  • Respiratory depression and death have occurred in children who received codeine following tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy and had evidence of being ultra-rapid metabolizers of codeine due to a CYP2D6 polymorphism. (rxlist.com)
  • Morphine has potentially serious side effects such as respiratory depression and low blood pressure , which can be fatal when it is mixed with other depressants . (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Furthermore, in in vivo studies it was observed that naloxazone selectively blocked morphine-induced antinociception but did not block morphine-induced respiratory depression or the induction of morphine dependence. (opioids.wiki)
Heroin5
  • Diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate (also known as diamorphine and heroin as well as colloquially as H , dope , smack , junk , brown , boy , and others) is a semi-synthetic opioid substance of the morphinan class. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Heroin was first synthesized from morphine by a British chemist in 1874 and was introduced as a commercial product by the Bayer Company of Germany in 1898. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Heroin, or morphine diacetate or diacetylmorphine (diamorphine hydrochloride), is an opiate and an ester of morphine. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Heroin, along with other morphinans, contains an ether bridge between two of its rings, connecting R 4 and R 5 through an oxygen group. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Heroin is the 3,6-diacetyl derivative of the diol morphine , meaning it contains acetate functional groups at the same locations hydroxy groups are found in morphine (3,6). (psychonautwiki.org)
Psychoactive1
  • 3-Hydroxymorphinan ( 3-HM ), or morphinan-3-ol , is a psychoactive drug of the morphinan family. (cloudfront.net)
Naturally1
  • Morphine is a naturally-occurring opioid substance of the morphinan class. (psychonautwiki.org)
Diacetylmorphine1
  • Diacetylmorphine was originally synthesized by C.R. Alder Wright in 1874 when attempting to combine morphine with various acids. (psychonautwiki.org)
Pharmacological1
  • This task, however, cannot be accomplished without correlating and understanding the differences in the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of existing opioid morphinans. (biomedcentral.com)
Derivative1
  • Desomorphine ( Dihydrodesoxymorphine , Permonid ) is an opiate analogue invented in 1933 in the United States, that is a derivative of morphine , where the 6-hydroxy group has been removed and the 7,8 double bond has been saturated. (wikidoc.org)
Poppy4
  • Ian Graham, University of York, UK, and colleagues from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Australia, have discovered the gene in poppy plants that is necessary for the synthesis of morphinans. (chemistryviews.org)
  • The gene STORR (named for "( S )- to ( R )-reticuline") is only found in poppy species that produce morphinans. (chemistryviews.org)
  • Poppy plant varieties that are unable to produce morphine or codeine carry mutations in the STORR gene that inhibit the morphine production pathway. (chemistryviews.org)
  • The discovery may aid in breeding poppy plants specifically tailored to produce pharmaceutically important morphinans. (chemistryviews.org)
Ring remainin1
  • Morphinan has a phenanthrene core structure with the A ring remaining aromatic and the B and C rings being saturated, and an additional nitrogen-containing, six-membered, saturated ring, the D ring, being attached to carbons 9 and 13 of the core, and with the nitrogen being at position 17 of the composite. (wikipedia.org)
Species1
  • 10 Furthermore, in the MOR-1 knockout mouse, morphine does not induce antinociception demonstrating that at least in this species morphine's analgesia is not mediated through d - or k -receptors. (opioids.wiki)
Benzomorphan1
Chemical2
Examples2
Chronic1
  • In addition to the risk of fatal overdose from single use, the chronic use of morphine is associated with escalating tolerance, physical and psychological dependence which may bring significant harm to the user. (psychonautwiki.org)
Oxycodone1
  • Patients considered opioid-tolerant are those taking, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg oral morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid. (nih.gov)
Include1
Structure4
  • I was marveling at the biosynthetic route to morphine the otherday and I learned of what they called oxidative phenolic coupling, that converts the isoquinoline reticuline into the morphinan structure. (sciencemadness.org)
  • One should search before asking esp considering a structure so well-studied as the classic morphine (and subsystems). (sciencemadness.org)
  • This structure is called morphinan. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • Removal of 3,4 epoxide bridge in morphine structure result in the compound that is refered to as morphinans. (pharmacy180.com)
Drug2
  • Our Codeine sulfate Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • This drug has attracted recent attention in Russia due to an upsurge in clandestine production, presumably due to its relatively simple synthesis from codeine. (wikidoc.org)
Properties2
  • With the addictive and habit forming properties of morphine now known the medical establishment was on the lookout for a less addictive alternative to morphine. (psychonautwiki.org)
  • 11 Similarly morphine did not exhibit positive reinforcing properties or an ability to induce physical dependence in the absence of the MOR-1 gene. (opioids.wiki)
Production2
Effects2
  • What Are Side Effects of Codeine Sulfate? (rxlist.com)
  • The use of codeine sulfate by some nursing mothers may lead to life-threatening side effects in the baby. (rxlist.com)
Pain1
  • The usual adult dosage for codeine sulfate tablets is 15 mg to 60 mg repeated up to every four hours as needed for pain. (rxlist.com)
Single1
  • Two of the cyclos share at least three ring members (i.e., bridged) one of the five cyclos is five-membered and includes ring chalcogen (e.g., codeine, morphine, etc.) a single chalcogen is bonded directly to ring carbon of the pentacyclo ring system (e.g., desoxy morphine, etc. (patentsencyclopedia.com)