• The time to peak effects of cocaine depends on the dose and route of administration. (medscape.com)
  • What are the short-term effects of cocaine? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other long-term effects of cocaine use may include malnutrition and movement disorders , including Parkinson's disease . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Jean Lud Cadet, MD, of NIDA's Intramural Research Program in Baltimore, Maryland, and Karen Bolla, PhD, of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in Baltimore, studied the interactive effects of cocaine and alcohol in 56 adult cocaine abusers. (medscape.com)
  • Ill. Behavioral Studies: Those benzamide derivatives exhibiting the greatest selectivity will be used 1) to determine their efficacy for antagonizing the reinforcing effects of cocaine self-administration in primates using behavioral paradigms, 2) to investigate the molecular properties of the D2-like neurotransmitter binding sites using affinity labeling techniques, and 3) to explore the potential for using receptor subtype selective irreversible antagonists as a therapeutic tools for drug abuse rehabilitation. (unthsc.edu)
  • In addi-tion to the synergistic effects of cocaine and alcohol in humans, an active metabolite, cocaethylene, with cocaine-like pharmaco-logical properties is formed and users of both drugs simultane-ously report enhanced euphoria. (brainkart.com)
  • Repeated use of cocaine can also lead to cocaine use disorder, also called addiction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • See Cocaine-Related Psychiatric Disorders, Amphetamine-Related Psychiatric Disorders, Caffeine-Related Psychiatric Disorders, Nicotine Addiction, and ADHD for further information on these topics. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, a European study by the drug and addiction monitoring centre , which has collected data since 2011 and analyses wastewater from different cities in Europe , concluded that cocaine and cannabis were the drugs consumed most in Spanish cities. (clinicbarcelona.org)
  • she also directs the NARC (Neuropsychoimaging of Addiction and Related Conditions) research group that uses multimodality functional neuroimaging methods to explore the neurobiological basis of impaired cognitive and emotional functioning in human drug addiction and other disorders of self-control. (mssm.edu)
  • An important application of this research is to facilitate the development of intervention modalities that would improve treatment outcome in drug addiction and other chronically relapsing disorders of self-regulation. (mssm.edu)
  • The model uses multiple neuroimaging modalities-including MRI, EEG/ERP, PET and neuropsychological tests-to explore the neurobiological underpinnings of iRISA in drug addiction and related conditions. (mssm.edu)
  • Overall, results to date with the LCR/HCR model underscore the contribution of striatal DATs to individual differences in initial cocaine responsiveness and the value of assessing the influence of initial drug response on subsequent expression of addiction-like behaviors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The findings support the development of buprenorphine analogs lacking MOPr agonism with increased NOPr agonism for relapse prevention to cocaine addiction. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The hippocampus, which showed decreased functional connectivity in cocaine addicts for all the tested model orders, might be considered as a reproducible abnormal region in DMN associated with cocaine addiction. (korea.ac.kr)
  • Ding, X & Lee, SW 2013, ' Cocaine addiction related reproducible brain regions of abnormal default-mode network functional connectivity: A group ICA study with different model orders ', Neuroscience Letters , vol. 548, pp. 110-114. (korea.ac.kr)
  • This grant application is the molecular pharmacology portion of an Investigator Initiated Interactive Research Project designed to identify pharmacotherapeutic agents that can be used in the treatment of cocaine addiction. (unthsc.edu)
  • Addiction to cocaine and other psychostimulants represents a major public health crisis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • His research group focuses on developing pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment modalities for psychiatric diseases - specifically, drug addiction, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), using behavioral models in combination with neurochemical, molecular and computational methods and nanotechnology, in a bi-directional approach. (biu.ac.il)
  • These changes, which contribute importantly to the persistent behavioural abnormalities seen in addiction to drugs, occur because cocaine use sets off a series of chemical reactions that lead to increases in the amount of messenger RNA being produced from some of the affected genes in these two brain regions, whereas the activity of other genes decreases. (psychreg.org)
  • While it is hypothesised that regulation of gene expression in the brain's reward and motivational centres plays a critical role in the persistent behavioural changes that define addiction, knowledge remains limited of the maladaptive gene activity that chronic cocaine use causes in these circuits in humans and that underlies cocaine use disorder. (psychreg.org)
  • Addiction in Women: Is Cocaine Addictive? (hannahshouse.com)
  • Numerous factors can contribute to a woman developing a cocaine addiction at any age. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Prepare to be inspired and connect with others who share your goal of overcoming addiction through Cocaine Anonymous meetings near Arcadia, FL. (mccaod.com)
  • These meetings provide a safe space for people fighting with cocaine addiction to share their experiences, get support, and gain from others who have actually faced comparable challenges. (mccaod.com)
  • Whether you go to physical meetings or participate in online sessions, discovering support in Cocaine Anonymous can considerably enhance your chances of conquering addiction by supplying the motivation and guidance needed for long-term recovery. (mccaod.com)
  • Large amounts of cocaine can lead to bizarre, unpredictable, and violent behavior. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Catatonic disorders are a group of symptoms characterized by disturbances in motor (muscular movement) behavior that may have either a psychological or a physiological basis. (minddisorders.com)
  • The reinstatement of extinguished cocaine self-administration behavior was studied in rats pretreated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. (nih.gov)
  • These data help define the boundaries within which N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists can prevent reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior (e.g. type of antagonist used and reinstatement procedure). (nih.gov)
  • Some of the early signs of a cocaine-related SUD in women include fearlessness, erratic behavior, restlessness, and panic. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and the therapeutic use of stimulants for treatment-resistant depression and attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder are not discussed in this article. (medscape.com)
  • A number of drugs and toxins have been identified as risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension such as fenfluramine (and other related weight-loss drugs), amphetamines, protein kinase inhibitors (such as dasatinib ), cocaine , and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). (msdmanuals.com)
  • The relation between prenatal cocaine exposure and quality of movement was studied at 4 mo using the Posture and Fine Motor Assessment of Infants (PFMAI-I). METHOD. (uky.edu)
  • These findings demonstrate independent contributions of prenatal cocaine exposure and prematurity to risk of motor delay and support the validity of the PFMAI-I as a measure of motor competence in early infancy. (uky.edu)
  • For excellent patient education resources, see eMedicineHealth's patient education articles Club Drugs, Cocaine Abuse, Drug Dependence and Abuse, Narcotic Abuse, and Substance Abuse. (medscape.com)
  • Substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and opioid use disorders, are all recognized patterns of problematic substance dependence and/or abuse included in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition from 2014. (medscape.com)
  • Pharmacotherapeutics directed at deficiencies associated with cocaine dependence: focus on dopamine, norepinephrine and glutamate. (medscape.com)
  • Today, we'll talk about what makes cocaine addictive for women and what to do if you think you've developed a dependence on it. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Cocaine users quickly learn that higher doses are asso-ciated with intensified and prolonged euphoria, resulting in in-creasing use of the drug and progression to cocaine dependence. (brainkart.com)
  • This differentiation is crucial to an understanding of the syndrome of cocaine dependence. (brainkart.com)
  • Some people inject a combination of cocaine and heroin , called a "speedball. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Detection of benzyolecgonine, the major metabolite of cocaine, in the urinalysis conducted on the first day of an inpatient heroin detoxification treatment program was studied as a predictor of discharge against medical advice (AMA). (nih.gov)
  • The μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) partial agonist buprenorphine alone or in combination with naltrexone has been shown to reduce cocaine-positive urine tests and cocaine seeking in rodents. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Buprenorphine's partial agonist and antagonist activity at the nociception receptor (NOPr) and κ-opioid receptor (KOPr), respectively, may contribute to its ability to inhibit cocaine seeking. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Importantly, the transcriptional abnormalities - in particular, the neuroinflammatory responses that are suppressed in the nucleus accumbens of people with cocaine use disorder - are directionally opposite of the proinflammatory cascade responses conferred by opioid use disorder. (psychreg.org)
  • Chromatin regulation, in particular ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, have previously been shown to be important in the regulation of reward-related behaviors in animal models of mental illnesses. (fsu.edu)
  • In this study we characterized the influence of the gut microbiota on cocaine-mediated behaviors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These behaviors becomepivotal in the lives of cocaine abusers who continue drug abuse despite the presence of increasing personal and social conse-quences. (brainkart.com)
  • We examined the involvement of the orexin system in cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking by administering the orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 (SB) or the orexin 2 receptor antagonist 4-pyridylmethyl (S)-tert-leucyl 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (4PT) prior to reinstatement testing. (tamu.edu)
  • Reinstatement of cocaine-seeking was elicited by presentation of tone + light cues previously paired with cocaine infusions. (tamu.edu)
  • SB (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking without significantly affecting responding during late extinction. (tamu.edu)
  • Pretreatment with SB prior to the Pavlovian acquisition session had no effect on subsequent cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking elicited by those cues. (tamu.edu)
  • These results show that orexin transmission at the orexin 1 receptor, but not the orexin 2 receptor, is necessary for the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking elicited by drug-paired cues and that orexin signaling is not critical for cocaine reinforcement or cocaine-stimulus conditioning. (tamu.edu)
  • BU10119 and buprenorphine but not BU12004 lessened cocaine-primed reinstatement. (bath.ac.uk)
  • The selective NOPr agonist SCH221510 but not naloxone decreased cocaine-primed reinstatement. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Together, these findings are consistent with the concept that NOPr agonism contributes to the ability of BU10119 and buprenorphine to attenuate reinstatement of cocaine-conditioned place preference in mice. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Injecting cocaine also puts a person at higher risk of getting diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cerebral abnormalities in cocaine abusers: demonstration by SPECT perfusion brain scintigraphy. (medscape.com)
  • Newly abstinent cocaine abusers may ex-perience a triphasic abstinence pattern, although this varies by individual, that includes a period of acute abstinence, sometimes referred to as the "crash", lasting several hours to several days consisting of dysphoria, fatigue, insomnia or hypersomnia, in-creased appetite, and either psychomotor agitation or retardation, subsequent to the more intensive "crash" phase. (brainkart.com)
  • Cocaine abusers are at high risk for relapse, particularly in the first few months of treatment related to acute craving often in the context of ongoing psychoso-cial stressors that result from or have been exacerbated by cocaine abuse. (brainkart.com)
  • Newly abstinent cocaine abusers often lack adequate cop-ing skills necessary to avoid cocaine use, which take time to ac-quire in the treatment process. (brainkart.com)
  • Cocaine is a stimulant that can make people feel like they have more energy and are extra alert. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stimulant use disorder is a type of substance use disorder where the use of stimulants caused clinically significant impairment or distress. (wikipedia.org)
  • thus it can not be diagnosed as a stimulant use disorder or any other substance use disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • The symptoms of stimulant use disorder include failure to control usage and frequency of use, an intense craving for the drug, increased use over time to obtain the same effects, known as a developed tolerance, and continued use despite negative repercussions and interference in one's everyday life and functioning. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's a chronic (long-lasting) brain disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Abuse of cocaine (COC) and alcohol have been among the leading causes of non-prescription drug-related deaths in the USA and are known to cause acute and chronic lung diseases. (utmb.edu)
  • Cocaine use disorder is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder for which there are currently no FDA-approved medication treatments. (psychreg.org)
  • Systemic Sclerosis Systemic sclerosis is a rare, chronic autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by degenerative changes and scarring in the skin, joints, and internal organs and by blood vessel abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A more chronic withdrawal period sometimes occurs characterized by minor de-pressive symptoms and cocaine craving lasting 2 to 10 weeks. (brainkart.com)
  • Like other drug and alcohol use disorders, cocaine use disorders are chronic relapsing illnesses that present substantial challenges in the treatment process. (brainkart.com)
  • the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMHSA) found that 1 in 12 American adults (over 18 million) had a substance use disorder in 2017. (voicesofseptember11.org)
  • Importantly, lower initial cocaine response predicts greater locomotor sensitization, conditioned place preference and greater motivation to self-administer cocaine following low dose acquisition. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Our research team looked at studies performed in mice that were given the opportunity to self-administer cocaine and compared the resulting molecular changes to those seen in postmortem brain tissue of people with cocaine use disorder. (psychreg.org)
  • Using the largest and most diverse cohort examined to date, they found that neuroinflammatory processes are suppressed and that synaptic transmembrane transporters and ionotropic receptors (proteins that control how nerve cells communicate with one another in the brain) are enriched in the striatum of people with cocaine use disorder. (psychreg.org)
  • Despite similar brain cocaine levels, individual outbred Sprague-Dawley rats exhibit markedly different magnitudes of acute cocaine-induced locomotor activity and, thereby, can be classified as low or high cocaine responders (LCRs or HCRs). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Meanwhile, frequent use of cocaine can lead to a significant risk of cardiovascular pathologies, including myocardial infarction and cerebral vascular accidents. (clinicbarcelona.org)
  • Amin M, Gabelman G, Karpel J, Buttrick P. Acute myocardial infarction and chest pain syndromes after cocaine use. (medscape.com)
  • McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, de Lemos JA, Cercek B, Hsue P. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. (medscape.com)
  • Rare cases of benzoylecgonine detection in the urine for 22 days following cocaine use have been reported. (medscape.com)
  • Some people use cocaine along with other drugs or alcohol. (medlineplus.gov)
  • New York (MedscapeWire) Jun 29 - Scientists have found that cocaine abuse coupled with use of alcohol leads to more impulsive decision-making and to poorer performance on tests of learning and memory than does use of either cocaine or alcohol alone. (medscape.com)
  • All participants abstained from both cocaine and alcohol during the 4-week study. (medscape.com)
  • The results of this study support the view that cocaine abuse can have a major negative impact on the brain and these effects are compounded by the concurrent use of alcohol," explained Dr. Cadet. (medscape.com)
  • According to the latest data from the Ministry of Health, alcohol and tobacco are still the most common drugs taken legally in Spain, followed by the illegal drugs, cannabis and cocaine. (clinicbarcelona.org)
  • With a spike in alcohol-related deaths in women in recent years, which appears to be independent of factors such as the global COVID-19 pandemic, SUDs are becoming more important for clinicians in all specialty areas. (medscape.com)
  • Alcohol-induced psychosis disorder (AIPD) can arise when someone drinks too much or withdraws from heavy alcohol use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • However, some forms of alcohol use can lead to AIPD, a condition sometimes known as alcohol-related psychosis or alcohol hallucinosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Research also suggests that people with schizophrenia may be three times more likely than those without this condition to develop alcohol use disorder (AUD) . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Cocaine and alcohol are often consumed together. (brainkart.com)
  • Although the ability to cope with cocaine craving improves with continued abstinence, relapse to cocaine abuse or other drug and alcohol abuse will continue to be a risk for those with a history of a cocaine use disorder who re-lapse to cocaine abuse. (brainkart.com)
  • After completing graduate school at the Institute for Behavioral Genetics (IBG) at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Dr. Palmer began examining how a person develops risk of substance use disorders (SUDs), and how this risk expresses itself over time. (emory.edu)
  • It's important to become aware of what treatment options are available in your area for cocaine-related SUDs. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Finally, in 1970, the Controlled Substances Act prohibited the possession of cocaine in the United States, except for limited medical uses. (medscape.com)
  • Cannabis-related disorders refer to problems associated with the use of substances derived from this plant. (minddisorders.com)
  • LCRs have higher basal numbers of striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) than HCRs and exhibit marginal cocaine inhibition of in vivo DAT activity and cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cocaine increases the amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine at synapses or junctions between two brain cells where electrical signals are converted into chemical signals. (psychreg.org)
  • Relationship Between Cocaine Use and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Symptoms Consistent With an Acute Coronary Syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Rats were trained to self-administer intravenous cocaine (0.32 mg/kg/infusion) during five consecutive daily sessions that were followed by five consecutive daily extinction sessions, during which cocaine was unavailable and cocaine-associated cues (sound and light) were absent. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, SB (30 mg/kg) had no effect on the acquisition of cocaine-paired cues during a Pavlovian cocaine-stimulus conditioning session in the operant chamber. (tamu.edu)
  • Male Sprague Dawley rats self-administered cocaine in 2-h sessions for 10 days, followed by extinction training. (tamu.edu)
  • Fast Five Quiz: Substance Use Disorder - Medscape - Sep 19, 2023. (medscape.com)
  • Cocaine-related psychiatric disorders have been well-documented in the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Infants prenatally exposed to cocaine had significantly lower posture scores than infants in the unexposed group. (uky.edu)
  • In Experiment 2, D-CPPene, but not memantine, abolished in a dose-dependent manner the selective increase in reinforced-lever over non-reinforced-lever responding that was induced by exposures to cocaine-related stimuli. (nih.gov)
  • Certain isolated conditions related to caffeine are recognized in the DSM-5's "substance-related" section, however: caffeine intoxication, caffeine withdrawal and other caffeine-induced disorders (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cocaine abuse is associated with numerous detrimental health effects. (medscape.com)
  • Acute arterial thrombosis associated with cocaine abuse. (medscape.com)
  • Statistics from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) show deaths from cocaine overdose went up 38% in a 12-month period ending in October 2020. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Most commonly, stimulants such as Adderall, Ritalin, and Vyvanse are prescribed for both children and adults diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Goldstein's interests also include pharmacological fMRI, including administering oral methylphenidate to cocaine addicted individuals to improve self-control, neurofeedback such as Brain Computer Interface, and brain stimulation with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. (mssm.edu)
  • A whole brain mixed effects factorial ANOVA was performed to explore the differences in resting-state DMN functional connectivity between cocaine addicts and healthy controls. (korea.ac.kr)
  • The research team found a significant overlap between the RNAs expressed in these two brain regions, suggesting that these molecular changes may be key to the development and maintenance of cocaine use disorder. (psychreg.org)
  • By doing so, the research team found, cocaine sets off a cascade of events that activate a chemical messenger in the brain called cyclic AMP, which then triggers changes in gene expression. (psychreg.org)
  • Because it is difficult to directly study how drugs like cocaine affect the human brain, researchers often use animal models to study their effects. (psychreg.org)
  • It is also important to emphasize that our human brain cohort includes a significant number of Black individuals, who have not been well represented in prior transcriptional studies of a cocaine use disorder, despite longstanding evidence that the highest rate of overdose deaths involving cocaine is among Black individuals. (psychreg.org)
  • Animals with reduced gut bacteria showed an enhanced sensitivity to cocaine reward and enhanced sensitivity to the locomotor-sensitizing effects of repeated cocaine administration. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Can a person overdose on cocaine? (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's possible to overdose on cocaine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Understanding differences in illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and overall drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas is important for informing public health programs, interventions, and policies. (cdc.gov)
  • Illicit drug use and drug use disorders during 2003-2014, and drug overdose deaths during 1999-2015. (cdc.gov)
  • Understanding the differences between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in drug use, drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths can help public health professionals to identify, monitor, and prioritize responses. (cdc.gov)
  • This finding suggests that using group ICA to examine the functional connectivity of the hippocampus in the resting-state DMN may provide an additional insight potentially relevant for cocaine-related diagnoses and treatments. (korea.ac.kr)
  • If someone who is dependent on cocaine stops using it, they will have withdrawal symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Furthermore, a disorder is noted when withdrawal symptoms occur because of a decrease in the drug amount and frequency, as well as stopping the use of the drug entirely. (wikipedia.org)
  • Attempting to quit using cocaine (and other drugs) may lead to experiencing highly uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Continued use of cannabis can lead to psychotic disorders, lung diseases, decreased intellectual performance, academic failure, increased road accidents and amotivational syndrome, which is a loss of interest in any subject or activity. (clinicbarcelona.org)
  • Our analysis revealed strikingly similar changes in the brain's gene expression profiles in both the mice and humans, validating the use of mouse models to study the pathophysiological basis of a cocaine use disorder," said Eric J. Nestler, MD, senior author of the paper. (psychreg.org)
  • What are the treatments for cocaine use disorder? (medlineplus.gov)
  • The observation that there are distinct molecular changes conferred by each of the two substance use disorders could be valuable for the development of targeted, effective treatments specific to cocaine use disorder. (psychreg.org)
  • Repeated treatments may be required for those with cocaine use disorders. (brainkart.com)
  • The stimulants listed on schedule I are more potent than cocaine and have no established medical use. (medscape.com)
  • In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud proposed cocaine for the treatment of depression, cachexia, and asthma. (medscape.com)
  • The object of this book is to set forth in practical form, on the basis of the Case System, certain fundamental facts regarding the symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment and pathological findings in the more frequent disorders of the nervous system. (freebookcentre.net)
  • Dr. Palmer also just filed his first patent application for a treatment for cocaine use disorder. (emory.edu)
  • In this kind of treatment option, women can learn strategies to replace their cocaine use with healthy activities and connect with peers who have experienced similar struggles with starting recovery and staying clean and sober. (hannahshouse.com)
  • The prevalence of past-year illicit drug use disorders among persons using illicit drugs in the past year varied by metropolitan/nonmetropolitan status and changed over time. (cdc.gov)
  • People who use cocaine often mix its use with other drugs . (hannahshouse.com)
  • The most conspicuous harmsassociated with drugs nowadays -- violent crime, public disorder, governmentcorruption, and diseases related to injection with dirty needles -- are caused inlarge part by the country's prohibition policies. (prospect.org)
  • The rise in cocaine-related deaths during the pandemic is providing a new reminder about the dangers of illegal substance use. (hannahshouse.com)
  • At higher doses over time, the body becomes dependent on cocaine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If a substance is used over a long period of time and the user becomes dependent upon it, a substance use disorder may develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • While women tend to be less likely to use cocaine than men, the risk of becoming dependent is always present. (hannahshouse.com)
  • Women who have become dependent on cocaine will benefit from a medically supervised detox as a first step to remove the drug from their system. (hannahshouse.com)
  • cocaine-dependent individuals average one to three binges per week. (brainkart.com)
  • There are no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for cocaine use disorder, including relapse. (bath.ac.uk)
  • This, in combination with the euphoria experienced by the user, can be reinforcing, and cocaine use is perceived as free of any adverse consequences. (brainkart.com)
  • The abuser is focused on the cocaine-induced euphoria and be-gins compulsively to pursue this effect. (brainkart.com)