Cobalt complexes coordination complexes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Many nitrite nitrate compounds are coordination complexes of cobalt. (wikipedia.org)
Vic-dioxime complexes are an important group of coordination compounds from different points of view. (mdpi.com)
The assessment of the genotoxic properties of cobalt and its substances is related to the assumption that once inorganic cobalt compounds or cobalt metal become bioavailable, this will be in the form of the divalent cobalt cation. (europa.eu)
Further assuming that the anion of such inorganic cobalt compounds can be regarded as "inert" with regard to genetic toxicity, the subsequent discussion focuses on the cobalt cation. (europa.eu)
An amine is a functional group from ammonia, while an ammine refers to a group of coordination compounds where ammonia is a ligand. (studybuff.com)
How do you identify Coation and anion in coordination compounds? (studybuff.com)
Chirik, P. J. Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen, Boron Compounds, and Aryl Halides to a Cobalt(I) Cation Supported by a Strong-Field Pincer Ligand. (ucsb.edu)
The hemoglobin in your blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. (bccampus.ca)
Studies of the reaction pathway of tetrahedral P4 with cobalt- and molybdenum coordination compounds lead to novel complexes containing PX-ligands (x = 2,4) in unusual binding modes. (uni-regensburg.de)
The influence of cobalt (II, III) coordinative compounds with derivatives of dithiocarbamic acid on Bacillus thuringiensis IMV B-7324 peptidases with elastase and fibrinolytic activi-ty and Eupenicillium erubescens and Cryptococcus albidus α-L-rhamnosidases have been studied. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
It is stated that the studied coordination compounds render both activating and inhibiting effect on enzyme activity, depending on composition, structure, charge of complex, coordination number of complex former and also on the enzyme and strain producer. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
The bond length of (-C=N-), (-C-O-),(M-O), and (M-N) are affected in the coordination with metal ions, the bond length of the square planar geometry more affected than tetrahedral geometry.Conclusions: All compounds were prepared successfully, characterized, and photophysical properties were studied. (iasj.net)
Both the covalent and the complex dimeric derivatives showed high activity against VanA teicoplanin-resistant enterococci, but their activity against other tested bacterial strains did not exceed that of the monomeric compounds. (sciencegate.app)
Complexes are compounds, or ions, in which an atom (or ion) is surrounded by other species making a larger particle. (ibchem.com)
Tungsten, cobalt, and their compounds. (cdc.gov)

Alfa Chemistry has the ability to help developers solve the challenges of Ligands & Complexes in various applications. (alfa-chemistry.com)
Journal of Coordination Chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
In coordination chemistry, metal ammine complexes are metal complexes containing at least one ammonia (NH 3 ) ligand. (studybuff.com)
Acheampong, DKB , Sunatsuki, Y & Suzuki, T 2023, ' Structural comparison of geometrical isomers of N'-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethylene)picolinohydrazide and their mononuclear and dinuclear cobalt(III) complexes ', Results in Chemistry , vol. 5, 100798. (elsevierpure.com)
We apply fundamental principles from coordination chemistry, enzymatic active sites, and electrochemistry to rationally tune the behavior and reactivity of our synthetic systems. (ucsb.edu)
Bernskoetter, W. H. Coordination Chemistry of Iridium Phosphine-Sulfonate Complexes. (ucsb.edu)
Bernskoetter, W. H. Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Organoiridium Complexes Supported by an Anionic Tridentate Ligand. (ucsb.edu)
42. International Conference on Coordination Chemistry Brest, France, 3. (uzh.ch)
Originally taken from Professor Klüfers' web scriptum of his coordination chemistry course at the LMU Munich . (stackexchange.com)
Although coordination complexes are particularly significant within the chemistry from the transition metals, some primary group elements also form complexes. (ihelptostudy.com)
Wieghardt, K., "Molecular and electronic structure of four- and five-coordinate cobalt complexes containing two ''o''-phenylenediamine- or two ''o''-aminophenol-type ligands at various oxidation levels: An experimental, density functional, and correlated ''ab initio'' study", Chemistry--A European Journal, 2005, 11, 204-224. (wikidoc.org)
My research interests lie with organometallic and coordination chemistry, in particular the stabilisation of main group and transition metal complexes with unusual oxidation states and bonding modes. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Coordination chemistry of higher oxidation-states .33. (stfc.ac.uk)
Complex ion formation is typical of transition metal chemistry. (ibchem.com)

The reaction of the Schiff base ligand with Co(II) and Cu (II) salts in methanol affords the [CoL] and [ClCuHL] complexes. (scirp.org)
What type of ligand is cobalt? (studybuff.com)
These complexes have 2 : 1 ratio of meta1 to ligand and their -NH 2 and -COOH groups are assumed to participate in the complex formation. (go.jp)
In addition to the corrin ring, vitamin B12 has an upper axial ligand attached to the cobalt ion. (colorwithleo.com)
In continue, the complex of synthesized magnetic nanometal with the dppe(1, 2-diphenylphosphine ethane) ligand was used in 1, 2-nucleophilic addition of aryl group to aromatic aldehydes using phenylboronic acid. (nsmsi.ir)
Then, the proposed structures of the prepared complexes.Results: 1,2,4-triazole Schiff base act as a chelate ligand. (iasj.net)
Surface morphology, properties of chelating Schiff base ligand and its complexes measured by atomic force microscopy, cobalt Schiff base complex is higher roughness. (iasj.net)
Our example today is a cobalt porphyrin with an imidazole axial ligand and an empty 6th coordination site. (mit.edu)
ligand represents a vacant coordination site. (mit.edu)
Cyanide is a strong field ligand (low spin) so the electron configuration is t2g5with [Fe(CN)6]3-has the larger … In contrast, the low-spin iron(II) complex K 4 [Fe(CN) 6] appears pale yellow because it absorbs higher-energy violet photons. (mediacollective.nl)
Crystal field theory was established in 1929 treats the interaction of metal ion and ligand as a purely electrostatic phenomenon where the ligands are considered as point charges in the vicinity of th… Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): CFSE for a Low Spin \(d^7\) complex. (mediacollective.nl)
Structural variability in Cu(I) and Ag(I) coordination polymers with a flexible dithione ligand: Synthesis, crystal structure, microbiological and theoretical studies. (ac.ir)
However, in a few cases the ligand atom can be less electronegative than the central atom (e.g., in iridium phosphine complexes), resulting in a formal oxidation state that is different from the oxidation number. (wikidoc.org)
The isolation and characterization of a number of transition metal complexes of the ligand N-methyl-N,N′-bis(2′-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-ethane, bpen-MeH, is described. (edu.au)
Representive non-deprotonated 1:1 complexes of bivalent cobalt, nickel copper and zinc show the ligand to act as a bis-bidentate, forming five- or six-coordinate polymeric complexes involving coordination through pyridyl nitrogen and amide oxygen atoms. (edu.au)
The complexes Cu 2 (bpenMeH)Cl 4 and Ni 2 (bpenMeH) 3 (ClO 4 ) 4 ·7.5H 2 O also demostrate this mode of bonding by the ligand. (edu.au)
The complexes Cu2(bpenMeH)Cl4 and Ni2(bpenMeH)3(ClO4)4·7.5H2O also demostrate this mode of bonding by the ligand. (edu.au)

Chirik, P. J. Synthesis of Cationic, Dimeric a-Diimine Nickel Hydride Complexes and Relevance to the Polymerization of Olefins. (ucsb.edu)
Gölcü A. Transition metal complexes of propranolol dithiocarbamate: synthesis, characterization, analytical properties and biological activity. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
Synthesis, characterization and antifungal activities of 3d-transition metal complexes of 1-acetylpiperazinyldithiocarbamate, M(acpdtc)2. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
Synthesis, characterization and biological application of four novel metal-Schiff base complexes derived from allylamine and their interactions with human serum albumin: Experimental, molecular docking and ONIOM computational study. (ac.ir)
For her PhD she undertook investigations into the synthesis and reactivity of transition metal complexes of boron, under the supervision of Prof. Simon Aldridge. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Researchers in the lab will employ physical characterization, mechanistic analysis, and kinetic studies to improve complex design and optimize reactivity. (ucsb.edu)

The practical results were reinforced with a theoretical study, using PM3 calculation and HyperChem program, for these Schiff base complexes. (iasj.net)
The coordination has occurred through the oxygen of the phenolic group O-H and the nitrogen of the imine group N=C of Schiff base with divalent metal ions. (iasj.net)
Copper Schiff base is a more stable complex due to the lower value of the energy gap, and the copper Schiff base complex is more semiconductivity than the other complexes. (iasj.net)

Pyridoxamine preferentially binds to the cobalt core via the amine functionality instead of the typical pyridine, which resulted in an enhanced OCS effect on catalysis, presumably due to spatial proximity and the dynamic flexibility of the peripheral groups. (rsc.org)
Research in the Léonard Lab is centered on the design of inorganic molecular complexes and materials with unique physical and catalytic properties aimed at addressing some of the world's most pressing challenges related to energy storage and conversion, pollutant sensing, and sustainable catalysis. (ucsb.edu)
2. Organic Homogeneous Catalysis: Carbene Mediated C-H Functionalization Reactions using Organometallic Complexes as the Efficient Catalysts. (sudiptagroup.com)

The cation itself is a metal ammine complex with six ammonia ligands attached to the cobalt(III) ion. (studybuff.com)
Vitamin B12 is ideal for colorimetric biosensors because of its intense color and sensitivity to ligands attached to the cobalt ion. (colorwithleo.com)

However, all these forms maintain the red color because the corrin ring and +3 oxidation state cobalt ion remain unchanged. (colorwithleo.com)
Since oxidation state of iron is still +3, there are still 5 electrons in 3d subshell in [Fe(H2O)6]3+ complex. (mediacollective.nl)
Both complexes have the same metal in the same oxidation state, Fe3+, which is d5. (mediacollective.nl)
The cobalt ion has a charge (oxidation state) of 3+. (ibchem.com)

Some papers report negative results for bacterial mutation tests with cobalt salts. (europa.eu)
Originally salts of [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3 + were described as the luteo (Latin: yellow) complex of cobalt. (studybuff.com)
A range of chiral coordination complexes of the formulae cis-[Co(en)2XY] where X, Y = hal, NH3, NO2, ox, SCN have been prepared as the halide or pseudohalide salts, and the novel examples have been structurally characterised and their stereochemical behaviour studied. (lancs.ac.uk)

The geometries of these complexes are the same as we have seen with VSEPR theory for main group elements: linear, tetrahedral, and octahedral. (bccampus.ca)
Cobalt complex has a tetrahedral geometry, while the nickel and copper complexes have square planar geometries. (iasj.net)
Because of same reason, the tetrahedral complexes also do not exhibit Jahn-Teller distortion. (mediacollective.nl)
In the complex ion at the left there are four chloride ions bonded to the central copper ion in an tetrahedral arrangement. (ibchem.com)
The shape of a four-coordinate complex is usually tetrahedral, although in some (rare) cases square planar complexes form. (ibchem.com)

For the copper(II) ion in [CuCl 4 ] 2− , the coordination number is four, whereas for the cobalt(II) ion in [Co(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ the coordination number is six. (bccampus.ca)
China is the world's largest producer of refined cobalt , primarily derived as a byproduct of nickel and copper mining. (cobalt-nickel.net)

2020. "Controlling P-C/C-H Bond Cleavage in Nickel Bis(diphosphine) Complexes: Reactivity Scope, Mechanism, and Computations. (pnnl.gov)
The reactivity from the ammonia during these complexes continues to be drastically reduced. (ihelptostudy.com)

Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes. (bccampus.ca)

This is made clearer by referring to the formulae and structures of some complexes. (ibchem.com)

The next step should be to consider the molecular orbital scheme of an octahedral complex (although the d-orbitals alone carry all the necessary information so even the crystal field model can answer it). (stackexchange.com)
2021. "Thermodynamic Trends for Reduction of CO by Molecular Complexes. (pnnl.gov)
2020. "Oxidation of Ammonia with Molecular Complexes. (pnnl.gov)
6) molecular complexes of dithiocarbamates of cobalt (III) with iodine- - [Co(S 2 CNRR′) 3 ]∙2I 2 . (ukrbiochemjournal.org)

The solubility product and conductance measurements indicated that the affinity of cationic tris(1,10-phenanthroline) cobalt (III), [Co(phen)(3)](3+) is greater for saccharinate ion than for chloride ion in aqueous medium. (ua.pt)
What are cationic complexes give examples? (studybuff.com)
Cationic complexes: A complex in which the complex ion carries a net positive charge is called a cationic complex. (studybuff.com)
Fe(H 2 O) 6 ]Cl 3 , [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 , [Ni(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 2 are cationic complexes. (studybuff.com)
Yang, J. Y. Cationic Effects on the Effective Hydrogen Atom Bond Dissociation Free Energy of High Valent Manganese Imido Complexes. (ucsb.edu)
Investigated complexes differ by a charge of intrinsic coordination sphere: anionic (1-2), cationic (3) and neutral (4-6). (ukrbiochemjournal.org)

The electronic spectral and magnetic susceptibility data could substantiate the distorted octahedral geometry of nickel and cobalt complexes and the XRD pattern indicates the existence of isomorphism. (ajol.info)
For structure generation, the only required inputs are to specify are the core, coordination number/geometry and the list of ligands (left side of the figure above). (mit.edu)
U. Ryde, L. Hemmingsen (1997) "The active-site metal coordination geometry of cadmium-substituted alcohol dehydrogenase. (lu.se)

The ions or molecules that bind to transition-metal ions to create these complexes are known as ligands (from Latin, to tie or bind). (ihelptostudy.com)

A minimum of three different cobalt(III) complexes could be isolated when CoCl2 is dissolved in aqueous ammonia after which oxidized by air towards the +3 oxidation condition. (ihelptostudy.com)

A traditional choice for this purpose is the cobalt(II) complexes that display visible colour change due to the coordination of the water molecules to the cobalt(II) centre. (nature.com)
Chemical bonds that underpin their porous frameworks, that is, coordination bonds, dynamic covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds, are commonly affected by the water molecules. (nature.com)
However, recrystallizaion of the Co(II) complex in dimethylsulfoxide caused the complete hydrolysis of the imine bond and afforded a Co(II) complex in which two 5-nitro-salicylaldehyde and two DMSO molecules were coordinated to the central metal in an octahedral fashion. (scirp.org)
The lone pairs from six water molecules form bonds to the scandium ion to form an octahedral complex. (bccampus.ca)
A complex ion consists of a central transition metal ion surrounded by species (atoms, molecules or ions), called ligands, which are bonded to the central metal ion by dative coordinate bonds. (ibchem.com)
In the complex ion at the left there are six water molecules bonded to the central cobalt ion in an octahedral arrangement. (ibchem.com)
In aqueous solution the vast excess of water molecules means that the most common transition metal complex is the hexaaqua complex ion. (ibchem.com)
The six water molecules bond to the central cobalt ion using a lone pair on the oxygen atom. (ibchem.com)
There are six water molecules, so the coordination number is 6. (ibchem.com)
There are two nitrogen molecules, so the coordination number is 2. (ibchem.com)

In an effort to explore [Co(phen)(3)](3+) complex cation as anion receptor for biologically important saccharinate ion, yellow coloured single crystals of [Co(phen)(3)](C(7)H(4)NSO(3))(3).8.5H(2)O were obtained by slow evaporation of solution, obtained by mixing the separately dissolved, tris(1,10-phenanthrol line)cobalt(III)chloride and sodium saccharinate in aqueous medium in 1:3 molar ratio. (ua.pt)

The appropriate inclusion of outer coordination sphere (OCS) features, a hallmark of enzyme architecture, around a synthetic core has resulted in new types of active H 2 production catalysts. (rsc.org)
The crystal lattice is stabilized by hydrogen bonding interactions of type G-H... 0 and C-H... 0 (through second sphere coordination) besides the electrostatic forces of attraction. (ua.pt)
The coordination sphere consists of the central metal ion or atom plus its attached ligands. (bccampus.ca)
species outside the brackets are not part of the coordination sphere. (bccampus.ca)

Pagano & Zeiger, 1992: Cobalt chloride induced mutations in TA97 when using the pre-incubation method with different aqueous (sterile water or buffers, including phosphate buffer) solvents. (europa.eu)
Wong, 1988: Reported evidence of mutagenic activity with cobalt chloride, using the plate incorporation method. (europa.eu)
Each complex also has a total of three chloride ions that satisfy the primary valence. (studybuff.com)
What is the formula for cobalt III chloride? (studybuff.com)
If the concentration of chloride ions is increased, for example, the complex ion may exchange the water ligands for chloride ligands. (ibchem.com)

The reaction of (1) with Co(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O in methanol afforded the corresponding metal complexes. (scirp.org)

Among these complexes, the B 6 vitamer pyridoxamine-bound complex illustrated superior catalytic performance under both photocatalytic (TON: 132) and electrocatalytic (TOF: 3635 s −1 , overpotential: 321 mV, at 60 °C) conditions. (rsc.org)
These metal complexes can be used in catalytic reactions and as models for biological systems. (scirp.org)

Structural and Electronic Studies of Substituted m-Terphenyl Group 12 Complexes ORGANOMETALLICS. (nottingham.ac.uk)

The IR spectra of complexes showed N-N absorptions of hydrazine in the range of 964-988 cm -1 substantiating the bidentate bridging coordination of hydrazine. (ajol.info)
In the complex [Co(en) 3 ] 3+ , there are three bidentate en ligands, and the coordination number of the cobalt(III) ion is six. (bccampus.ca)

Léonard, N. G. * Charge and Solvent Effects on the Redox Behavior of Vanadyl Salen-Crown Complexes. (ucsb.edu)

This means these complexes can be attracted to an external magnetic field. (mediacollective.nl)
Slow magnetic relaxation in Fe(II) m-terphenyl complexes DALTON TRANSACTIONS. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Biochemical and activity-based probe analyses identify a non-canonical zinc finger domain as the E3 active site, which utilizes the strictly conserved Cys4462, not involved in zinc coordination, as the reactive nucleophile. (biorxiv.org)

The octahedral complex will not show geometrical isomerism is : (A and B are monodentate ligands) 1. (neetprep.com)

15 N NMR chemical shifts of/g-alaninato chelates in cobalt(III) complexes were investigated in comparison to that of glycinato chelates, for the effect of trans influence and chelate ring size on amine nitrogen NMR coordination shifts. (elsevierpure.com)
The coordination shifts of both chelates are found to be about 20 ppm larger for an amine group trans to the oxygen ligator than for one trans to the nitrogen ligator in a complex. (elsevierpure.com)

Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. (jove.com)

Juranić, N & Macura, S 1994, ' Nitrogen-15 NMR coordination shifts of β-alanine and glycine in cobalt(III) complexes ', Inorganica Chimica Acta , vol. 217, no. 1-2, pp. 213-215. (elsevierpure.com)

Crystal field splitting is larger for complexes of the heavier transition metals than for the transition metals discussed above. (mediacollective.nl)

Some Studies in Inorganic Complexes. (wikipedia.org)

2022. "Role of High-Spin Species and Pendant Amines in Electrocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation by a Nickel Phosphine Complex. (pnnl.gov)

The coordination number of the central metal ion or atom is the number of donor atoms bonded to it. (bccampus.ca)
For example, ethylenediamine (en, H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) contains two nitrogen atoms, each of which has a lone pair and can serve as a Lewis base (Figure 4.3.4) . (bccampus.ca)
The nature of substituents at nitrogen atoms varies in each group of complexes. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)

What is a cobalt atom? (studybuff.com)
Cobalt is a chemical element a substance that contains only one type of atom. (studybuff.com)
Its official chemical symbol is Co and its atomic number is 27, which means that a cobalt atom has 27 protons in its nucleus. (studybuff.com)
A complex may be considered as consisting of a central metal atom or ion surrounded by a number of ligands. (mediacollective.nl)
was obtained in which coordination of the deprotonated secondary-amide nitrogen atom occurs. (edu.au)
Coordination of the tertiary-amide nitrogen atom is not observed for any of the complexes. (edu.au)

Salt metathesis of certain of these species to the corresponding tetrathionates is described, and the tetrathionates structurally characterised and the stereochemical relationship between the conformations of the chiral complexes and the pseudochiral tetrathionates analysed. (lancs.ac.uk)

Chirik, P. J. Cobalt-Catalyzed C(sp 2 )-H Borylation with an Air-Stable, Readily Prepared Terpyridine Cobalt(II) Cis(acetate) Precatalyst. (ucsb.edu)

In the NTP study (NTP, 2013) cobalt metal was evaluated for bacterial mutagenicity in 2 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) and 1 strain of E. coli (WP2 uvrA/pKM101) using the pre-incubation method. (europa.eu)
Cobalt metal (100 to 5,000 μg/plate) gave an equivocal response in TA100 in the absence of S9 activation mix. (europa.eu)
In strain TA98 without S9, cobalt metal (100 to 3,500 μg/plate) was mutagenic, although the responses observed were weak and not well correlated with dose level. (europa.eu)
In E. coli WP2uvrA/pKM101, doses of cobalt metal up to 450 μg/plate were not associated with mutagenic activity, with or without S9. (europa.eu)
All the transition metal complexes were sparingly soluble in water. (ajol.info)
Is cobalt a transition metal? (studybuff.com)
Many other ligands coordinate to the metal in more complex fashions. (bccampus.ca)
Its full chemical name is cobalt(III) corrinoids, reflecting the fact that it contains a cobalt metal ion bound to a corrin ring. (colorwithleo.com)
Cobalt is a transition metal, meaning it can exist in several different oxidation states. (colorwithleo.com)
In fact, some complexes are known both in a high-spin and in a low-spin state with identical central metal and ligands. (stackexchange.com)
You should not consider hybridisation in transition metal complexes as I have posted numerous times . (stackexchange.com)
Werner assumed the secondary valence from the transition metal during these cobalt(III) complexes is six. (ihelptostudy.com)
Werner assumed that transition-metal complexes had definite shapes. (ihelptostudy.com)
Transition-metal complexes happen to be characterised with coordination figures that vary from 1 to 12, but the most typical coordination figures are 2, 4, and 6. (ihelptostudy.com)
G. N. Lewis was the first one to notice that the response from a transition-metal ion and ligands to create a coordination complex was similar towards the reaction between your H + and OH - ions to create water. (ihelptostudy.com)
In contrast, a high-spin d 8 transition metal complex is usually octahedral, substitutionally labile, with two unpaired electrons. (mediacollective.nl)
Transition metal complexes can exist as high spin or low spin depending on the strength of the ligands. (mediacollective.nl)
The complexes formed in these two ways are referred to as low spin and high spin complexes or, inner and outer orbital complexes … Depending on the nature of the ligands and the metal they could be high-spin or low-2 u.e. 16. (mediacollective.nl)
The coordination number is the the number of attachments that all of the ligands make to the transition metal. (ibchem.com)

You always need to consider the big picture to determine whether a high spin or low spin complex will result. (stackexchange.com)

Selective reduction and homologation of carbon monoxide by organometallic iron complexes. (nottingham.ac.uk)

Chemicals and Drugs6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Compounds15

Chemistry14

Ligand17

Synthesis5

Characterization1

Schiff3

Catalysis3

Ligands attached to the cobalt2

Oxidation state4

Salts3

Tetrahedral5

Copper2

Reactivity2

Form complexes1

Structures1

Molecular4

Cationic6

Geometry3

Ions or molecules1

Ammonia1

Molecules10

Anion1

Sphere4

Chloride5

Methanol afforded1

Catalytic2

Organometallics1

Bidentate2

Behavior1

Magnetic2

Zinc1

Octahedral complex1

Amine2

Isomers1

19941

Transition metals1

Inorganic1

20221

Atoms3

Atom6

Chiral1

Precatalyst1

Metal19

High spin or low spin1

Reduction1