• 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • Potentially easier would be cloning cryogenically frozen humans, though the consensus among cloning experts is that it would be unethical and dangerous to clone a human. (newscientist.com)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • The manual screening methods traditionally used for cell line development are time-consuming and labor-intensive, creating a great demand for high throughput, automated solutions for such efforts. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Many zoos are not in a position to collect cells and freeze them in such a way as to preserve their viability, says Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts, but they can put a dead animal "in a plastic bag and throw it in the freezer", he adds. (newscientist.com)
  • This allows the instrument to preserve cell viability and outgrowth while simultaneously increasing cell deposition efficiency. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Maximize efficiency, preserve cell viability, and streamline your workflow with DispenCell and CloneSelect Imager FL bundle. (moleculardevices.com)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • The resulting embryo was then used to create embryonic stem cells, capable of generating every cell type in the body, and the nuclei of these cells were injected into other eggs to produce clones. (newscientist.com)
  • The Wakayama team used a modified version of a cloning technique in which the nucleus of a mouse cell - in this case a cell from dead tissue that has been frozen and then thawed - is injected into a mouse egg that has had its nucleus removed. (newscientist.com)
  • WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • But this is the first time animals have been cloned from lumps of tissue frozen without the use of chemicals that might protect the cells from damage. (newscientist.com)
  • Tracking the formation of a colony from a single cell is effortless, as barcoded plates are tracked over time. (moleculardevices.com)
  • The DispenCell Single-Cell Dispenser offers several key features, including high precision and accuracy in single-cell dispensing, adjustable cell concentration, and dispensing volume, compatibility with various plate formats, user-friendly software interface, and the ability to handle a large number of cells in a short amount of time. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Healthy mice have been cloned from cells from dead mice that had been frozen for 16 years, raising the possibility that endangered species could be cloned from old carcasses that have been tossed in freezers, rather than from living cells frozen using elaborate techniques. (newscientist.com)
  • These programs depend on the animal cells undergoing specialised chemical procedures before being frozen so that they come to life when thawed. (newscientist.com)
  • Globally, there are several cloning programmes that aim to increase the size of rapidly-dwindling populations of endangered species such as African wildcats, and maintain genetic diversity through one-off clonings of individuals that haven't bred . (newscientist.com)
  • Brain tissue is also high in sugars, which can protect cells when they freeze. (newscientist.com)
  • The CloneSelect® Imager FL is a high-throughput automated solution for imaging and analyzing mammalian cells. (moleculardevices.com)
  • Featuring high-contrast multichannel fluorescent and white light imaging that allows for accurate single-cell detection and proof of monoclonality at day 0, the instrument allows you to streamline your workflow with comparative confluence assays to identify and verify gene edits. (moleculardevices.com)
  • In the current study, Wakayama's team generate healthy cloned mice offspring from freeze dried somatic cell nuclei through an adapted nuclear transfer procedure. (genengnews.com)
  • At a press conference, US-based company Clonaid claimed the birth of a healthy cloned baby girl, nicknamed Eve by scientists, who was born by Caesarean section on Thursday to a 31-year-old US mother. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Scientists at the University of Yamanashi in Kofu, Japan, have developed a new method that uses freeze-dried somatic cells-cells other than reproductive cells-to clone mice. (genengnews.com)
  • Since Wakayama reported cloning whole animals from freeze dried sperms DNA, frog 3 and sheep 4 have been successfully cloned from somatic cells, indicating that the storage of gametes is not essential as a genetic resource. (genengnews.com)
  • Moreover, somatic cells can be easily collected from anywhere in the body, including body waste and following death. (genengnews.com)
  • Our data reveal that although some DNA abnormalities are observed in the process, freeze dried somatic cell nuclei can be used to generate blastocysts by nuclear transfer, and embryonic stem cell lines derived from these blastocysts yield donor nuclei that are capable of producing healthy, fertile cloned mice," the authors noted. (genengnews.com)
  • The researchers freeze-dried the somatic cells for up to nine months at -30°C, using trehalose as a cryoprotectant or epigallocatechin as an antioxidant. (genengnews.com)
  • They adapted the procedure for somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate embryos (blastocysts) and stable embryonic stem cell lines. (genengnews.com)
  • After nuclear transfer, we produced cloned blastocysts from freeze-dried somatic cells, and established nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines," the authors noted. (genengnews.com)
  • Cloning in higher species involves somatic cell nuclear transfer, a process in which the nucleus of a somatic (non-germ) cell is taken out and inserted into an enucleated fertilized female germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • This cell then has the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • As with many other tandemly repeated microsatellite sequences, pathogenic TNRs are highly unstable in both the somatic and germ cell lineage, leading to expansions and contractions in the length of the repeats in successive cell or individual generations. (bmj.com)
  • But storing reproductive cells in liquid nitrogen is tricky. (genengnews.com)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • This is reproductive cloning, and can in theory be applied to any species of mammals, including humans. (who.int)
  • Dr Patrick Dixon, an expert on the ethics of human cloning, described the news as "totally inevitable", but expressed fears over the morality of the project and the possibility that many abnormal foetuses would have been aborted before a healthy one survived. (bbc.co.uk)
  • That is how the first cloned sheep, named "Dolly", was created [3]. (who.int)
  • Cattle, mice, sheep and some other animals have been cloned with mixed success. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and therapeutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • Although the researchers could not retrieve healthy and functional sperm cells following the freeze-drying process, they could retrieve sperm DNA which they injected into oocytes to clone mice offspring. (genengnews.com)
  • They used fibroblast cells from the tip of mice tails. (genengnews.com)
  • In addition, the investigators selected nine female and three male cloned mice and allowed them to mate. (genengnews.com)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • Thus, the cloning vectors used often have elements necessary for their propagation and maintenance in E. coli, such as a functional origin of replication (ori). (wikipedia.org)
  • In its simplest form, cloning is defined as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
  • To test this hypothesis, we analysed normal length TNR sequences at a single repeat resolution by radioactive PCR and denaturating polyacrylamide gels, using DNA from multiple single cell clones expanded in the presence or absence of mitomycin-C (MMC), a mutagenic agent able to induce interstrand DNA cross links, strand breaks, and replication blockage. (bmj.com)
  • Why scientists want to carry out human cloning. (globalchange.com)
  • Scientists investigating a root cause of leukemia have made a key discovery around how genetic mutations can cause blood stem cells to go rogue, forming dangerous populations of cloned cells that can go on to become cancerous. (newatlas.com)
  • The team's experiments on zebrafish not only shed new light on how these cells protect themselves as they rapidly multiply, but reveal new targets for scientists looking to halt blood cancer in its early stages. (newatlas.com)
  • In this case, that meant the scientists could watch developing blood cells in real time and see how different genetic mutations altered their activity. (newatlas.com)
  • The scientists used CRISPR to introduce genetic mutations found in human clonal hematopoiesis and then waited to see if any caused one type of stem cell to take over and form a rogue population of cloned cells. (newatlas.com)
  • This process enabled the scientists to pinpoint which genetic mutations caused singular blood stem cell populations to become dominant. (newatlas.com)
  • The scientists then showed how knocking out one of the genes behind this protection, called nr4a1, saw the cloned cells forego this advantage. (newatlas.com)
  • The concept of human cloning has long been in the imagination of many scientists, scholars and fiction writers [1]. (who.int)
  • But BBC science correspondent Richard Black says most scientists doubt Clonaid's ability to clone a human and their motives, pointing to the company's intention to charge around $200,000 for each cloned child. (bbc.co.uk)
  • All females delivered litters, indicating fertility is retained in the cloned animals. (genengnews.com)
  • Clonaid has been racing against the Italian fertility doctor Severino Antinori to produce the first cloned baby. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Embryos and germ cells are commonly stored at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen. (genengnews.com)
  • Multi-cellular organisms and higher species replicate naturally through a reproduction mechanism involving male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • Reporter genes are used in some cloning vectors to facilitate the screening of successful clones by using features of these genes that allow successful clone to be easily identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • From there, they studied which genes different blood cells were turning on, which showed the mutated blood stem cells were switching on anti-inflammatory genes and producing anti-inflammatory molecules. (newatlas.com)
  • We also know that within humans (and other animal species) there are cells called stem cells. (who.int)
  • There are many types of cloning vectors, but the most commonly used ones are genetically engineered plasmids. (wikipedia.org)
  • All commonly used cloning vectors in molecular biology have key features necessary for their function, such as a suitable cloning site and selectable marker. (wikipedia.org)
  • A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
  • A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA that can be stably maintained in an organism, and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cloning vector may be DNA taken from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or it may be the plasmid of a bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • for example a stem cell encoding for skin tissue will eventually develop into skin tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue will eventually develop into heart tissue and so on. (who.int)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell is removed and replaced by a nucleus of another cell type, the stem cell will then be reprogrammed to produce the product of the implanted nucleus, when it fully develops. (who.int)
  • citation needed] Other cloning vectors may use topoisomerase instead of ligase and cloning may be done more rapidly without the need for restriction digest of the vector or insert. (wikipedia.org)
  • As species continue to face massive extinction, preserving genetic material through judicious biobanking to enable cloning is key to promoting the survival of species and maintaining biodiversity. (genengnews.com)
  • Dr Boisselier, former deputy director of research at the Air Liquid Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gasses, said that another cloned baby was due in northern Europe next week, and three others shortly afterwards. (bbc.co.uk)
  • In this TOPO cloning method a linearized vector is activated by attaching topoisomerase I to its ends, and this "TOPO-activated" vector may then accept a PCR product by ligating both the 5' ends of the PCR product, releasing the topoisomerase and forming a circular vector in the process. (wikipedia.org)
  • This typically works by disrupting or removing the lethal gene during the cloning process, and unsuccessful clones where the lethal gene still remains intact would kill the host cells, therefore only successful clones are selected. (wikipedia.org)
  • Serine was able to create mosaic mutations, such that some of the blood stem cells had the mutation and others didn't," says Zon. (newatlas.com)
  • Allele-specific PCR identified the same mutation in lymph node biopsy material from patient CEM cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • The L753F mutation was probably not responsible for the ontogeny of the disease because it did not appear to be present in all leukemic cells. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods where genetic material can be preserved long-term with minimal resources that enable the cloning of viable and fertile offspring upon prolonged storage. (genengnews.com)
  • This is caused by genetic mutations and sees blood stem cells multiply at a disproportionate rate compared to other cells, quickly forming distinct populations of cloned cells that can then become dominant. (newatlas.com)
  • However, the authors contend, the cloning success rate achieved indicates the new method may provide a viable alternative despite the DNA damage, since it provides a cost-effective and long-term solution. (genengnews.com)
  • This may be a multiple cloning site (MCS) or polylinker, which contains many unique restriction sites. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, until now, whole animals have only been cloned from freeze dried mature sperms. (genengnews.com)
  • Cloning is generally first performed using Escherichia coli, and cloning vectors in E. coli include plasmids, bacteriophages (such as phage λ), cosmids, and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning vectors in yeast include yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). (wikipedia.org)
  • The gene, once cloned into the cloning vector (called entry clone in this method), may be conveniently introduced into a variety of expression vectors by recombination. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, and in order to uncover a potential role of a functional mismatch repair (MMR) system in mutagen-induced TNR instability, all experiments were done in MMR proficient (SW480) or deficient cell lines (HCT116 and LoVo), as well as in the HCT116 cell line corrected for MMR deficiency by microcell mediated chromosome 3 transfer. (bmj.com)
  • Two of the expected babies were, she said, copies of dead children made using preserved cells. (bbc.co.uk)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • All cloning vectors have features that allow a gene to be conveniently inserted into the vector or removed from it. (wikipedia.org)
  • These are undifferentiated cells that have not yet developed into particular types of cells in order to carry out specific functions in the body. (who.int)
  • For reason of ease and convenience, cloning is often performed using E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
  • A copy constructor would probably be assumed to be a deep clone, but it's certainly not as much of a clear intent as using an IDeepClonable interface. (stackoverflow.com)
  • We could then 'compete' the cells in the fish's body to see which mutations caused a certain line of cells to take over. (newatlas.com)
  • This shielded them from inflammation and gave them a significant advantage over the other cells. (newatlas.com)
  • When they attempted to revive the cells with rehydration and stained them with propidium iodide, they observed that the cell membranes were damaged, and the cells were dead. (genengnews.com)