• Human bmMSCs were described in the late nineties as well [ 6 ] and at the same time a breakthrough study investigated the expression of typical cell surface markers and the proliferation and differentiation properties of human MSCs in more detail [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • They display differentiation capacities and therefore qualify as multipotent progenitor cells (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Overview on self-renewal or differentiation of stem cells in their respective stem cell niche. (hindawi.com)
  • Changes in the differentiation potential of MSCs after in vitro expansion were noted and chondrogenic clones especially disappeared early on [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In normal human subjects a small proportion of peripheral blood T-cells simultaneously express both CD4 and CD8 differentiation antigens. (uninsubria.it)
  • Five stromal-cell-dependent lymphocyte clones are described that correspond to late pre-B or early B-cell stages of differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • They are useful for determining the molecular requirements for pre-B replication, for studying the stromal cells that supply those factors, and for delineating the final sequence of differentiation events as newly formed lymphocytes prepare to exit the bone marrow. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Ly-6 antigens were inducible on 2E8 and 1A9 cells, but the lymphocytes were otherwise arrested in differentiation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The normal replication and differentiation of pre-B cells is probably regulated by complex interactions with multiple cytokines and matrix components of the marrow microenvironment. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
  • Indeed a wealth of studies from humans and mouse models establishes a particularly potent role for CD8 T cells in controlling the outgrowth of malignancies ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Isolation of T cell clones by limiting dilution from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) permitted functional validation regarding neoantigen specificity. (nih.gov)
  • In his paper "A Modification of Jerne's Theory of Antibody Production using the Concept of Clonal Selection", in the Australian Journal of Science, Dr Frank Macfarlane Burnet proposed that a large number of cells that can release antibodies already exist in the body and these cells are genetically designed to produce a unique antibody specificity. (oxsci.org)
  • The idea that specificity for diverse antigens already exists, before antigens are encountered, was a radical concept at the time, but became widely accepted and still holds today despite attempts to disprove it. (oxsci.org)
  • Subtle differences in epitope specificity were detected for two clones with differing TcR. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Once more, T cell clones with identical alpha and beta TcR chains were obtained from the separate cloning procedures, suggesting oligoclonalty of T cells with this defined specificity in the patient's SF. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This study demonstrates the potential of V H H-based CAR T for pancreatic cancer therapy and provides an engineering strategy for developing potent CAR T cells targeting membrane-distal epitopes. (nature.com)
  • The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. (jci.org)
  • While polyclonal antibodies are secreted by many different B cell clones and recognize multiple antigenic epitopes, monoclonals originate from a single B cell clone and are specific for just one epitope. (cellsignal.com)
  • We have examined the T cell receptor (TcR) expression of clones specific for epitopes of mycobacterial 65-kDa heat-shock protein (hsp65) in the context of two different HLA molecules, and used this system as a model to assess the selection of T cells responsive to this antigen in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CAR T-cell potency is highly dependent on target antigen expression, and CARs often fail to exert their antitumor activities when antigen expression is low or below a certain threshold. (nature.com)
  • The proliferation of the Mx9/9 stimulated cloned anticlone cells was blocked by anti-class II MoAbs, indicating that the autoreactive clones recognize their target antigen in conjunction with HLA Class II products. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Besides, the effects of different T cell functional modulators and cytokines on TIL manufacture have also been examined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is suggested that a single T cell clone, depending on the signals it receives from its environment, may release either helper or suppressor cytokines. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Currently, the most widely-used TIL production method is to isolate infiltrating lymphocytes from tumor tissues and then culture and expand these cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most lymphocyte clones were similar to uncloned lymphocytes from Whitlock-Witte cultures in that they responded only transiently to interleukin-7 (IL-7) and then died, unless maintained on a stromal-cell clone. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Tumors derived from this clone were infiltrated by stromal cells and lymphocytes taken from the tumors' retained characteristics of the original clone. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Memory T cells are T lymphocytes that have the similar capability of recognizing foreign particles that they previously encountered. (biologyonline.com)
  • Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell capable of producing a specific immune response to unique antigens. (biologyonline.com)
  • In this tutorial, learn about these lymphocytes and the mechanisms they employ to defend the body against the same antigens. (biologyonline.com)
  • Generally, T and B lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells are the T and B lymphocytes of the immune system that serves in normal immune function. (pediaa.com)
  • Generally, there are two types of T lymphocytes: cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, memory T cells are T lymphocytes that also recognize previously encountered antigens. (pediaa.com)
  • B and T lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells refer to relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response while memory cells refer to long-lived lymphocytes capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production. (pediaa.com)
  • In general, effector T cells either kill infected cells or help B lymphocytes to produce antibodies against antigens while effector B lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogens. (pediaa.com)
  • Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, T RM -like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (see the image below) is a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by localization of neoplastic T lymphocytes to the skin, with no evidence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • At the same time, by asymmetric cell division or after specific activation, stem cells must be able to generate more mature progenitor cells or differentiated effector cells (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • The main difference between effector and memory cells is that effector cells are short-lived cells whereas memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells and memory cells are two types of cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Furthermore, the other type of effector cells is effector B cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Moreover, effector cells are short-lived cells while memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Effector cells defend the body in response to an immune response while memory cells recognize and mount an immune response to a previously encountered antigen. (pediaa.com)
  • In brief, effector cells and memory cells are two types of cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • The main function of the effector cells is to mount an immune response to a particular pathogen. (pediaa.com)
  • Some clones will be effector cells, providing the primary immune response, and some will be memory cells, providing the secondary immune response. (oxsci.org)
  • Recently, MSCs isolated from bone marrow (bmMSCs) were shown to be a blend of distinct cells and MSCs isolated from different tissues show besides some common features also some significant differences. (hindawi.com)
  • Western blot analysis of extracts from various tissues using CB1 Receptor (D5N5C) Rabbit mAb (upper) and β-Actin (D6A8) Rabbit mAb #8457 (lower). (cellsignal.com)
  • Tissue-resident memory T cells occur in tissues while virtual memory T cells occur in clonal expansion events. (pediaa.com)
  • Resident memory (T RM ) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • Following effective priming in lymph nodes, T cells traffic to tumors and other peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • whereas T EM cells were shown to recirculate predominantly through blood, and peripheral tissues ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In the early 2000's, large and persistent populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues were initially classified as T EM cells in recirculation from the blood ( 8 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Clonal dynamics of alloreactive T cells in kidney allograft rejection after anti-PD-1 therapy. (harvard.edu)
  • However, spontaneous antitumor CD8+ T cell immunity in peripheral blood and tumors was restricted to a few clonal neoantigens featuring an oligo-/monoclonal T cell-receptor (TCR) repertoire. (nih.gov)
  • Our findings implicate immunological ignorance of clonal neoantigens as the basis for ineffective T cell immunity to melanoma and support the concept that therapeutic vaccination, as an adjunct to checkpoint inhibitor treatment, is required to increase the breadth and diversity of neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells. (nih.gov)
  • Put very simply, clonal selection is when one specific cell is selected and cloned to fight infection. (oxsci.org)
  • Moreover, the chemotherapy given to these patients mainly caused neutropenia, while having little effect on the proportion and functional phenotype of T and B cells, and T cell clonal expansion. (aging-us.com)
  • Notably, anti-PD-L1 treatment massively increased cytotoxic scores of NK cells, and T cells, and facilitated clonal expansion of T cells in these patients. (aging-us.com)
  • Southern blot analysis of T-cell receptor genes from parapsoriasis does not identify a dominant clone of T cells. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, single-cell-based proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of D4-IgG4H-CD28TM CAR T cells reveals specific genes (e.g. (nature.com)
  • The 2E8 cells had rearranged and expressed κ light-chain genes but displayed them on the surface along with surrogate light chains and μ heavy chains. (elsevierpure.com)
  • After cloning the antibody genes into an expression vector, this is then transfected into an appropriate host cell line for antibody expression. (cellsignal.com)
  • Earlier HIV infec- receptor gene polymorphism in HIV infection, tion diagnosis, inhibition of ongoing HIV replica- only genes of the HLA system were thought to tion with antiretroviral therapy (in industrialized protect against HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • The role of genes ceptibility to HIV infection and the course of HIV of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The discovery of the gene sequences and predicted protein structures, role of CCR5 alleles has prompted studies of but their ligands have not been identified the possible role of many other host genes in (orphan receptors). (cdc.gov)
  • Diverse repertoires of hypervariable immunoglobulin receptors (TCR and BCR) recognize antigens in the adaptive immune system. (elifesciences.org)
  • Some of these cloned anti-clone cells proliferated after stimulation with irradiated Mx9/9 cells, but not after stimulation with other autologous cloned T cells or heterologous PBM, suggesting that these clones recognize the T cell receptor (TCR) of the Mx9/9 cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These cells contain CD8+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class I molecules . (pediaa.com)
  • Helper T cells, on the other hand, contain CD4+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class II molecules . (pediaa.com)
  • Generally, helper T cells recognize antigens presented in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. (pediaa.com)
  • Memory cells are the long-lived cells in the immune system that have the ability to recognize antigens previously recognized by the immune system. (pediaa.com)
  • Memory cells, on the other hand, recognize and mount immune responses against a previously recognized antigen. (pediaa.com)
  • Expansion of MSCs was shown to be limited to a few passages of in vitro culture and the cells underwent replicative senescence [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, available in vitro protocols for expansion of MSCs do not yield true stem cells. (hindawi.com)
  • To address whether the expression of the CD8 receptor on the cell membrane was associated to differences in the physiology of the T-cells, we isolated, from the same clone, CD4 single positive (SP) cells from those co-expressing CD4/CD8 receptors (DP cells) and stimulated them in vitro with antigen presenting cells (APC) carrying TSHR. (uninsubria.it)
  • Upon recognition, cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis and degranulation in infected cells. (pediaa.com)
  • Their recognition of antigens for the second time allows mounting a faster and stronger immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • Cancer can be considered a disease of immune dysfunction, with a failure of immune recognition leading to the outgrowth of malignant cells as tumors ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • While innate immune cells are important for early tumor immune surveillance, T cells are fundamentally recognized for their crucial role in the antigen-specific recognition and elimination of malignantly transformed cells ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Sequencing alpha and beta chains of representative V beta 5.2+ and V beta 5.6+ PB-derived clones revealed TcR which were identical to those utilized by the SF-derived clones, showing that the repertoire for recognition of this antigen is stable over time. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that T RM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • We have investigated the role of the CD2 protein in the negative regulation of immune function and report that similar to antigen and anti-CD3, the monoclonal anti-CD2 antibodies (T112 and T113) can induce specific unresponsiveness. (ox.ac.uk)
  • When fluorochrome conjugated antibodies are bound to BD® CompBeads, they have spectral properties very similar to cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • But unlike memory B cells, the memory T cells do not produce antibodies. (biologyonline.com)
  • Traditional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are the product of normal B cell development and genetic recombination. (cellsignal.com)
  • Where polyclonal antibodies are purified directly from the serum of the immunized host, and monoclonals are purified from either hybridoma-derived tissue culture supernatant or ascites, recombinant antibodies are instead purified from the tissue culture supernatants of transfected host cell lines. (cellsignal.com)
  • The main function of plasma B cells is to secrete antibodies in humoral immune response and to activate cytotoxic and helper T cells to generate a cell-mediated immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • These proposed that antigens acted as templates for the formation of antibodies. (oxsci.org)
  • Plasma cells, antibodies and memory cells are created. (oxsci.org)
  • Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
  • Anti-V beta 8 MoAbs activate and induce cell proliferation of this clone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Autologous clones were raised against Mx9/9 cells using the peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells of the Mx9/9 clone donor (PBMjm). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Regulatory interactions among autologous T cell clones. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Human bifunctional T cell clones regulate the activity of an autologous T cell clone. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This may be subsequently original for cells to using and modelling crystallization topics at longitudinal applications when present compounds are thus with method and Joint predictions( pointwise as DNA in material receptor and final source) updating Models of nucleotide use at a Nonparametric likelihood. (scoutconnection.com)
  • We describe the role of allelic polymorphism in the gene coding for the CCR5 chemokine receptor with regard to susceptibility to and disease course of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
  • The development of immunoglobulin receptor repertoire sequencing methods makes it possible to perform repertoire-wide disease association studies of antigen receptor sequences. (elifesciences.org)
  • The efficiency of lymphocyte growth at limiting dilution varied substantially on different stromal-cell clones and may reflect functional heterogeneity of stromal cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • One unusual lymphocyte clone (2E8) was propagated for more than 1 year in IL-7 alone and was selectively responsive to that cytokine. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Most of the lymphocyte clones were not tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Cloned lymphocyte lines that are dependent on stromal cells should continue to be important tools for molecular definition of those interactions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • or from functionally distinct subsets such as CD4 and CD8 T-cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • This includes the expression of distinct antigens on subsets of MSCs, which was utilized recently to define and separate functionally different subsets from bulk MSCs. (hindawi.com)
  • We therefore briefly discuss differences found in subsets of human bmMSCs and in MSCs isolated from some other sources and touch upon how this could be utilized for cell-based therapies. (hindawi.com)
  • Such memory T cells were traditionally defined as being comprised of both central memory (T CM ) and effector memory (T EM ) subsets ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Memory B cells are clones of a parent B cell that previously served as an antigen-presenting cell and then activated by a helper T cell to proliferate. (biologyonline.com)
  • The ability of clone Mx9/9 to proliferate after stimulation with anti-V beta 8 MoAb was inhibited when clone 121 cells were added to the cultures. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Further, these B cells are activated by T cells to proliferate. (pediaa.com)
  • MSCs were also investigated for stem cell qualities in vivo. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
  • Restricted T cell receptor expression by human T cell clones specific for mycobacterial 65-kDa heat-shock protein: selective in vivo expansion of T cells bearing defined receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1990. Cell replication and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) activity of low molecular weight chlorinated paraffins in the rat liver in vivo. (cdc.gov)
  • Mx9/9 is a CD4 clone bearing an antigen receptor recognized by the Mx9 anti-V beta 8 monoclonal antibody (MoAb). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Heterogeneous antigen expression is a key barrier influencing the activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors. (nature.com)
  • To improve the response rate in B cell malignancies and translate the success of CAR T cells to solid tumors, the optimization of this class of therapeutics is required. (nature.com)
  • Several glycoproteins have recently been demonstrated to be associated with surface immunoglobulin (Ig) on mature B-lineage cells and plasma-cell tumors. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Such tumor-specific T RM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. (frontiersin.org)
  • In a growing number of cases, CD8 T cells have been shown to mediate the regression of large bulky tumors, resulting in durable long-term disease remissions ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • DR3-restricted clones were raised from both the synovial fluid (SF) and peripheral blood (PB) of a patient with reactive arthritis in three separate cloning events. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing in peripheral blood samples of 3 healthy donors (HDs), 4 COVID-19 patients (Covs) and 4 COVID-19 patients with active gynecological tumor (TCs) pre- and post- anti-tumor treatment. (aging-us.com)
  • Re-exposure to the pathogen s causes them to clone themselves immediately and as such respond to the infection more strongly. (biologyonline.com)
  • When B cells encounter a pathogen, they recognise the antigen and internalise, process and present it. (oxsci.org)
  • Mammalian cell lines are most commonly used for recombinant antibody production, although cell lines of bacterial, yeast, or insect origin are also suitable. (cellsignal.com)
  • Today, more than 50 years after the first successful bone marrow transplantation, clinical application of hematopoietic stem cells is a routine procedure, saving the lives of many every day. (hindawi.com)
  • However, transplanting other than hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is still limited to a few applications, and it mainly applies to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow. (hindawi.com)
  • The MSCs have been described for the first time as colony forming fibroblasts (CFU-F), a rare population of cells residing in the bone marrow of guinea-pigs or mice [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Nowadays, experts agree that MSCs may generate upon appropriate stimulation quite different mature cells including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, tenocytes, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and stromal cells of the bone marrow [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • B cells in the bone marrow divide to create new cells, but what's special here is that each daughter cell is different from its parent as well as from all its siblings. (oxsci.org)
  • Aplastic anemia is a disorder of the hematopoietic stem cell that results in a loss of blood cell precursors, hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow, and cytopenias in two or more cell lines (red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ultraviolet radiation shapes dendritic cell leukaemia transformation in the skin. (harvard.edu)
  • These properties have made lentiviral vectors advantageous for use in dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. (jci.org)
  • Mature dendritic cell (mDC) vaccination with tumor-encoded amino acid-substituted (AAS) peptides revealed diverse neoantigen-specific CD8+ T responses, each composed of multiple TCR clonotypes. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast to the ease of cloning and characterizing, at the molecular level, helper and cytotoxic T cells, suppressor T cells remain an enigma, and their existence as discrete entities is being increasingly challenged. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing virus-infected cells. (pediaa.com)
  • However, in both instances interleukin 2 receptor surface levels were increased. (ox.ac.uk)
  • T helper cells recognise the presented antigen and activate B cells via Interleukin 4 causing the B cells to clone. (oxsci.org)
  • As the nomenclature and description of the disease spectrum under the descriptive term parapsoriasis evolved, the primary focus has been on the distinction of whether the disorder progresses to mycosis fungoides (MF) or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). (medscape.com)
  • The initiating cause of parapsoriasis is unknown, but the diseases likely represent different stages in a continuum of lymphoproliferative disorders from chronic dermatitis stimulated by activated T cells to frank malignancy of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). (medscape.com)
  • Early patch-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (medscape.com)
  • Western blot analysis was performed using CB1 Receptor (D5N5C) Rabbit mAb. (cellsignal.com)
  • T RM responses against tumor/self-antigens can concurrently result in the development of pathogenic T RM responses to self, with a growing number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory pathologies being attributed to T RM responses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for T RM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting T RM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur. (frontiersin.org)
  • The persistence of such responses is fundamentally thought to be based on the ability of T cells to act as potent effectors and, subsequently, generate long-lived memory ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in cloned helper T cells mediated via the CD2 or CD3/Ti receptor pathways. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Genotypic pattern observed in small plaque parapsoriasis is similar to that observed in chronic dermatitis, and the pattern of clonality of T cells is consistent with the response of a specific subset of T cells that have been stimulated by an antigen. (medscape.com)
  • It is strongly recommended that when using a reagent for the first time, users compare the spillover on cells and BD CompBeads to ensure that BD® CompBeads are appropriate for your specific cellular application. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • In this study we characterized a subset of CD4+ clones, from a healthy donor, that is specific for the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and that showed cells co-expressing the CD8 receptor. (uninsubria.it)
  • The receptor is very specific and very powerful against the antigen it's designed for, but useless against any other antigen. (oxsci.org)
  • The result is a collection of genetically different B and T cells that are designed randomly for very specific antigens. (oxsci.org)
  • These cells then migrate to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, and lie in wait until they encounter their specific antigen. (oxsci.org)
  • T cell memory is antigen-specific, and can provide durable host-wide protection. (frontiersin.org)
  • As the field of cancer immunotherapy advances rapidly, it is now crucial to understand how the dissemination and maintenance of tumor-specific T cells can be optimally achieved. (frontiersin.org)
  • Similar studies of TcR expression were carried out on hsp65-specific, DP4-restricted clones derived from the SF of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis by two independent cloning procedures. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Overview of studies published regarding MSCs using the term "stem cell" or "stromal cell" in the last 20 years accessed by a web search in July 2015 (Google Scholar). (hindawi.com)
  • The DCs are then pulsed with synthetic peptide or cell lysate and matured with cytokine or TLR agonists. (jci.org)
  • The pre-existing T cell landscape determines the response to bispecific T cell engagers in multiple myeloma patients. (harvard.edu)
  • When an infection enters the body, dendritic cells eat some of the pathogens by phagocytosis then process and present the antigen to T helper cells in the lymphatic system using a MHC-II molecule. (oxsci.org)
  • Endogenous synthesis of antigen results in efficient proteolytic peptide processing and presentation of peptide antigen on MHC class I proteins. (jci.org)
  • Large plaque parapsoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, and the pathophysiology has been speculated to be long-term antigen stimulation. (medscape.com)
  • Also, the term "primary cutaneous CD4 + small/medium T-cell lymphoma" was changed to "primary cutaneous CD4 + small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder" because of its indolent clinical behavior and uncertain malignant potential. (medscape.com)
  • Clone Cells" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • Generation and characterization of infectious molecular clones of transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype C viruses. (harvard.edu)
  • Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (harvard.edu)
  • T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR) are hypervariable immunoglobulins that play a key role in recognizing antigens in the vertebrate immune system. (elifesciences.org)
  • The main function of helper T cells is to activate other cells in the immune system to mount an immune response. (pediaa.com)
  • These immune cells do not respond immediately when it first encounters an antigen but facilitates a more rapid secondary response when the antigen is encountered on a subsequent occasion. (biologyonline.com)
  • Classical definitions of memory T cells derive from the belief that T cells localize and recirculate predominantly throughout the blood and secondary lymphoid organs ( 7 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • However, for some fluorochromes there can be small differences in spectral emissions compared to cells, resulting in spillover values that differ when compared to biological controls. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Since the early years of the HIV epidemic, cell function, have been suggested to explain significant differences in the rate of disease these findings (7,10,11,15). (cdc.gov)
  • T helper cells cannot identify the antigen, but when presented to them, activate and start to clone. (oxsci.org)
  • The impact of intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) and the resultant neoantigen landscape on T cell immunity are poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • Since some therapeutic approaches in various human diseases are based on the manipulation of helper and suppressor functions, the question whether committed suppressor cells exist has important practical implications in medicine. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Memory B cells produce more robust antibody-mediated immune response during re-infection. (biologyonline.com)
  • Tumor development has been said to occur in three distinct steps: inefficient elimination of early transformed cells, development of a state of equilibrium between tumor cells and immune cells, and tumor escape from immune pressure ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • chain repertoires, by establishing a near-complete list of unique receptor chain sequences, or 'clonotypes', present in a sample. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here we propose a novel computational method to identify clonotypes which are likely to be shared because of selection for their response to a common antigen, instead of convergent recombination. (elifesciences.org)