Cloned cattle successfully cloned pig embryos clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
In 1996, Dolly the sheep achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from a somatic cell. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
In animal cloning, researchers remove the nucleus - the part of the cell that contains the DNA - from a fertilized egg and replace it with the nucleus of a somatic cell, e.g. a skin cell. (innovativegenomics.org)

If artificial cloning and natural cloning both lead to the same result, which is the formation of a clone, that is, an organism with identical or nearly identical genes to another organism, then the plight of This creation is very different between the two creatures. (wikipedia.org)
Totipotency is the ability of a cell to grow into a complete organism. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
DNA is extracted from an organism by breaking its cells, separation of nuclei and rupturing of nuclear envelope. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
The various clones representing all the genes of an organism are called gene library of that organism. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)

Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means. (wikipedia.org)
In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments. (wikipedia.org)
Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms. (wikipedia.org)
The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)

Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)

The use of embryonic stem cells, which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research has attracted controversy. (wikipedia.org)
NANOG is a core transcription factor (TF) in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primordial germ cells (PGCs). (biomedcentral.com)

Usually all plants are totipotent but in animals only fertilized egg (zygote) and stem cells in the embryonic blastocyst are totipotent. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)

It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)

I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)

Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)

Conclusion】 The expression trends of ADAMTS 1, PI 3 K and A k t genes and proteins were consistent and showed a positive correlation in ovary and granulosa cells of Mongolian sheep,suggested that ADAMTS 1 gene played an important role in twin birth of Mongolian sheep mediated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (chvm.net)
Other recent studies verified the presence of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells of humans, monkeys, cattle, mice, and pigs. (bioone.org)
Increases in the amount of PAPP-A mRNA in granulosa cells during follicular development occurs in some but not all species, indicating that other proteases or protease inhibitors may be involved in IGFBP degradation. (bioone.org)

Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. (wikipedia.org)
The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
PGCs express several pluripotency-related TFs such as NANOG, POU5F3 , and SOX2 , and their expression controls transcription of germness-related genes in these cells [ 11 , 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

It may occur accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. (wikipedia.org)
In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)

Cloning occurs naturally in asexually reproducing mi-crobes and vegetatively multiplying plants. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Moreover, most early-stage embryos that are produced naturally (that is, through the union of egg and sperm resulting from sexual intercourse) fail to implant and are therefore wasted or destroyed. (wikiquote.org)

Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning, a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. (wikipedia.org)
However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production, affinity tagging, single-stranded RNA or DNA production and a host of other molecular biology tools. (wikipedia.org)
Although NANOG plays a key role in germ cells, the molecular mechanism underlying its transcriptional regulation in PGCs has not been studied. (biomedcentral.com)

Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)

Asexually reproducing lower animals like Amoeba proteus also produces clones. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)

More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. (wikiquote.org)
More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
So it is unlikely that the cells would be viable. (wikiquote.org)
Let's say that one in a thousand cells were nevertheless viable, practical issues come into play. (wikiquote.org)

Clone is, therefore, an exact carbon copy or copies of a single living parent. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Cell cloning is the formation of multiple copies of the same cell. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Cloning forms millions of copies of the same microbe. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
if a desirable animal was produced, they could thaw the frozen cells and make more copies. (wptv.com)

Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
We can use stem cells to make embryos. (lifeboat.com)

Cloning is the production of living struc-tures genetically identical to their parent struc-ture. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Monozy-gotic identical twins are also clones as they are formed by split up of the early 2 or more celled embryo into two equal parts. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
Cells of a clone are identical genetically, morphologically and physiologically. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
Even while clones are genetically identical, their phenotypes - the characteristics they express - will be different. (wptv.com)
The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
The egg then forms an animal genetically identical to the animal that donated the nucleus: a clone. (innovativegenomics.org)

Cloning has been proposed as a means of reviving extinct species. (wikipedia.org)
depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (i.e. cloning soldiers for warfare). (wikipedia.org)
it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)

Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques. (wikipedia.org)
The main difference between the two is that natural cloning does not involve any human intervention, whereas artificial cloning is a genetic engineering technique. (wikipedia.org)
Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone. (wptv.com)
These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. (wptv.com)
From that moment forward, nearly all cells in that body have the same genetic makeup. (wptv.com)
In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
instead of half the genetic material coming from a sperm and half from an egg, it all comes from a single cell. (wptv.com)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
A germ cell-specific gene regulatory network is required to maintain the unique properties of primordial germ cells (PGCs) for transmission of genetic information to the next generation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Artificial cloning has been achieved in higher animals. (yourarticlelibrary.com)

banning of commercialized child bearing (i.e. partial and full surrogacy) as well as the crucial sale of ova, embryos or foetal parts and sperm. (wcc2013.info)

Dolly demonstrated that adult somatic cells also could be used as parents. (wptv.com)

Sheep Dolly is a clone of its mother. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)
In fact, one of the coauthors of the paper announcing Dolly worked in our laboratory for three years prior to going to Scotland to help create the famous clone. (wptv.com)
Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)

The present report gives an overview of the terms and methods used in cloning and summarizes the debates in the General Assembly. (who.int)
In mammals used in research and agriculture, two methods are used to generate edited embryos prior to transfer to a surrogate. (innovativegenomics.org)

Plant tissue can be similarly taken in liquid nutrient medium and shaken mechanically when cells separate. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)

Coined by Herbert J. Webber, the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών (klōn), twig, which is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. (wikipedia.org)

To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)

They produce clones. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
That way when these so-called haploid cells come together at fertilization, they produce one cell with the full complement of DNA. (wptv.com)
The resulting egg becomes a factory to produce an embryo that develops into an offspring. (wptv.com)

However, if we think back to what actually happened to the animal - it died, even if from the cold, the cells in the body would have taken some time to freeze. (wikiquote.org)

Afterwards, the cells are grown into whole plants ready for research. (innovativegenomics.org)

She lived to six and a half years, when she was eventually put down after a contagious disease spread through her flock, infecting cloned and normally reproduced sheep alike. (wptv.com)

Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Cloning is of several types-cell cloning, gene cloning, microbial cloning, plant cloning and animal cloning. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
From gene library, a clone having a specific gene can be identified and this gene can be multiplied by growing the relevant clone in a culture for study. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
The big difference between animals and plants is how the gene-editing machinery is delivered into cells. (innovativegenomics.org)
In this process, all the DNA in a fertilized egg is taken out and the DNA from an edited cell line is transferred in to make an gene-edited embryo. (innovativegenomics.org)
Regulation of the NANOG gene by TFs, epigenetic factors, and autoregulatory factors is well characterized in ESCs, and transcriptional regulation of NANOG is well established in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Many studies have investigated germ cell-specific gene promoters to understand their regulatory mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusion】 The PERP 1 gene had the function of promoting granulosa cell apoptosis,and regulating its expression was of great significance for follicular development. (chvm.net)
Objective】 This study was aimed to clone the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene in Cygnus olor and analyze its encoded protein by bioinformatics,so as to provide an important reference basis for further exploring the immune mechanism of TLR4 protein against pathogenic microorganisms in Cygnus olor . (chvm.net)
Method】 The sequence of TLR 4 gene CDS in Cygnus olor was amplified by PCR and cloned.NCBI-BLAST and Mega-X were used for sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree construction.The structure and function of TLR4 protein and its interaction with host protein were predicted using ProtParam,SWISS-MODEL,etc. (chvm.net)

However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)

In addition, TFs generally initiate and guide cell fate such as lineage progression and control the stability of cell differentiation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In contrast, pluriopotency is the ability of a cell to develop ИПу type Ot the Cell in the animal body, for example, kidney cells or heart cells or nerve cells. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
However, techniques have been developed to grow animal cells. (yourarticlelibrary.com)
But there was no way to easily know all the characteristics of the animal that would result from a cloned embryo or fetus. (wptv.com)
Thus, one could know the characteristics of the animal being cloned. (wptv.com)
This time lag would allow for breakdown of the cells, which normally happens when any animal dies. (wikiquote.org)

The Honeycomb Game is a word-building game: make words by clicking on cells in the honeycomb below. (claylane.uk)

To date, some 35 countries have adopted laws forbidding human cloning. (who.int)
Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)

In bioethics, there are a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning. (wikipedia.org)

In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)

Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. (wikipedia.org)

With the help of micropipette, single cells are added to fresh culture media for multiplication and formation of cell clones. (yourarticlelibrary.com)

Cloning is a natural form of reproduction that has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. (wikipedia.org)

Mares were killed 7.5-8.5 days after transfer and the uterus and oviducts flushed for embryo recovery. (bioone.org)

More than 10 different cell types have been used successfully as "parents" for cloning. (wptv.com)

In the other, gold-plated DNA is projected at plant tissues at high speeds and pressures to penetrate into the plant cell. (innovativegenomics.org)

Anatomy8

Organisms4

Diseases1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes7

Information Science3

Somatic cell10

Organism5

Organisms6

Reproductive3

Embryonic stem2

Blastocyst2

Mammal1

Livestock species2

Genetically engineered1

Granulosa cells3

Genes3

Fertilized egg splits2

Naturally2

Molecular4

Occurs1

Asexually2

Viable4

Copies4

Stem2

Identical10

Species3

Genetic9

Artificial1

Sperm1

Adult somatic1

Dolly4

Methods2

Tissue3

Derives1

Biology1

Produce3

Freeze1

Research1

Sheep1

Gene10

Mechanisms1

Differentiation1

Animal5

Make1

Human2

Ethical1

Animals1

Term1

Formation1

Allowed life1

Transfer1

Types1

Plant1