Cloned blastocyst cloned from adult cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

In 2008, he became the first man to clone himself, donating his own DNA via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce mature human embryos that were his clones. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, they specifically proposed hESC research should steer away from attempting to produce viable offspring, focusing efforts on the use of cloned embryos as a viable source for deriving stem cell lines instead. (wikipedia.org)
The five cloned embryos were later destroyed, In January 2008, Wood and Andrew French, Stemagen's chief scientific officer in California, announced that they had successfully created the first five mature human embryos using DNA from adult skin cells, aiming to provide a less-controversial source of viable embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
It is not clear if the embryos produced would have been capable of further development, but Dr. Wood stated that if that were possible, using the technology for reproductive cloning would be both unethical and illegal. (wikipedia.org)
The five cloned embryos, created in Stemagen Corporation lab in La Jolla, were later destroyed. (wikipedia.org)
In January 2006, Hwang's home research institution, Seoul National University, delivered a damning report about Hwang's work on cloned human embryos, concluding it was all based on fraudulent data. (nature.com)
A linkurl:report;http://stemcells.alphamedpress.org/cgi/reprint/2007-0252v1.pdf published online today that researchers have cloned human embryos is not that much of an advance, according to one stem cell expert, Douglas Melton, at Harvard University. (the-scientist.com)
Several of the reconstructed oocytes developed as normal embryos, although only one of the blastocysts contained donor DNA or mitochondrial DNA. (the-scientist.com)
The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
Reprogramming was demonstrated by the capacity of the reconstructed embryos to develop to the blastocyst stage in vitro and into fetuses and viable offspring in suitable foster mothers. (cnrs.fr)
In addition, our experiments show that heat-treating donor nuclei destabilizes higher-order features of chromatin (but leaves intact its nucleosomal organization) and results in a high proportion of reconstructed embryos developing to the blastocyst stage and beyond. (cnrs.fr)
Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
A year ago, we showed that you could do it with cells from embryos," says Wilmut. (newscientist.com)
Particularly valuable animals could be cloned from adult cells without the uncertainties of crossing them with other animals or tinkering with embryos. (newscientist.com)
More importantly, biotechnologists will for the first time be able to manipulate the genes of cells from farm animals directly before growing them into embryos. (newscientist.com)
But scientists have not managed to isolate such cells from farm animals, and must rely instead on injecting genes randomly into early embryos. (newscientist.com)
Today, this technique continues to form the foundation for research on mammalian embryos, including technologies such as transgenic engineering, embryonic stem cell therapy, human in vitro fertilization, mammalian cloning, and knockout engineering. (avma.org)
From there, Dr. Brinster became interested in modifying the development of animals and their germ lines, and he went on to become the first person to show that it was possible to colonize a mouse blastocyst with stem cells from older embryos. (avma.org)
The use of embryonic stem cells has been a source of considerable controversy due to its sacrifice of human embryos in the blastocyst stage, which some people view as the destruction of human life . (citizendium.org)
Human embryos fertilized in the ordinary manner and harvested in the blastocyst stage have been used as an extensive source of stem cells for research purposes, and have been shown to possess therapeutic value in laboratory animals. (citizendium.org)
The most infamous study of embryonic stem cells asserted that cloned human embryos had been created via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and stem cells had been generated from these embryos. (citizendium.org)
Ethical objections to the use of human embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of human embryos in the blastocyst stage to obtain the stem cells. (citizendium.org)
The problem is that stem cells are currently sourced from human embryos, either from aborted fetuses (as in this case), or from blastocysts created by artificial insemination and grown in vitro specifically for the purpose. (blogspot.com)
But stem cells from embryos/blastocycts either aborted or cultured are IMO unethical to use. (blogspot.com)
We are opposed to the creation and use of human embryos or blastocysts for research purposes in which they are destroyed, discarded or knowingly subjected to risk of injury or death. (visionamerica.us)
True cloning performed by nuclear transfer from an adult and differentiated somatic cell to a previously enucleated egg (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT), gives rise to a new cell, the nuclovulo (nucleus+ovum), distinct from the zygote because the sperm is not involved in its creation, while both can develop as embryos and give rise to offspring. (sibi.org)
The efﬁciency of cloning, deﬁned as the proportion of transferred embryos that result in viable offspring, is approximately 2 to 3% for all species. (sibi.org)
The fact remains, however, that the Government's view last year was that the 1990 Act extended to embryos created by cell nuclear replacement. (parliament.uk)
This week's New Scientist says that creating the embryos that ACT Advanced Cell Technology was working on involved the use of 71 eggs donated by seven volunteers and three failed rounds of experiments before the first cloned embryo was generated. (parliament.uk)
Yamanaka worked to find new ways to acquire embryonic stem cells to avoid the social and ethical controversies surrounding the use of human embryos in stem cell research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. (asu.edu)
In 1-cell and 2-cell embryos Dnmt1s is derived from the oocyte, whereas from the 2-cell stage onward the embryo starts to synthesize its own Dnmt1s 8 . (nature.com)
These cells, taken from days' old embryos called blastocysts, have the ability to form any tissue in the body. (harvard.edu)
These scientists destroyed the embryos and derived stem cell lines. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Most embryos…formed one or two pronuclei at the time of removal from TSA, whereas a slightly higher portion of embryos cleaved…suggesting that some SCNT embryos did not exhibit visible pronuclei at the time of examination… Most cleaved embryos developed to the eight-cell stage…but few progressed to compact morula…and blastocyst. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Activation of embryonic genes and transcription from the transplanted somatic cell nucleus are required for development of SCNT embryos beyond the eight-cell stage…Therefore, these results are consistent with the premise that our modified SCNT protocol supports reprogramming of human somatic cells to the embryonic state. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
A story in News.Com.Au-which runs stories from several Australian newspapers celebrates the cloning breakthrough because it means no embryos are used in the process! (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
But it is an important step in research because it doesn't require the use of embryos in creating the type of stem cell capable of transforming into any other type of cell in the body. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The Los Angeles Times has waded in to the junk biology game, assuring us that no embryos are threatened in human cloning-WHEN THE WHOLE POINT OF HUMAN CLONING IS TO CREATE AN EMBRYO! (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

Australian scientist Andrew French, best known for his work with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in the mammalian reproduction process, co-investigated with Wood and French's Australian colleague, Alan Trounson. (wikipedia.org)
Based on meticulous mammalian study review, the researchers concluded that the rigorous procedures developed for mammalian reproduction held promise for practical application in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line production. (wikipedia.org)
To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloned mammalian offspring originating from nonviable cells. (cnrs.fr)
Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
Twenty years have passed since Dolly the sheep was born by cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT) but the results of non-human mammalian cloning are very poor, and cause animal diseases and huge biological losses. (sibi.org)
I believe that the reprogramming errors are not the only cause of these low rates of cloning: the mammalian SCNT fails with a very high frequency mainly due to the damage that the technique itself inflicts in the egg and the somatic nucleus, and the very few successful cases occur only when the damage is not significant. (sibi.org)
The early mammalian embryo consists of the extra-embryonic cell layers-the trophoblast and a body of cells called the inner cell mass (ICM), which eventually become the embryo proper. (thefutureofthings.com)

In therapeutic cloning, the blastocyst is not transferred to a womb. (eurostemcell.org)
Another long-term hope for therapeutic cloning is that it could be used to generate cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (eurostemcell.org)
To date, no human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using therapeutic cloning, so both these possibilities remain very much in the future. (eurostemcell.org)
Wood entered the arena of stem cell research shortly after the first published study of nuclear transfer stem cells (NTSC), also known as human therapeutic cloning, was withdrawn when the principal author's claims were called into question due to falsified data and ethical deviation from scientific research standards. (wikipedia.org)
With Hwang discredited, both the field of therapeutic cloning and the public's trust in science have suffered a serious setback. (nature.com)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
The use of the pluripotent and/or self-renewing qualities of stem cells is believed to have therapeutic benefits for the regeneration of tissue in humans. (citizendium.org)
Otherwise, such a treaty would not recognize the inherent human nature of the early human embryo or fetus until after birth , and thus cloning them and using them for research - both "therapeutic" and "reproductive" -- would not be banned, and women undergoing "infertility treatments" could surely be put in danger. (lifeissues.net)
A number of large biotech companies and scientists are looking toward stem cells as the basis for a therapeutic solution to cure such illnesses as blindness, diabetes and spinal cord injuries. (thefutureofthings.com)
Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through therapeutic cloning have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies. (techxplore.com)
With this background information as a foundation, we then discuss each of the key questions in relation to the upcoming therapeutic trial and critically assess if the time is ripe for clinical translation of parthenogenetic stem cell technology in Parkinson's disease. (lu.se)

Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, the first animal to be produced as a genetic copy of another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
To produce Dolly, the cloned blastocyst was transferred into the womb of a recipient ewe, where it developed and when born quickly became the world's most famous lamb. (eurostemcell.org)
It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
The difference with Dolly is that all her DNA originated in a cell from the udder of an adult sheep. (newscientist.com)
Dolly was the only lamb born from 277 fusions of oocytes with udder cells. (newscientist.com)
Back in 1996, when the sheep Dolly was the first mammal cloned into existence, she was not cloned from the cells of a live animal. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Dolly was a product of nuclear transfer cloning, a process in which a cell nucleus of the animal to be cloned is physically transferred into an egg cell whose nucleus had previously been removed. (khanneasuntzu.com)
Although Dolly's genetic parent had not been taken from the grave and magically resurrected, Dolly was nevertheless probably a nearly exact genetic duplicate of the deceased ewe from which she had been cloned, and so in that sense Dolly had indeed been "raised from the dead. (khanneasuntzu.com)
I was the Minister responsible for science at the time of the cloning of Dolly the sheep. (parliament.uk)
Member for Norwich, North (Dr. Gibson) mentioned the number of cells that had to fail so that Dolly could eventually be cloned. (parliament.uk)
Yamanaka also noted that experiments in cloning Dolly the sheep in 1996, conducted by Ian Wilmut, Angelica Schnieke, Jim McWhir, Alex Kind, and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute in Roslin, Scotland, influenced his work. (asu.edu)
The Dolly experiment showed that scientists could reprogram the nucleus of somatic cells by transferring the contents of the nucleus into oocytes that have had their nuclei removed, a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (asu.edu)

Wood and five other researchers published their findings in the online research journal Stem Cells in an article entitled Development of Human cloned Blastocyst Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) with Adult Fibroblasts. (wikipedia.org)
Using eggs from adult women who had previously donated for successful fertility treatments, the researchers used SCNT to transfer DNA into the egg cells. (the-scientist.com)
Again, Saunders is referring to SCNT as "THE" cloning procedure, when there are many other ways to clone a human being as well, and he is scientifically mis-defining the product of SCNT (i.e., the cloned human embryo). (lifeissues.net)
Prior to SCNT, the somatic cell (differentiated) must be reprogramed to a similar state of a pluripotent embryonic cell (undifferentiated) before the nucleus is extracted and transferred. (sibi.org)
체세포 핵 치환 (Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)은 난자 의 핵 을 제거한 후에, 체세포 의 핵을 이식하여 복제 를 하는 기술을 말한다. (wikipedia.org)
Once the SCNT is done, the cloning is over. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The cloning is completed when the SCNT is accomplished. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

These stem cells are genetically matched to the donor organism, holding promise for studying genetic disease. (eurostemcell.org)
Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
Viruses do their damage by entering the cells of the host organism and then using the cellular machinery to replicate themselves, often killing the host cells in the process. (khanneasuntzu.com)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
conversely, two blastocysts may fuse to form a single (chimeric) organism. (wikiquote.org)
On the other hand, a chimera is defined as an organism in which cells from two or more different organisms have contributed. (frontiersin.org)
In 2004, Yamanaka began working at Kyoto University as a professor, where he studied factors that help an organism fend off retroviruses, which are single-stranded RNA viruses that can incorporate their genetic material into the DNA of a host cell. (asu.edu)
Microenvironment -The molecules and compounds such as nutrients and growth factors in the fluid surrounding a cell in an organism or in the laboratory, which are important in determining the characteristicsof the cell. (cellmedicine.com)
A cloned embryo-like a natural embryo-is an individual organism, a member of its (in this case, human) species. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
At the top of the list comes the zygote-a fertilized egg, which of course has the ability to divide and differentiate into all cell types in the body and create a new organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
The first three divisions of the zygote give birth to eight totipotent cells, each of which also has the ability to become an entire organism. (thefutureofthings.com)
Internal signals producing apoptosis depend on interactions of several proteins and may serve to protect the organism from cancer by killing cells that have pre-cancerous changes. (agemed.org)

A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
In my opinion there is no question but that the scientific information on stem cell research included in this science text book being used in Illinois schools incorporates some inaccurate scientific facts, and seems to be very partial to the use of human embryonic "stem cell" research. (lifeissues.net)
However, supporters of embryonic stem cell research frequently contend that even the comparison to abortion is inappropriate, since while a several month old fetus might have sufficient neurological development to be conscious in some meaningful sense, a human embryo in the blastocyst stage has so little development that one can safely conclude that it cannot exist as a conscious being. (citizendium.org)
While regarded by many top scientists as the Holy Grail of medicine, others consider embryonic stem-cell research sacrilegious. (thefutureofthings.com)

For example, stem cells could be generated using the nuclear transfer process described above, with the donor adult cell coming from a patient with diabetes or Alzheimer's. (eurostemcell.org)
While attending the Medical College of Virginia, Wood researched isolating a DNA nuclear matrix of HeLa cells using a poly(dT) template. (wikipedia.org)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
Reprogramming by nuclear transfer (NT) cloning forces cells to lose their lineage-specific epigenetic marks and reacquire totipotency. (bvsalud.org)
More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
The advent of techniques to propagate animals by nuclear transfer, also known as cloning, potentially offers many important applications to animal agriculture, including reproducing highly desired elite sires and dams. (nationalacademies.org)
G) No sex difference in nuclear or soma size of PR+ VMHvl cells in PRPL mice. (cdc.gov)

After many divisions in culture, this single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with almost identical DNA to the original donor who provided the adult cell - a genetic clone. (eurostemcell.org)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Next, the researchers take cells containing donor genetic material. (newscientist.com)
Wilmut and his colleagues fuse the empty oocyte with the donor cell by bringing them together and subjecting them to an electric current. (newscientist.com)
Wilmut says there were so many failures because it is difficult to ensure that the empty oocyst and the donor cell are at the same stage of the cell division cycle. (newscientist.com)
We hypothesized that quiescence alters the epigenetic status of somatic NT donor cells and elevates their reprogrammability. (bvsalud.org)
However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
Recent news of an impending clinical cell transplantation trial in Parkinson's disease using parthenogenetic stem cells as a source of donor tissue have raised hopes in the patient community and sparked discussion in the research community. (lu.se)

In this procedure, the nucleus of an egg cell is removed and replaced by the nucleus of a cell from another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
After being inserted into the egg, the adult cell nucleus is reprogrammed by the host cell. (eurostemcell.org)
The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
7. "[footnote 16]: The cloning procedure supplies the oocyte with a complete set of chromosomes, all of which are contained in the nucleus which is transferred into the denucleated oocyte. (lifeissues.net)
DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical found primarily in the nucleus of cells. (cellmedicine.com)
The team at OHSU [Oregon Health and Science University], which disclosed its work in a paper published online by Cell, created embryonic stem cells by replacing the nucleus in an unfertilized human egg with the nucleus from a skin cell, then harvesting the resulting stem cells. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

Blastocyst -A preimplantation embryo of about 150 cells. (cellmedicine.com)

Unlike some other tissues, it has not been possible to identify or purify neural stem cells directly from the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
She is the first mammal ever created from the non-reproductive tissue of an adult animal. (newscientist.com)
If the same could be achieved in humans, it would mean that each of us could have clones of ourselves made from our own tissue. (newscientist.com)
Mammary glands are rich in these cells, which are more adaptable than other tissue. (newscientist.com)
But if, as seems likely, the Roslin team has succeeded in making an entire animal from adult tissue, it might be possible to do the same for humans. (newscientist.com)
Undifferentiated cells, found in a differentiated tissue, that can renew themselves and - with certain limitations - differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which they originated. (michaeljfox.org)
The term stem cell is also used in reference to any adult cells that are capable of assisting in the restoration of adult tissue via self-renewal. (citizendium.org)
Such tissue renewal may be accomplished via the use of adult stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, which may be derived from a human embryo in the blastocyst stage. (citizendium.org)
But their chief objection - that obtaining stem cells requires killing a human being - is about to become moot, as researchers have discovered that human adult stem cells can be differentiated into neural tissue in chicken eggs . (blogspot.com)
Although adipose tissue stem cells are more efficient than umbilical cord stem cells, they share similar limitations. (stemaid.com)
Unlike Adult stem cells, which are limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin, ESC are pluripotent and can express the DNA of all the cell-types of the body. (stemaid.com)
Functional validation of these novel cardiac genes by RNAi-mediated knockdown of the conserved orthologs in Drosophila cardiac tissue reveals that disrupting the activity of 71% of these genes leads to adult mortality. (bvsalud.org)
If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
Harvard's ability is critical in this case, Summers said, given the promise of stem cells to cure organ or tissue failure from diseases that afflict 150 million nationally. (harvard.edu)
Stem cells have generated excitement among researchers from their ability to both regenerate themselves and to produce specialized tissue cells. (harvard.edu)
Bone marrow stromal cells -A stem cell found in bone marrow that generates bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous connective tissue. (cellmedicine.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells -Cells from the immature embryonic connective tissue. (cellmedicine.com)
In addition to their ability to supply cells at the turnover rate of their respective tissues, they can be stimulated to repair injured tissue caused by liver damage, skin abrasions and blood loss. (thefutureofthings.com)
and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)
This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)

But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells are prepared by introducing foreign genes into adult cells. (stemaid.com)
The pluripotent stem cells differentiate further into cells commonly called multipotent stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
They called the pluripotent stem cells that they produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they had induced the adult cells, called differentiated cells, to become pluripotent stem cells through genetic manipulation. (asu.edu)
After these experiments with somatic cells, Takahashi and Yamanaka hypothesized that there were common factors, genes in particular, which caused somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cells. (asu.edu)
Feeder layer -Cells used in co-culture to maintain pluripotent stem cells. (cellmedicine.com)
As if it were induced pluripotent stem cells, which really do turn skin into stem cells. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells are commonly termed embryonic germ (EG) cells because they are derived from primordial germ cells found at the genital ridges in developing fetuses. (biomedcentral.com)

The researchers wanted to see whether "mature" cells that have differentiated to fulfil a specialised role (such as that of an udder cell or a fetal cell) could be returned to a primitive state from which they could grow into entire organisms. (newscientist.com)
Totipotent cells have the capacity to differentiate to all cell types, including somatic cells, germ cells, and certain cells that exist outside the embryo and are important to fetal development that are termed extraembryonic cells. (citizendium.org)
From our research, several cases have been reported in which patients had developed tumors after spinal treatment with fetal stem cells. (stemaid.com)

Those who oppose this practice often argue that human life begins from the moment of conception, and that, therefore, destruction of a blastocyst stage embryo is morally equivalent to abortion and infanticide . (citizendium.org)
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from a blastocyst (either donated or cloned from a skin-cell), which is an early-stage embryo (5 days old) of 100-200 cells that are barely visible to the naked eye. (stemaid.com)

cloning" [6] , a reference the claim of Clonaid that it had produced five cloned human infants. (citizendium.org)

Despite immense promise, somatic cell reprogramming still faces a critical challenge. (sibi.org)

To test this idea, we compared chromatin composition and cloning efficiency of serum-starved quiescent (G0) fibroblasts versus nonstarved mitotically selected (G1) controls. (bvsalud.org)
Cells usually consist of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (cellmedicine.com)
2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)

Moreover, Dr. Brinster first demonstrated that teratocarcinoma cells could combine with blastocyst cells to form adult chimeric mice, establishing the feasibility of this approach to change the genetic character of mice. (avma.org)
In this regard, emerging technologies of chimeric human organ production via blastocyst complementation (BC) holds great promise. (frontiersin.org)

At present, this is only possible with mice, using so-called embryonic stem cells. (newscientist.com)
After sixteen weeks, the injured mice who received human stem cell injections experienced a significant improvement in the motor functions that had been impaired by their injuries. (citizendium.org)
Furthermore, the use of diphtheria toxin -- which is far more toxic to human cells than mouse cells -- to destroy the human neurons in the mice reversed the observed improvements in motor function. (citizendium.org)
Cross-species transplantation was possible without the rejection of the human embryonic stem cells by the mice's immune systems because the mice were genetically modified to suppress certain immune responses that would have interfered with transplantation. (citizendium.org)
in 1956 and Till and McCulloch in 1961, demonstrating that lethally irradiated mice could be rescued with cells from freshly isolated bone marrow [ 10 ] and that BM cells formed spleen clonies (CFU-S) following transplantation to irradiated recipients [ 30 ], respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Each gene was inserted near the mouse Fbx15 gene, a gene that embryonic stem cells express during development in mice. (asu.edu)
The mosaic mice had been developed by injecting targeted Sera clones into C57BL/6 blastocysts and bred with PGK-transgenic mice to create reporter was beneath the control of endogenous promoter as well as the reporter was fused in framework with the 1st 189 proteins of DLIC1 proteins after splicing. (monossabios.com)
Adult Dab2-deficient mice had a small but statistically significant increase in serum cholesterol levels. (biomedcentral.com)
A) Sex differences in density of -gal+ (PR+) cells in adult PRPL/PL mice. (cdc.gov)
F) The vast majority of -gal+ (PR+) cells in various regions in PRPL mice are neurons, as evidenced by co-labeling with NeuroTrace (fluorescent Nissl) in the arcuate and NeuN for the remaining regions. (cdc.gov)
E, F) Cre expression mirrors that of PR in the VMHvl of adult PRCre/+ mice in adjacent sections. (cdc.gov)

The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka selected twenty-four candidate genes as factors that they hypothesized could possibly induce somatic cells to become pluripotent, and they began to test them one at a time. (asu.edu)
If one of the infected cells showed G418 resistance, then the scientists would know that one of the twenty-four genes influenced the cell to become an embryonic stem cell-like cell. (asu.edu)
Promoters of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation are preferentially remethylated at the 8-cell stage, suggesting that this mode of energy metabolism may not be favored. (nature.com)
Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

Neurons that arise in the adult nervous system originate from neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells. (elifesciences.org)
Neural stem cells can also give rise to neural progenitor cells, which proliferate rapidly during their short lives and then 'differentiate' into neurons or glia. (elifesciences.org)
Consequently, neural stem and progenitor cells have usually been studied retrospectively, based on their ability to form colonies in laboratory cell cultures. (elifesciences.org)
A region of the brain called the subventricular zone contains both neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells, and is one of only two regions of the brain where neural stem cells are found in adult mammals. (elifesciences.org)
Adult stem cells can be used to accelerate bone or tendon healing , and they can induce cartilage progenitor cells to produce a better matrix and repair cartilage damage . (thefutureofthings.com)
In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing specialized cells, but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin or intestinal tissues. (techxplore.com)
To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

In response to the Donaldson report last August, the Government signalled their intention to make explicit what they thought was implicit in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 that human cloning for reproductive purposes was banned. (parliament.uk)

The term stem cell is generally used to describe cells that are totipotent , pluripotent , or multipotent . (citizendium.org)
A fertilized egg is totipotent, meaning that its potential is total, and as the fertilized egg divides all the cells in the embryo remain totipotent until the fertilized egg has reached the 8/16-cell stage. (biomedcentral.com)
Approximately five days after fertilization the totipotent cells have differentiated and started to form a hollow sphere of cells called a blastocyst. (biomedcentral.com)

Preimplantation biopsy of blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization is an invasive technique. (medscape.com)

The blastocyst consists of a sphere made up of an outer layer of cells (the trophectoderm), a fluid-filled cavity (the blastocoel), and a cluster of cells on the interior (the inner cell mass). (cellmedicine.com)

General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)

Since neurosphere-forming cells can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia, the ability of cells to form neurospheres has generally been taken as evidence that they are stem cells. (elifesciences.org)
Pluripotent cells may differentiate to cells of most types, and multipotent cells are capable only of differentiating to certain types within a group of cells that perform similar functions. (citizendium.org)
Until recently it was considered a fact that, for example, hematopoietic stem cells did not have the potential to differentiate into cells of other types than the cells constituting the blood system. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell-based therapies -treatment in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or depleted adult cell populations or tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
As the embryonic cells divide and the daughter cells differentiate, they become increasingly specific. (thefutureofthings.com)
The ICM continues to differentiate into three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, each of which follows a specific developmental destiny that takes them along an ever-specifying path at which end the daughter cells will make up the different organs of the human body. (thefutureofthings.com)
These adult stem cells are considered multipotent, having the ability to differentiate into different cell types, albeit with a more limited repertoire than embryonic stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
A particular field encouraged by the foundation is stem-cell research, with the great hope that it will result in the ability to get cells to differentiate into neurons and support cells to bridge the gap of a spinal cord injury. (thefutureofthings.com)
In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialized embryonic tissues. (techxplore.com)

In mouse, a unidirectional demethylation process from the zygote stage to blastocyst stage is observed using either reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) or single-base resolution whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) method. (nature.com)

Expression of AND-34 regulates epithelial cell growth pattern, motility, and growth factor dependence. (molvis.org)
In vitro studies indicate that Dab2 establishes epithelial cell polarity and organization by directing endocytic trafficking of membrane glycoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)

In the case of mesenchymal stem cells, their "mission" or genetically determined function is to repair skin , conjunctive tissues, muscle, and tendon damage. (stemaid.com)
A few of the cells in the inner cell mass will develop into the foetus, whereas the rest will form the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for foetal development in the uterus. (biomedcentral.com)
Astrocyte -One of the large neuroglia cells of neural tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
This long-sought technique may eventually let doctors create replacement cells for a wide variety of tissues from bits of a patient's own skin. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The ability of our body to regenerate some of its tissues is largely owed to the reserves of adult stem cells. (thefutureofthings.com)
embryonic stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult tissues. (techxplore.com)
Stem cells can now be grown and transformed into specialized cells with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture. (techxplore.com)

The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
Whole-genome approaches based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) have provided insight into the genomic location of regulatory elements throughout different cell types, organs and organisms. (bvsalud.org)
In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
Stem cells are cells found in most, if not all, multi-cellular organisms. (techxplore.com)

These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
Here we describe the cloning and characterization of the developmental expression pattern of two mouse cdc25 homologs. (biologists.com)
However, robust and large-scale genome-wide reprogramming of DNA methylome occurs during two critical developmental processes: (1) development of primordial germ cells and (2) pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nature.com)

Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)

It is, however, important to distinguish the use of bST from other biotechnologies, such as transgenic or cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)

In most countries, it is illegal to attempt reproductive cloning in humans. (eurostemcell.org)
Properly controlled, adequately sized studies have yet to demonstrate that human embryonic stem cells have medical value in humans. (citizendium.org)
Viruses are currently used to induce the reprogramming of adult cells, and this process must be carefully tested before they can lead to safe and effective treatment in humans because, in animal studies, the virus used may sometimes cause cancers . (stemaid.com)
A recent study indicates that even adult humans might harbor cells resembling pluripotent embryonic stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In rodents, and even in some preliminary trials in humans, human embryonic stem cells have been shown to bridge gaps in spinal cord injuries , allowing restoration of motor functions. (thefutureofthings.com)

In Dolly's case, the cell came from the mammary gland of an adult ewe. (eurostemcell.org)

The book is separated into three chapters covering biotechnology, animal cloning and human cloning. (progress.org.uk)
Whilst it is targeted at 14-18 year olds, 'Biotechnology and Cloning' assumes a high level of knowledge on an ambitious range of hard to grasp topics, none of which are directly explained in the book. (progress.org.uk)
Buy Biotechnology and Cloning from Amazon UK . (progress.org.uk)
Detailed descriptions of methods used in animal cloning and biotechnology are provided in the report Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns (NRC, 2002). (nationalacademies.org)

The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
In English, this means no need for abortions or embryonic cloning, as the cells can be sourced from the patient's own bone marrow (eliminating rejection problems into the bargain). (blogspot.com)
These cells, harvested from patients' bone marrow are predetermined to help with all blood related issues, including blood vessels and the immune system. (stemaid.com)
Highly plastic adult stem cells from a variety of sources, including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow, are routinely used in medical therapies. (techxplore.com)

Perhaps Ramsey would give other extraordinarily powerful arguments as to why human cloning is unethical, but he obviously would not be able to base it on his unscientific "pre-embryo" position. (lifeissues.net)

September meeting voted to oppose Constitutional Amendment #2, the so-called stem cell research and cures initiative. (visionamerica.us)

Here we report on the successful reprogramming of nuclei from somatic cells rendered nonviable by heat treatment. (cnrs.fr)
Granulosa cells from adult sheep were heated to nonphysiological temperatures (55 degrees C or 75 degrees C) before their nuclei were injected into enucleated metaphase II oocytes. (cnrs.fr)

Embryonic germ cells -Cells found in a specific part of the embryo/fetus called the gonadal ridge that normally develop into mature gametes. (cellmedicine.com)

It would be hard to call this a major advance," Douglas Melton, a stem cell researcher at Harvard University, told The Scientist in an Email. (the-scientist.com)
The method described on Wednesday by Oregon State University scientists in the journal Cell, would not likely be able to create human clones, said Shoukhrat Mitalipov, senior scientist at the Oregon National Primate Research Center. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
So far the reprogramming of somatic cells shows very low rates of efficiency (~0.0006-1%) that have not improved in the last two decades of continuous research. (sibi.org)

The latest experiments have also produced three lambs from the cells of a sheep fetus aborted after 26 days, and four from a nine-day-old embryo. (newscientist.com)
This time, we thought we'd take them from a fetus and an adult as well. (newscientist.com)
These stem cells are extracted from a 6 week-old aborted fetus. (stemaid.com)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
Multipotent stem cells are present in the adult individual as well as the fetus and umbilical cord. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells give rise to the embryonic disk of the later embryo and, ultimately, the fetus. (cellmedicine.com)

Last year they used the same reproductive technology to create the world's first cloned lambs (Nature, vol 380, p 64). (newscientist.com)

The researchers stopped well short of creating a human clone. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)

There is no uniform definition of stem cells, but they are characterized by being i) undifferentiated, ii) having the potential to produce specialized differentiated cells for a long period of time, and iii) postulated to be capable of maintaining or expanding the number of stem cells (i.e. self-renew). (biomedcentral.com)

However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)

Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
The new egg cell is then implanted into the uterus of an animal of the same species, where it gestates and develops into the fully formed, live clone. (khanneasuntzu.com)
However, in cattle, average cloning efﬁciency is higher than in other species, ranging from 5 to 20% [10 -15]. (sibi.org)
Among the factors thought to contribute to the greater success in cloning cattle are the relatively late embryonic genome activation speciﬁc for this species [16 -18] and the optimization of reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer, brought about by the cattle industry [19]. (sibi.org)
Aging is a physical process that doesn't normally reveal itself until after the completion of a species-specific interval of reproductive competence during which adults rear their progeny from childhood to independence (See Life History ). (agemed.org)

In theory, and to some extent in practice, an 8-cell embryo can be divided into eight single cells, and each cell has the potential of generating an individual if implanted in a woman's uterus. (biomedcentral.com)

The junk biology is flying in the media's descriptions of the now accomplished human cloning. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)

In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)

We have been aware of cloning since time began in the sense that twins are cloned. (parliament.uk)

1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
A 9 page research paper that presents an overview of stem cell research that looks at possible benefits, but primarily focuses on the issues being debated and the biological realities involved, before arguing a stance regarding US guidelines on this topic, which favors loosening restrictions on this valuable line of research. (echeat.com)
Additional biological facts suggest that a blastocyst should not be identified with a unique individual person, even if the argument that it lacks sentience is set aside. (wikiquote.org)
The biological properties and clinical potential of stem cells elicit that are generated must not be unduly sensitive to small fluctu- continued scientific, commercial, and public interest. (lu.se)

Anatomy22

Organisms6

Chemicals and Drugs6

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes28

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Embryos40

Mammalian8

Therapeutic12

Dolly13

SCNT7

Organism14

Embryonic stem-cel4

Nuclear14

Donor11

Nucleus6

Preimplantation embryo1

Tissue22

Pluripotent stem8

Fetuses2

Fetal3

Stage embryo2

Five cloned1

Somatic cell1

Fibroblasts3

Chimeric2

Mice11

Genes6

Progenitor cells7

Reproductive purposes1

Totipotent3

Vitro fertilization1

Cavity1

Endorsed in 19971

Differentiate9

Zygote1

Epithelial cell2

Tissues7

Organisms5

Developmental4

Genetically Engineered1

Transgenic1

Humans5

Mammary1

Biotechnology4

Bone marrow4

Unethical1

Cures1

Nuclei2

Germ cells1

Scientist2

Efficiency2

Fetus6

World's1

Human clone1

Specialized differentiated cells1

Inefficient2

Species5

Uterus1

Biology2

Genomes1

Twins1

Biological4