• However, previous clinical trials of TIL therapy on patients with ovarian cancer and renal cell carcinoma have only shown mixed results and modest success respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Further research and clinical trials are necessary to refine cancer vaccine effectiveness and safety. (legalreader.com)
  • As research and clinical trials progress, cancer vaccines could become a standard part of cancer prevention and treatment regimens. (legalreader.com)
  • Given recent advances in efficacy in numerous pilot trials, the next steps in clinical development will require multicenter trials to establish adoptive immunotherapy as a mainstream technology. (sagepub.com)
  • The incidence rate for any grade ICIs-related neurologic ir-AEs in patients included in clinical trials has been reported to be approximately 3.8% to 12% [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Notably, in the JCAR015 Phase 2 Clinical Trial (ROCKET) conducted by Juno Therapeutics, five patients died because of severe cerebral edema, causing the cessation of clinical trials by the FDA [ 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Dr. Kankeu Fonkoua collaborates with scientists and clinicians from various disciplines to conduct clinical trials and translational studies evaluating novel rational combinations to enhance anti-tumor immune response and improve clinical outcomes. (mayo.edu)
  • Robert A. Winn Diversity in Clinical Trials Career Development Award (Winn CDA), Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation, 2021. (mayo.edu)
  • Learn about clinical trials that address specific scientific questions about human health and disease. (mayo.edu)
  • Additionally, some immunotherapy treatments are still under clinical trials and have not yet received approval for public use, such as adoptive T cell therapy. (thip.media)
  • The data suggest that early introduction of IFX should be considered for patients with irEC until definitive prospective clinical trials are conducted. (bmj.com)
  • Using IDT reagents, a team of Stanford University scientists led by Matthew Porteus, M.D., Ph.D., demonstrated robust results in correcting sickle-cell mutations in bone marrow stem cells, potentiating translation into clinical trials. (genengnews.com)
  • Several drugs are already on the market and just as many clinical trials are underway to improve their efficacy. (the-gist.org)
  • The purpose of this specific FOA is to establish a Data Resource associated with clinical trials in cellular immunotherapy as a component of the Immuno-Oncology Translation Network (IOTN). (nih.gov)
  • Projects proposed should focus on establishing an efficient infrastructure to collect and analyze outcomes data of cellular immunotherapy trials (NCI-sponsored, investigator-initiated, or pharmaceutical company-sponsored) or with an FDA-approved agent and facilitating analysis of the observational data for the design of pre-clinical research in the Cancer Immunotherapy Consortium (CIC) and elsewhere, as well as inform design of future trials. (nih.gov)
  • The emerging therapeutic approach of CAR-T cell therapy has sparked great interests, extensive studies in preclinical and clinical trials have revealed encouraging therapeutic efficacy in treating a variety of cancers, particularly in treating B-cell hematologic malignancies with CD19 CAR-T cells [ 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • In order to study the mechanistic pathways triggered by ICB, the researchers conducted pre-surgical or tissue-based Phase Ia and Phase IIa clinical trials to obtain tissue for laboratory examination and development of testable hypotheses in the mouse. (acir.org)
  • Clinical trials have shown that for melanoma, NSCLC, or renal cell carcinoma patients treated with anti-PD-1, elevated serum IL-8 at baseline predicted lower survival. (acir.org)
  • [ 1 ] The success of several clinical trials in cancer prevention in high-risk populations suggests that chemoprevention is a rational and appealing strategy. (medscape.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells (CAR-T) are predominantly used in cancer immunotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The urgent need for novel treatments inspired me to pursue a research project in adoptive immunotherapy, genetically modifying Tcells to express artificial T cell receptors, termed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), that target AML specific antigens. (stanford.edu)
  • In this section, we will focus on NK cell immunotherapy, including the enhancement of antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity, the manipulation of receptor‐mediated activation, inclusion criteria based on killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) ligand mismatches, and adoptive immunotherapy with ex vivo expanded chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐engineered or engager‐modified NK cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Continued clinical efficacy demonstrations of cell-based immunotherapies (iTx) such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies has made the prospect increasingly likely of an immunotherapy product achieving conditional market authorization in the short term. (bioprocessintl.com)
  • Adoptive cellular therapy, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, has gained unprecedented success among hematologic tumors [ 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells have demonstrated clinical successes in B cell malignancies and are currently being evaluated in other malignancies targeting novel antigens. (parkerici.org)
  • Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)-engineered T cells have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in patients with B-cell malignancies. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Although immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade and targeted therapy was used to treat and improve the survival of patients with several types of cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer, many patients still develop disease progression even after receiving these therapies. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this respect, the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors to unleash the activity of tumor-reactive T cells has been a milestone in cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • By combining cancer vaccines with other immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cell therapy, researchers hope to create a synergistic effect that boosts the immune response and enhance cancer treatment efficacy. (legalreader.com)
  • Clinical use of a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy continues to increase, while the development of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, offers hope in improving treatment outcome. (hkmj.org)
  • In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has achieved significant success in various cancers and has been one of the hotspots in the life sciences, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cellular therapy [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It consists of immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic vaccines and adoptive T-cell therapy which generally work by encouraging the immune system and training immune cells to attack cancer cells. (thip.media)
  • Immunotherapy uses immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines and adoptive T cell therapy. (thip.media)
  • These include immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines , and adoptive T cell therapy. (thip.media)
  • Therapeutic approaches that take advantage of the anti-tumor activities of NK cells, such as the adoptive transfer of genetically modified NK cells and the modulation of checkpoint molecules, turned out to be promising immunotherapeutic strategies to eliminate cancer. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • However, only a minority of patients experience durable clinical benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy in most disease settings. (emory.edu)
  • Two of the primary immunotherapies are immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell transfer (ACT). (elifesciences.org)
  • Cancer immunotherapy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy by checkpoint modulation in a large variety of neoplasms. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • This underscores the need for an improved understanding of underlying factors limiting the efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Significant differences were observed in clinical characteristics, immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, and immune cell scores. (bvsalud.org)
  • Moreover, the complexity of tumor microenvironment (TME), which mainly consists of neoplastic cells, stromal cells, immune cells, soluble factors and extracellular matrix, severely diminishes the efficacy of anti-tumor immunity, thus restraining the effects of various immunotherapies developed during the past decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Breakthroughs in anti-tumor immunity have led to unprecedented advances in immunotherapy, yet it is now clear that the tumor microenvironment (TME) restrains immunity. (elifesciences.org)
  • Improved understanding of the tumor microenvironment, tumor immunity and response to therapy has prompted extensive translational and clinical research in melanoma. (nki.nl)
  • The primary types of cellular adoptive immunotherapies are T cell therapies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other therapies include CAR-T therapy, CAR-NK therapy, macrophage-based immunotherapy and dendritic cell therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Current cellular adoptive therapies consist of the ex-vivo expansion of TILs from resected tumors and transferred back to the patients' bodies with support of interleukin -2 (IL-2). (wikipedia.org)
  • Only 10% of the human population is homozygous for this polymorphism, suggesting that genetic manipulation of NK cells to express CD16-158V prior to adoptive transfer may improve clinical success not only of NK cell therapies but also anti-tumor IgG1 antibodies. (maxcyte.com)
  • Currently, there are various approaches to target EGFRvIII, including humanized monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell therapies and therapeutic vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, cancer renders NK cells dysfunctional, thus restraining the efficacy of cell-based therapies. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Spurred by preclinical and correlative studies to understand mechanisms of non-response to the PD-(L)1 antagonists and by combination studies in animal tumor models, many drug development programs were designed to combine anti-PD-(L)1 with a variety of approved and investigational chemotherapies, tumor-targeted therapies, antiangiogenic therapies, and other immunotherapies. (emory.edu)
  • Its end-to-end technology platform, built on multiple proprietary and exclusive product enhancement and product development technologies, allows Medigene to create best-in-class differentiated, T Cell Receptor engineered T cell (TCR-T) therapies for multiple solid tumor indications that are optimized for both safety and efficacy. (yahoo.com)
  • Cellular adoptive immunotherapy is a type of immunotherapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • A major application of cellular adoptive therapy is cancer treatment, as the immune system plays a vital role in the development and growth of cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cellular adoptive therapy is another alternative for these patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • This therapy has shown to be more effective in treating solid tumors than other cellular adoptive immunotherapies such as CAR T cell therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are promising candidates for cellular tumor immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • Adoptive cellular therapy transmits the sensitized T cells to patients with low cellular immune function, which helps patients obtain antitumor immunity. (hindawi.com)
  • I am interested in synthetic biology approaches to modify T cell behavior and function with the goal of improving the clinical efficacy and tissue selectivity of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. (parkerici.org)
  • One safe avenue for harnessing T cell responses to fight HIV is adoptive cellular therapy. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The presence of TILs has been considered an important factor for predicting clinical outcome and prognosis of cancer patients with different types of tumors such as Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (A type of head and neck cancer), ovarian cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). (wikipedia.org)
  • Tumor immunotherapy brings substantial and long-term clinical benefits that can even cure tumors. (hindawi.com)
  • Tumor immunotherapy refers to novel therapeutic measures that turn the immune system into a destructive force against tumors [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Medigene AG (Medigene, FSE: MDG1, Prime Standard), an early stage immuno-oncology platform company focusing on the discovery and development of T cell immunotherapies for solid tumors, will present a poster at the American Association for Cancer Research Virtual Annual Meeting (AACR) 2023 being held on April 14-19, 2023. (yahoo.com)
  • Optimization of the design of CAR vectors, exploration of new targets, addition of safe switches and combination with other treatments bring new vitality to the CAR-T cell based immunotherapy against solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
  • And much work remains to be done to improve the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors. (ijbs.com)
  • Combination of Adar1 loss and anti-PD-1 synergized to eliminate tumors and prolong survival in mice, and Adar1 deletion resensitized treatment-resistant tumors to immunotherapy, even in the case when tumor cells could not be recognized by CD8 + T cells due to B2m loss. (acir.org)
  • Melanoma was the first type of tumor that provided insight into cancer immunotherapy due to its high immunogenicity. (wikipedia.org)
  • This manuscript describes the application of newly developed nanodiagnostic assays to analyze the function of immune cells used in adoptive cell transfer for patients with melanoma. (ca.gov)
  • Here, we investigate the in vivo functional activity and dynamics of the transferred cells by analyzing samples from 3 representative patients with melanoma enrolled in a clinical trial of ACT with TCR transgenic T cells targeted against the melanosomal antigen MART-1. (ca.gov)
  • Several immunotherapy combinations improved survival outcomes in a variety of indications including melanoma, lung, kidney, and liver cancer, among others. (emory.edu)
  • We successfully applied this strategy to the human TAAs p53, gp100 and MDM2-specific TCRs as promising antigens-driven immunotherapy for both melanoma and hematologic malignancies. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • Cancer vaccines are often used in combination with other immunotherapies or traditional treatments to maximize their effectiveness. (legalreader.com)
  • Approaching the response issue from the other direction, Dr. Melero discussed invigorating T cell function using an agonist of the costimulatory receptor CD137, particularly in combination with other immunotherapies, such as ICB or adoptive T cell transfer. (acir.org)
  • Patients homozygous for a natural CD16 polymorphism, CD16-158V which displays higher IgG1 and IgG3 affinity, have improved clinical outcomes upon anti-tumor therapeutic antibody treatment. (maxcyte.com)
  • Dr. Kankeu Fonkoua aims to establish immunologic correlates of clinical outcomes, which would increase the ability to identify and validate prognostic immune signatures and biomarkers. (mayo.edu)
  • Cardiovascular immunotherapy has therefore become a recent focus for treatment, with the objective to develop approaches that can suppress excessive inflammatory responses by modulating specific immune cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • FM-depots therefore present a customizable delivery platform to both develop and test nanomedicine-based approaches for anti-inflammatory cardiovascular immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Non-viral engineering of NK cells using MaxCyte ® mRNA electroporation provides significant benefits including high efficiency and low toxicity as well as clinical scalability enabling rapid development of novel adoptive cell therapy approaches. (maxcyte.com)
  • This study highlights the need to develop approaches to maintaining antitumor T-cell functionality with the aim of increasing the long-term efficacy of TCR-engineered ACT immunotherapy. (ca.gov)
  • These immunotherapy biomarkers would ultimately help risk stratify patients and optimize the timing and design of combinatorial approaches. (mayo.edu)
  • Earlier adoptive-T-cell-therapy approaches for HIV had limited efficacy as a result of multiple factors. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Since these earlier attempts, the adoptive-T-cell-therapy field has made significant advances, largely in the oncology field, that could help to overcome some of the pitfalls encountered with earlier T-cell-therapy approaches for HIV. (sciencedaily.com)
  • We then outline preclinical approaches that employ CAR-NK cells for GB immunotherapy, and give an overview on the ongoing clinical development of ErbB2 (HER2)-specific CAR-NK cells currently applied in a phase I clinical trial in glioblastoma patients. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, novel approaches such as adoptive cell therapy, oncogenic viruses, vaccines and different strategies of drug administration including sequential, or combination treatment are being tested. (nki.nl)
  • Recommendation B. Create a translational science network devoted exclusively to immunotherapy approaches to treat and prevent adult cancers. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, it is imperative to develop more competent and safer immunotherapy approaches by optimizing the design of CAR vectors, exploring new targets, incorporating conditional safe switches and combining with other strategies. (ijbs.com)
  • We determined if adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells from haploidentical killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatched donors may prolong event-free survival in children with intermediate-risk AML who were in first complete remission after chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients may alternatively receive lympho-depleting chemotherapy followed by adoptive transfer of purified NK cells from an alloreactive donor, resulting in homeostatic lymphocyte proliferation with transient donor NK cell expansion in recipients [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Combination modalities with other immunotherapy agents, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, electrochemotherapy are also being explored to overcome resistance and to potentiate the immune response. (nki.nl)
  • Adoptive T-Cell Transfer and Chemotherapy in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic And/or Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. (texaschildrens.org)
  • To apply allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in adoptive immunotherapy, the methodology used to obtain adequate cell numbers with optimal effector function in vitro needs to be optimized, and clinical safety and efficacy also need to be proven. (nature.com)
  • Our clinical studies underscore the safety and efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell immunotherapy, which will inspire further clinical investigations and eventually benefit cancer patients. (nature.com)
  • UNLABELLED: This is a phase II clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccination with mature autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed ex vivo with a liver tumor cell line lysate (HepG2) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (ox.ac.uk)
  • A Phase II Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of an Adenovirus-ΔLMP1-LMP2 Transduced Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Patients with Advanced Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. (texaschildrens.org)
  • Immunotherapy biomarkers. (mayo.edu)
  • This immunotherapy renaissance, however, has led to many combinations being advanced to late-stage development without definitive predictive biomarkers, limited phase I and phase II data, or clinical trial designs that are not optimized for demonstrating the unique attributes of immune-related antitumor activity-for example, landmark progression-free survival and overall survival. (emory.edu)
  • The Netherlands Cancer Institute is among the world's best comprehensive cancer centers, combining innovative fundamental, translational, and clinical research with dedicated patient care. (nki.nl)
  • This joint (Frankfurt/Mainz, Dresden, Essen, Heidelberg) translational immunotherapy project aims to combine NK cells as effector cells with universal epitope-specific CAR (UniCAR) with tunable activity. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • June, Carl H. 2014-03-21 00:00:00 Adoptive immunotherapy, or the infusion of lymphocytes, is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer and certain chronic viral infections. (sagepub.com)
  • Adoptive T cell transfer using tumour- infiltrating lymphocytes or genetically modified T cells are under development, but have shown impressive clinical efficacy in several Phase II studies. (emjreviews.com)
  • HCC is an attractive target for immunotherapy as evidenced by an active recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that are capable of lysing autologous tumor cells in ex vivo studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded and activated autologous tumor-reactive lymphocytes can mediate tumor regression in cancer patients. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • An approach that targets multiple essential processes of tumorigenesis can overcome tumor-associated plasticity, clonal evolution and adaptive resistance, all of which limit the durable efficacy of current treatments. (mayo.edu)
  • Before we can combine this approach with treatments meant to bring HIV out from hiding so the improved immune response can clear it from the body, we need to first establish that this immunotherapy approach is safe on its own," says co-senior study author Catherine Bollard of the Children's National Health System. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Furthermore, a phase I clinical trial in 132 late-stage cancer patients with a total of 414 cell infusions unequivocally validated the clinical safety of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. (nature.com)
  • Among these 132 patients, 8 liver cancer patients and 10 lung cancer patients who received ≥5 cell infusions showed greatly prolonged survival, which preliminarily verified the efficacy of allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell therapy. (nature.com)
  • Drug products combine active pharmaceutical ingredients with excipients in a final formulation for delivery to patients in liquid or lyophilized (freeze-dried) packaged forms - with the latter requiring reconstitution in the clinical setting. (bioprocessintl.com)
  • This model can be used to guide individualized adjuvant and immunotherapy in patients with HNSCC. (bvsalud.org)
  • In recent years, immunotherapy has prolonged the survival of patients with GBM, providing a new option for the treatment of GBM. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunotherapy can extend the life expectancy and provide benefits for stage 4 lung cancer patients. (thip.media)
  • A phase II study of adoptive immunotherapy using dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSION: Autologous DC vaccination in patients with HCC is safe and well tolerated with evidence of antitumor efficacy assessed radiologically and serologically, with generation of antigen-specific immune responses in some cases. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The concept of NK cells as a tool for cancer therapy was formally proved when the infusion of NK cells was first employed in the treatment of leukemia patients, with promising efficacy [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Moreover, two patients exhibited a detectable increase in T-cell-mediated antiviral activity after the two infusions, although the clinical significance of this mild-to-modest impact is unknown. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Adoptive Transfer of EBV-Specific T Cells Results in Sustained Clinical Responses in Patients with Locoregional Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. (texaschildrens.org)
  • My clinical training as a pediatric hematology oncology fellow at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center highlighted the desperate need for novel therapeutic options for a subtype of aggressive pediatric leukemia, Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). (stanford.edu)
  • Early studies on the transfer of unmodified autologous or allogeneic NK cells have established their clinical safety and demonstrated modest anti-tumor efficacy. (maxcyte.com)
  • Consequently, adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic NK cells represents a novel opportunity in cancer treatment that is under clinical investigation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • EGFRvIII are pivotal for the occurrence and progression of GBM, various targeted therapy including immunotherapy is promising to improve the efficacy of GBM. (bvsalud.org)
  • NK cells play a pivotal role in rapid and highly efficient cancer surveillance and represent a promising avenue for adoptive cell transfer either as a mono- or combination immunotherapy. (maxcyte.com)
  • Multifunctional T-cell Analyses to Study Response and Progression in Adoptive Cell Transfer Immunotherapy. (ca.gov)
  • Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of genetically engineered T cells expressing cancer-specific T-cell receptors (TCR) is a promising cancer treatment. (ca.gov)
  • Here, we evaluated the safety issues raised by the risk of TAA-TCR gene transfer-associated on/off-target toxicities and the therapeutic potential in relevant transgenic mouse models of adoptive transfer. (unimedizin-mainz.de)
  • After treatment, tumor-specific T cells from mice treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy had an increased expression of granzyme B, TNFα, and IFNγ. (acir.org)
  • Young Investigator Award, American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2020. (mayo.edu)
  • Preliminary results from a phase I clinical trial have demonstrated the safety and tolerability of a cell therapy involving the ex vivo expansion of T cells and their subsequent infusion into HIV-infected individuals previously treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). (sciencedaily.com)
  • CAR-T cell therapy has achieved outstanding progresses in clinical observations, which makes it even more attractive in the development of cancer adoptive immunotherapy. (ijbs.com)
  • Due to their HLA-independent mode of action, allogeneic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can be considered for clinical application. (nature.com)
  • Besides suggesting ways to release genome-writing creativity, speakers at the meeting discussed technical advances, potential biotechnology applications, and prospects for clinical translation. (genengnews.com)
  • Among others, two main categories of drugs are available: immunomodulatory antibody and adoptive T cells. (the-gist.org)
  • In this review, we focus on the preclinical and clinical findings of targeting EGFRvIII for GBM. (bvsalud.org)
  • More commonly, multidrug regimens incorporating drugs with different mechanisms of action and different toxicities are used to increase efficacy, reduce dose-related toxicity, and decrease the probability of drug resistance. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To this end, supported by research demonstrating superior antitumor function of naïve derived effector T cells compared to central memory derived effector T cells, I am investigating whether preferential modification of naïve T cells to express CARs will generate a T cell subpopulation with increased efficacy. (stanford.edu)
  • Together, these results may hold importance for cancer vaccine development to achieve high efficacy in vaccine recipients. (bmj.com)
  • All drug development based on this idea falls under a promising new therapeutic strategy - cancer immunotherapy. (the-gist.org)
  • Immunotherapy is a treatment modality used as a part of treating cancer. (thip.media)