Different organisms fix carbon through different mechanisms, which are reflected in the varying isotope compositions across photosynthetic pathways (see table below, and explanation of notation in "Carbon Isotope Measurement" section). (wikipedia.org)
Using the fine-scale ion microprobe we will be able to sample stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen along each hair and nail providing us with a timeline of feeding and movements. (kansascityzoo.org)
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ 13 C/δ 15 N) in the bone collagen and other hard tissues of marine species serve as proxies for primary productivity and food web interactions. (frontiersin.org)
Fractionation4
The degree of carbon isotope fractionation is influenced by several factors, including the metabolism, anatomy, growth rate, and environmental conditions of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
Understanding these variations in carbon fractionation across species is useful for biogeochemical studies, including the reconstruction of paleoecology, plant evolution, and the characterization of food chains. (wikipedia.org)
Understanding these variations in carbon fractionation across species is applied in isotope geochemistry and ecological isotope studies to understand biochemical processes, establish food chains, or model the carbon cycle through geological time. (wikipedia.org)
Isotope fractionation due to Rubisco (form I) carboxylation alone is predicted to be a 28‰ depletion, on average. (wikipedia.org)
Glacial2
This pattern cannot be linked to anthropogenic activity or to food web trophic changes, but may result from natural phenomena such as increases in productivity, carbon supply and coastal flooding driven by glacial melting and sea-level rise. (frontiersin.org)
Measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes in animal tissues can be used to monitor the diets of wide-ranging species, such as polar bears, that cannot be directly observed. (kansascityzoo.org)
In this paper, hydrogen-oxygen and carbon stable isotope technology, and physiological index measurements were applied to determine the leaf traits, water-use efficiency, and photosynthetic characteristics of Impatiens hainanensis leaves in dry and foggy seasons, hoping to expound the adaptation mechanism of I. hainanensis leaves to the water dynamics in dry and foggy seasons. (mdpi.com)
We present novel measurements of the carbon isotope composition of CFC-11 (CCl 3 F), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), and CFC-113 (CF 2 ClCFCl 2 ), three atmospheric trace gases that are important for both stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming. (copernicus.org)
Ecosystem4
The sites have been strategically selected to represent different regions of vegetation, landforms, climate and ecosystem performance. (uwyo.edu)
Changing climate influences many aspects of the ocean, from warming surface waters and altering ocean chemistry to affecting ecosystem function and health. (usgs.gov)
Their skeletal remains, preserved in archeological deposits, offer, through biogeochemical analyses, the potential to reflect past ecosystem changes and a window into climate-related impacts on marine food webs. (frontiersin.org)
Dioxide7
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide to carbohydrates via several metabolic pathways that provide energy to an organism and preferentially react with certain stable isotopes of carbon. (wikipedia.org)
The overall equation for the light-dependent reactions is generally: 2 H2O + 2 NADP+ + 3 ADP + 3 Pi + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 3 ATP + O2 The light-independent reactions undergo the Calvin-Benson cycle, in which the energy from NADPH and ATP is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds via the enzyme RuBisCO. (wikipedia.org)
The fact that carbon dioxide is a 'greenhouse gas' - a gas that prevents a certain amount of heat radiation escaping back to space and thus maintains a generally warm climate on Earth, goes back to an idea that was first conceived, though not specifically with respect to CO2, nearly 200 years ago. (skepticalscience.com)
He also found that carbon dioxide was very good at trapping heat, despite being a trace gas occurring in the hundreds of parts per million (ppm) range. (skepticalscience.com)
For example, as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed by the ocean, it causes the pH to lower in a process called ocean acidification. (usgs.gov)
The Cenozoic Era is characterized by a long-term (~10^6 to 10^7 year) global cooling trend from the early Paleogene ice-free "greenhouse" conditions towards the Neogene "ice-house" regime, as inferred based on the globally compiled deep-sea benthic foraminiferal oxygen stable isotope records. (google.com)
Globally compiled deep-sea benthic foraminiferal oxygen stable isotope records (adopted from Zachos et al. (google.com)
Of the three Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope events pointed above, the middle Miocene positive shift of ~0.9‰ between ca. 14.5 and 12.7 Ma is generally interpreted to indicate major expansion and permanent establishment of the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) accompanied by some effect of deepwater cooling. (google.com)
Before the middle-late Miocene EAIS/cooling shift, the benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope record shows a brief but distinct negative excursion in the early middle Miocene that represents the most depleted values of the entire Neogene. (google.com)
Paleoclimate reconstructions based on paleontological records from onshore sections around the circum-Pacific margin reasonably well correspond to the Miocene deepwater oxygen isotope trends. (google.com)
These early middle Miocene "warm" molluscan faunas in the North Pacific are replace by a relatively "cool" faunas, the timing of which likely corresponds to the deepwater EAIS/cooling oxygen isotope positive shift. (google.com)
Furthermore, the subsequent retreat of the "warm" molluscan faunas in the North Pacific and the worldwide benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope positive shift after the MMCO require an effective decrease in the poleward heat transport and reorganization of the global thermal budget. (google.com)
The positive δ 13 C excursion and the extinctions have been linked to increased marine productivity (ocean eutrophication), leading to increased organic carbon burial, and expansion of marine anoxia in shallow continental seas. (lu.se)
Naturally5
Carbon on Earth naturally occurs in two stable isotopes, with 98.9% in the form of 12C and 1.1% in 13C. (wikipedia.org)
This table shows information about naturally occuring isotopes , their atomic masses , their natural abundances , their nuclear spins , and their magnetic moments . (webelements.com)
This is not to be confused with the relative percentage isotope abundances which totals 100% for all the naturally occurring isotopes. (webelements.com)
To explore this idea, we reconstruct the contemporaneous global extent of marine anoxia using uranium (U) isotopes from Ludfordian marine carbonates sampled from two widely spaced paleogeographic locations. (lu.se)
Ratios1
Oxygenic photosynthesis takes place in plants and microorganisms through different chemical pathways, so various forms of organic material reflect different ratios of 13C isotopes. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism1
C-13 is used for instance in organic chemistry research, studies into molecular structures, metabolism, food labeling, air pollution and climate change. (webelements.com)
Isotopic2
The selective enrichment of one stable isotope over another creates distinct isotopic fractionations that can be measured and correlated among oxygenic phototrophs. (wikipedia.org)
New technology introduced to the Canadian Center for Isotopic Microanalysis at the University of Alberta (Canadian Foundation for Innovation) allows fine-scale (1-30 microns) in situ sampling of isotopes within samples (i.e., hair and claws). (kansascityzoo.org)
Variability1
Strong climatic variability at this time suggests anoxia and climate change led to the extinctions of the Lau/Kozlowskii bioevent. (lu.se)
Impacts5
NEON is designed to gather and synthesize data on the impacts of climate change, land use change and invasive species on natural resources and biodiversity. (uwyo.edu)
The USGS works to understand Earth's history, past climate conditions, and to forecast climate change impacts. (usgs.gov)
The USGS uses ocean geologic records to better understand current and future climate changes and potential impacts. (usgs.gov)
This science improves our ability to understand the factors that affect climate change as well as forecast future climate conditions, their potential impacts and how best to mitigate or adapt to them. (usgs.gov)
Here we suggest how past climate change and coastal flooding are linked to mercury bioaccumulation that could have had profound impacts on past human populations and that, under conditions of continued climate warming, may have future impacts. (frontiersin.org)
Organisms1
The ratio between these isotopes varies in biological organisms due to metabolic processes that selectively use one carbon isotope over the other, or "fractionate" carbon through kinetic or thermodynamic effects. (wikipedia.org)
Diet1
We will explore the utility of using stable isotopes to understand changes in the distribution, diet, and migration patterns of polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea. (kansascityzoo.org)
Analysis2
As the recipient of this award, UW's Stable Isotope Facility has been recognized as one of the elite facilities for stable isotope analysis in the United States," Cook says. (uwyo.edu)
Basically, Stable isotope analysis is based on the principle 'you are what you eat. (kansascityzoo.org)
Mechanisms1
Pleistocene atmospheric CO 2 variations must involve changes in ocean storage of carbon, but the mechanisms and pathways of carbon transfer between the oceanic and atmospheric reservoirs are poorly understood due, in part, to complications associated with interpretation of carbonate system proxy data. (nature.com)
Soils1
2015. Assessing changes in carbon stocks of Scottish soils: lessons learnt . (hutton.ac.uk)
Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Annex I, Glossary, pp. 941-954. (skepticalscience.com)
However, what was far from clear was how the climate could change in such a drastic manner. (skepticalscience.com)
climate change caused coastal plain flooding and created broad continental shelves with innumerable consequences to marine and terrestrial ecosystems and human populations. (frontiersin.org)
This is the first study of tHg levels in a marine species from the Gulf of Alaska to provide a time series spanning nearly the entire Holocene and we propose that past coastal flooding resulting from climate change had the potential to input significant quantities of Hg into marine food webs and subsequently to human consumers. (frontiersin.org)
Organic1
Organic carbon contains less of the stable isotope Carbon-13, or 13C, relative to the initial inorganic carbon from the atmosphere or water because photosynthetic carbon fixation involves several fractionating reactions with kinetic isotope effects. (wikipedia.org)
Patterns2
The ocean and its circulation patterns are critical drivers of Earth's climate and weather patterns. (usgs.gov)
These global circulation patterns affect our daily weather and influence long-term climate patterns. (usgs.gov)
Productivity1
Thus, increased marine primary productivity and marine anoxia may have caused the initial carbon cycle disturbance and the extinctions but was not a main driver for the continued growth and exceptional magnitude of the MLCIE. (lu.se)
Events1
Rapid shifts in circulation and biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean during deglacial carbon cycle events. (nature.com)
Food1
By looking at the carbon isotopes of animals, it can even be determined whether an animal feeds in its own environment or comes into town and finds food in garbage cans. (uwyo.edu)
Cycle1
The overall general equation for the light-independent reactions is the following: 3 CO2 + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ → C3H6O3-phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 Pi + 6 NADP+ + 3 H2O The 3-carbon products (C3H6O3-phosphate) of the Calvin cycle are later converted to glucose or other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose. (wikipedia.org)
Conditions1
From remote-sensing to marine geology and paleoclimate analyses, USGS is an important partner with other federal agencies and international experts working to expand our knowledge about Earth's climate history, especially as related to current conditions. (usgs.gov)
Hair1
Stable isotope composition (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) of moose (Alces alces) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) hair from the boreal forest of Jacques-Cartier Park and Cote-Nord (Quebec) and arctic tundra of Queen Maud Gulf and Southampton Island (Nunavut) was investigated as an indicator of dietary preferences and habitat use. (nih.gov)
University2
The University of Wyoming Stable Isotope Facility (SIF) is now the go-to laboratory to analyze soil samples from all across the country. (uwyo.edu)
This project builds on existing expertise in isotope analyses at the University of Alberta. (kansascityzoo.org)
Global1
For its greenhouse effects, atmospheric CO 2 can critically influence the global climate on millennial and centennial timescales. (nature.com)
Samples1
UW's Stable Isotope Facility recently received an NSF contract to analyze soil samples for the entire NEON network across the United States. (uwyo.edu)