• In this divergent mode, a metal-dependent dioxygenase channels these dihydroxylated intermediates into one of the two possible pathways: the meta -cleavage pathway or the ortho -cleavage pathway [ 7 - 9 ] (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the complexity of the degradation pathways, the phenomenon of biodegradation is categorized into two types: convergent and divergent modes of degradation (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, the centralized degradation pathways mean synthesis of fewer degradative enzymes requiring less metabolic energy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overview: Tryptophan degradation in GapMind is based on MetaCyc degradation pathways I via anthranilate ( link ), II via pyruvate ( link ), or IX via 3-hydroxyanthranilate ( link ). (lbl.gov)
  • This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate + NADH + 2 H+ This substrate for this enzyme is formed by meta ring cleavage of catechol (EC 1.13.11.2, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase), and is an intermediate in the bacterial degradation of several aromatic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of bacteria that can degrade a variety of aromatic compounds have been identified and the pathways involved in the degradation have been extensively characterized [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the convergent mode, structurally diverse aromatic compounds are converted to one of a few aromatic ring cleavage substrates such as catechol, gent sate, protocatechuate and their derivatives [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comment: (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD) is a common intermediate in the aerobic degradation of many aromatic compounds. (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: In pathway I, dioxygenase kynA opens the non-aromatic ring, to N-formyl-L-kynureine, a hydrolase yields L-kynurenine (and formate), and a hydrolase yields anthranilate and L-alanine. (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation I ( link ), a dioxygenase cleaves off carbon dioxide and ammonia, leaving catechol. (lbl.gov)
  • In MetaCyc pathway anthranilate degradation IV ( link ), anthranilate hydroxylase/monooxygenase (hpaH) yields 3-hydroxyanthranilate. (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: There are two forms of anthranilate dioxygenase, 3-subunit antABC or 4-subunit andAabcd. (lbl.gov)
  • A blue white screening was established to identify mutants with acquired ability of 3,4-PCD to use catechol as substrate. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Analysis of 3,4-PCD activity toward catechol and PCA revealed further substitutions with changed substrate specificity. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Oxygenases belong to the oxidoreductive group of enzymes (E.C. Class 1), which oxidize the substrates by transferring oxygen from molecular oxygen (O 2 ) and utilize FAD/NADH/NADPH as the co-substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In A. baylyi this mechanism was investigated using the degradative pathways for the aromatic substrates and dicarboxylates. (uni-ulm.de)
  • 2-Hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.85, xylG [gene], praB [gene] ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,4Z)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The enzyme protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (3,4-PCD) catalyzes the ring cleavage of protocatechuate (PCA) in Acinetobacter baylyi. (uni-ulm.de)
  • In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation III (ortho-cleavage, link ), the 1,2-dioxygenase catA forms cis,cis-muconate, a cycloisomerase forms (+)-muconolactone, an isomerase converts this to (4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate (also known as 3-oxoadipate enol lactone), and a hydrolase cleaves this to 3-oxoadipate. (lbl.gov)
  • The other MetaCyc pathways do not yield fixed carbon or are not reported in prokaryotes, and are not included. (lbl.gov)
  • Protein components of different pathways for carbon and nitrogen source utilization were identified, which so far has remained unexplored in yeast, offering clues for further biotechnological developments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For all significantly differentially expressed microRNAs inside of the 2 groups, we now have produced gene sets from their expressed target genes. (pdpksignaling.com)
  • B, solute carrier relatives six member 2, solute carrier relatives 18 member one, and transcription factors and homeobox genes involved in neural crest derived cell de velopment, paired like homeobox 2a and 2b, GATA binding protein two and 3, heart and neural crest derivatives expressed two. (pdpksignaling.com)
  • Comparative genome analysis showed that strain MC4 harbors the complete pathway (lin genes) required for HCH degradation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dioxygenase NbaC cleaves the aromatic ring, yielding 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde, a decarboxylase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate semialdehyde, a dehydrogenase forms (2Z,4E)-2-aminomuconate, a deaminase forms (3E)-2-oxo-3-hexenedioate (also known as 2-oxalocrotonate), and a decarboxylase forms (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: Dehydrogenase praB forms 2-hydroxymuconate, tautomerase praC forms (3E)-2-oxohex-3-enedioate (2-oxalocrotonate), and decarboxylase praD yields 2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate (HPD). (lbl.gov)
  • Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (EstP1), 2-keto-4-pentenoate hydratase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, TonB-dependent receptor were involved in E2 catabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway catechol degradation to HPD I (meta-cleavage, link ), dioxygenase xylE converts catechol to (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoate (also known as 2-hydroxymuconate 6-semialdehyde). (lbl.gov)
  • However, studies could show that a R133H substitution switches the specificity of 3,4-PCD towards catechol. (uni-ulm.de)
  • Pathways X and XIII yield indole-3-propionate, which may spontaneously oxidize to kynurate, but kynurate catabolism is not reported. (lbl.gov)
  • An analysis of the genome and its transcriptome revealed enzymes with biotechnological potential, such as two extracellular tannases (Atan1p and Atan2p) of the tannic-acid catabolic route, and a new pathway for the assimilation of n-butanol via butyric aldehyde and butyric acid. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In pathway II, the tryptophan is hydrolyzed to indole and pyruvate, and the indole may be secreted (as in E. coli). (lbl.gov)
  • Metabolism of 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid by Bordetella sp. (wikipedia.org)
  • They play a key role in the metabolism of organic compounds by increasing their reactivity or water solubility or bringing about cleavage of the aromatic ring. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by Pseudomonas sp. (paperbase.net)
  • The results show that under pH 3-6, the adsorption of U(VI) by YF1 live cells increased with the increase of the pH. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this investigation, random PCR mutagenesis has been carried out to explore the functional role of the R133 in 3,4-PCD. (uni-ulm.de)
  • This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction 2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde + NAD+ + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } (2Z,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate + NADH + 2 H+ This substrate for this enzyme is formed by meta ring cleavage of catechol (EC 1.13.11.2, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase), and is an intermediate in the bacterial degradation of several aromatic compounds. (wikipedia.org)
  • THe pathway of aromatic compound degradation by strain AK 37 has not been described ( 1 ). (kenyon.edu)
  • Comment: An aerobic route for degradation of 4-hydroxybenzoate involves 4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase pobA, which forms protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate). (lbl.gov)
  • This series of steps is part of protocatechuate para-cleavage, link , or catechol degradation II, link . (lbl.gov)
  • This is part of a MetaCyc pathway for catechol degradation, link . (lbl.gov)
  • Comment: In MetaCyc pathway glutaryl-CoA degradation ( link ), glutaryl-CoA is oxidized to (E)-glutaconyl-CoA and oxidatively decarboxylated to crotonyl-CoA (both by the same enzyme), hydrated to 3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA, oxidized to acetoacetyl-CoA, and cleaved to two acetyl-CoA. (lbl.gov)
  • In order to improve our knowledge of the microbial paracetamol degradation pathway, we inoculated a bioreactor with sludge of a hospital WWTP (Pharmafilter, Delft, NL) and fed it with paracetamol as the sole carbon source. (biorxiv.org)
  • The genome sequence of R.pyridinivorans strain AK37 has identified several key enzymes involved in the six pathways of monocyclic aromatic compound biodegradation: protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase, benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase, 3-ketosteroid-σ-dehydrogenase, and so on. (kenyon.edu)
  • 13094180 meta-cleavage compound hydrolase [Pseudomonas sp. (inrae.fr)
  • In the ortho-cleavage pathway ( link ), the 3,4-oxygenase pcaHG cleaves the ring to 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate, a cycloisomerase forms 4-carboxymuconolactone (2-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate), a decarboxylase forms 3-oxoadipate enol lactone ((4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate), and a hydrolase forms 3-oxoadipate. (lbl.gov)
  • Only has the pathway for BT biodegradation been proposed based on the identification of intermediate molecules (Fig. 3). (kenyon.edu)
  • The 16S rDNA analysis revealed 99% nucleotide similarity to that of the type strain of R.rhodochrous (Fig. 2) ( 10 ). (kenyon.edu)