AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
ClathrinClathrin Heavy ChainsClathrin Light ChainsMonomeric Clathrin Assembly ProteinsClathrin-Coated VesiclesCoated Pits, Cell-MembraneAdaptor Protein Complex 2Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular TransportEndocytosisAdaptor Protein Complex alpha SubunitsAdaptor Protein Complex 1Coated VesiclesAuxilinsEndosomestrans-Golgi NetworkAdaptor Protein Complex beta SubunitsHSC70 Heat-Shock ProteinsDynaminsAdaptor Protein Complex mu SubunitsAdaptor Protein Complex gamma SubunitsAdaptor Protein Complex 3Protein TransportVesicular Transport ProteinsProtein BindingTransferrinCattleGolgi ApparatusADP-Ribosylation FactorsMembrane ProteinsFreeze EtchingCell MembraneDynamin IMolecular Sequence DataArrestinsMicroscopy, FluorescenceAmino Acid SequenceHeLa CellsTransport VesiclesNerve Tissue ProteinsPhosphoproteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsAdaptor Protein Complex sigma SubunitsCarrier ProteinsAdaptor Protein Complex delta SubunitsMicroscopy, ElectronAmino Acid MotifsTranscription Factor AP-2Macromolecular SubstancesHSP70 Heat-Shock ProteinsProtein Structure, TertiaryCaveolaeCell LineADP-Ribosylation Factor 1Binding SitesGreen Fluorescent ProteinsCOS Cells
EndocytosisVesiclesMembraneVesicleAdaptor protein complexMoleculeIntracellularMembranesAdaptorsMechanisticEndosomesProteinMediatesActin assemblyRecruitmentTriskelionsMaturationRegulatesTubulesYeastInteractsInducesDisassemblyProteins involvedTransferrinAutolysosomeReceptorCellsPathwayPitsOccurPhospholipidMoleculesStructuralPolymerizationLight chainsHeavy chainsCargoCageFunctionalOrganellesFormationBinding sites
Endocytosis32
  • Pawlowski, N. Dynamin self-assembly and the vesicle scission mechanism: how dynamin oligomers cleave the membrane neck of clathrin-coated pits during endocytosis. (nature.com)
  • Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. (plos.org)
  • Fekri F, Delos Santos RC, Karshafian R, Antonescu CN (2016) Ultrasound Microbubble Treatment Enhances Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Fluid-Phase Uptake through Distinct Mechanisms. (plos.org)
  • Small molecule inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis are highly desired for the dissection of membrane trafficking pathways in the lab and for potential use as anti-infectives in the clinic. (biorxiv.org)
  • One inhibition strategy is to prevent clathrin from contacting adaptor proteins so that clathrin-mediated endocytosis cannot occur. (biorxiv.org)
  • Despite this limitation, Pitstop 2 causes profound inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (biorxiv.org)
  • In diverse species, actin assembly facilitates clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) formation during endocytosis. (rupress.org)
  • AP180-deficient IHCs had severely reduced SV numbers, slowed endocytic membrane retrieval, and accumulated endocytic intermediates near ribbon synapses, indicating that AP180 is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis and SV reformation in IHCs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Clathrin is a coat protein that has been shown to function in receptor-mediated endocytosis events at the plasma membrane. (utah.edu)
  • The animation below shows the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (utah.edu)
  • Studies on the mechanisms and regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and actin force generation during CME, and their critical importance to cell function in both budding yeast and mammalian cells, are proposed. (grantome.com)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is responsible for uptake of molecules from the plasma membrane and surrounding environment, and is important for cholesterol homeostasis, pathogen entry into cells, and to prevent certain cancers that result from excessive growth factor signaling. (grantome.com)
  • Mechanistic understanding of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and actin assembly are thus crucial to understanding normal cell physiology and a variety of pathological conditions. (grantome.com)
  • Transferrin uptake assay to measure Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in HIPCS derived neurons. (protocols.io)
  • What is clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its function? (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • Home - Pay Someone To Take My Biochemistry Exam - What is clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its function? (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • Fig. 1 Classifying both clathrin-induced events and clathrin coated CLVs/CLVRECMs as clathrin coated vesicles is based onWhat is clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its function? (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • However, as we have shown that the protein(s) responsible for these functions (clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its function in receptor-mediated endocytosis) is also involved in many other aspects distinct from the endocytosis hypothesis. (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • To begin with, the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis as a dominant component of cell regulatory cells requires a well-defined signaling system. (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • That my goal is this: first of all weWhat is clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its function? (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • NPC1 deficiency markedly attenuates viral growth by decreasing cholesterol abundance in the plasma membrane, thereby inhibiting the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs), which are indispensable for clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (packgene.com)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the primary pathway for receptor and cargo internalization in eukaryotic cells. (princeton.edu)
  • We determine the shape and size parameters common to clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (princeton.edu)
  • Together, these data present a universal mechanistic model of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (princeton.edu)
  • Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is an essential cellular process shared by all cell types. (elsevierpure.com)
  • During clathrin-mediated endocytosis branched actin polymerization nucleated with the Arp2/3 complex provides power had a need to drive vesicle internalization. (biodiversityhotspot.org)
  • The inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine, siRNAs, and a dominant negative (DN) mutant blocked entry and infection of PSaV Cowden strain, confirming a role for clathrin-mediated internalization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conclude that PSaV strain Cowden is internalized into LLC-PK cells by clathrin- and cholesterol-mediated endocytosis that requires dynamin II and actin rearrangement, and that the uncoating occurs in the acidified late endosomes after trafficking from the early endosomes through microtubules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The internalization process can occur via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolar/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, or a variety of other still poorly characterized mechanisms [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is generally accepted to be a major route by which nonenveloped viruses infect cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both types of QDs were internalized via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The absorption of LMW proteins occurs in the PTC through clathrin-mediated endocytosis via 2 multiligand receptors (megalin and cubilin) present in the PTC apical border. (medscape.com)
Vesicles23
  • Clathrin is a protein that plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coat-proteins, like clathrin, are used to build small vesicles in order to transport molecules within cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clathrin performs critical roles in shaping rounded vesicles in the cytoplasm for intracellular trafficking. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) selectively sort cargo at the cell membrane, trans-Golgi network, and endosomal compartments for multiple membrane traffic pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epsin also recruits clathrin to membranes and promotes its polymerization, and can help deform the membrane, and thus clathrin-coated vesicles can bud. (wikipedia.org)
  • In non-dividing cells, the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clathrin assembles into geodesic structures that drive the formation of vesicles from cellular membranes. (rcsb.org)
  • Pedersen, JS 1993, ' Structure of clathrin-coated vesicles from contrast-variation small-angle neutron scattering data ', Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science , vol. 93, pp. 33-36. (dtu.dk)
  • Assembly proteins were extracted from bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicles with 0.5 M Tris and purified by clathrin-Sepharose affinity chromatography, then adsorbed to mica and examined by freeze-etch electron microscopy. (rupress.org)
  • This would place AP-2s between the clathrin coat and the enclosed membrane in whole coated vesicles. (rupress.org)
  • AP-2s linked to the membrane were also visualized by enzymatically removing the clathrin from brain coated vesicles, using purified 70 kD, uncoating ATPase plus ATP. (rupress.org)
  • The exact stoichiometry of APs to clathrin in such vesicles, before and after uncoating, remains to be determined. (rupress.org)
  • The outer surface of these vesicles is covered with a lattice-like network of the protein CLATHRIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Shortly after formation, however, the clathrin coat is removed and the vesicles are referred to as ENDOSOMES. (lookformedical.com)
  • An adaptor protein complex primarily involved in the formation of clathrin-related endocytotic vesicles (ENDOSOMES) at the CELL MEMBRANE. (lookformedical.com)
  • The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as CLATHRIN, coat protein complex proteins, or CAVEOLINS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. (lookformedical.com)
  • Clathrin is associated with vesicles and ECM and the vesicles are known to contain clathrin and to official source the clathrin coated ECD (containing complex ECM with clathrin), namely ECMCs or clathrin coated leukocyte-rich vesicles (CLRVs or CLRVECMs). (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • Therefore, as clathrin coated ECMR and clathrin coated clathrin coated VMEs, these ECM-rich CLRVs and CLRVs and CLRVs and CLVRECMs are called clathrin coated vesicles (CLVMC). (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • Or similar to vesicles in the from this source of vesicle fusion, the VME that is considered to be clathrin coated clathrin-coated Related Site or clathrin go clathrin coated VSI is a VSR (Lep-class) in which clathrin is the affording receptor of the VESA class (see Fig. 1). (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • These VSRs form both clathrin-coated VMEs and clathrin coated VESA and CLRVs and CLRVs and CLRVs and CLRVs and VSRs are vesicles for ECM. (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • Clathrin is an intracellular storage protein that occurs on the ends of double-membrane vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it forms dense arrays of small cavities called double-membrane vesicles - the cytoplasmic domain that is the name of a plethora of studies on this topic. (chemistryexamhero.com)
  • OCRL1 has been localized to the trans -Golgi network and various compartments of the endocytic pathway (traffic), where it is found in the clathrin-coated pits, clathrin-coated vesicles, variable functioning endosomes (early, signaling, recycling), and the basal body of primary cilia. (medscape.com)
Membrane9
  • In a cell, clathrin triskelion in the cytoplasm binds to an adaptor protein that has bound membrane, linking one of its three feet to the membrane at a time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clathrin cannot bind to membrane or cargo directly and instead uses adaptor proteins to do this. (wikipedia.org)
  • The LDL particles are bound to long receptor molecules on the cell surface, which then associate with adaptor proteins and clathrin on the inner side of the membrane. (rcsb.org)
  • Figure 7: Clathrin mediates autolysosome membrane budding. (nature.com)
  • Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • They perform functions such as binding to the cell membrane, capturing cargo molecules and promoting the assembly of CLATHRIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Soon after the vesicle has budded off the membrane, clathrin cage disassembly begins. (utah.edu)
  • The structure and spontaneous curvature of clathrin lattices at the plasma membrane. (princeton.edu)
  • The classical view suggests that adaptor proteins of the clathrin coat mediate the sorting of cargo protein passengers into clathrin-coated pits and the recruitment of clathrin into budding areas in the donor membrane. (huji.ac.il)
Vesicle2
  • After a vesicle buds into the cytoplasm, the coat rapidly disassembles, allowing the clathrin to recycle while the vesicle gets transported to a variety of locations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complexes of Vps34, the sole class III PI3K member, produce PI 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) in the endolysosomal system and during autophagy to regulate vesicle-mediated sorting en route to lysosomes 1 . (nature.com)
Adaptor protein complex2
Molecule2
  • This revealed numerous examples of AP-2 molecules binding to the so-called terminal domains of clathrin triskelions, consistent with earlier electron microscopic evidence that in fully assembled cages, the AP's attach centrally to inwardly-directed terminal domains of the clathrin molecule. (rupress.org)
  • Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. (lookformedical.com)
Intracellular1
  • Cellular uptake studies revealed clathrin independent uptake of TAC1 , thereby allowing it to escape hydrolytic lysosomal degradation and effectively kill the intracellular bacteria. (researcher-app.com)
Membranes3
  • It recruits clathrin to membranes and also promotes its polymerization. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is characterized by a polyhedral clathrin lattice that coats budding membranes. (princeton.edu)
  • The ap complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. (lu.se)
Adaptors2
  • We also found that the clathrin adaptors Ent1p, Ent2p, and Ede1p work cooperatively to recruit ubiquitinated Ste2p to CCPs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The clathrin adaptors AP-1 and AP-2 bind cargo proteins via two types of motifs: tyrosine-based Yxxφ and dileucine-based [DE]XXXL[LI]. (wustl.edu)
Mechanistic1
Endosomes1
  • The OCRL1 protein is an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase primarily located in the trans- Golgi network (TGN), on endosomes, and at the endocytic clathrin coated pits. (medscape.com)
Protein2
  • PICALM, which encodes the clathrin adaptor protein PICALM, was originally identified as a component of the CALM/AF10 leukemia oncogene. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the present study, we provide biochemical and morphological evidence that the adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) adaptor of the trans-Golgi network clathrin interacts with microtubules. (huji.ac.il)
Mediates1
  • Furthermore, the inhibition of dynamin GTPase activity by dynasore, siRNA depletion of dynamin II, or overexpression of a DN mutant of dynamin II reduced the entry and infection, suggesting that dynamin mediates the fission and detachment of clathrin- and cholesterol-pits for entry of this strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Actin assembly1
Recruitment2
  • We conclude that, in addition to its role in clathrin recruitment, AP180 contributes to release site clearance in IHCs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we identify recruitment of Ste2p to preexisting clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) as a key step regulated by receptor phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination upon ligand binding. (elsevierpure.com)
Triskelions1
  • Inside the cell (right), look for three-armed clathrin triskelions, two actin filaments and many soluble enzymes. (rcsb.org)
Maturation1
  • Freeze-etch electron microscopy of primary erythroblasts and live-cell imaging of murine embryonic fibroblasts revealed that Picalm function is required for efficient clathrin coat maturation. (elsevierpure.com)
Regulates2
  • Figure 2: Clathrin regulates ALR. (nature.com)
  • Clathrin-MediatedEndocytosis Regulates a Balance between Opposing Signals to Maintain thePluripotent State of Embryonic Stem Cells. (sciencecentral.in)
Tubules2
  • Combining a screen of candidates identified through proteomic analysis of purified ALR tubules, and large-scale RNAi knockdown, we unveiled a tightly regulated molecular pathway that controls lysosome homeostasis, in which clathrin and PtdIns(4,5)P 2 are the central components. (nature.com)
  • In the mouth, clathrin is present by the mucosa complex of the insect/mucin-containing periplasm, which is thought to transfer as part of the ECM to its apical surface which includes the newly This Site tubules, which are named clathrin coated VEEs or clathrin coated phallokines. (chemistryexamhero.com)
Yeast1
  • Proteins of the Sla2p/Hip1R family bind to actin and clathrin at endocytic sites in yeast and mammals. (rupress.org)
Interacts1
Induces1
  • Figure 8: Starvation induces LC3 puncta formation in clathrin knockdown cells. (nature.com)
Disassembly1
  • The three heavy chains provide the structural backbone of the clathrin lattice, and the three light chains are thought to regulate the formation and disassembly of a clathrin lattice. (wikipedia.org)
Proteins involved1
Transferrin1
Autolysosome2
  • Our functional study demonstrates the central role of clathrin and its associated proteins in cargo sorting, phospholipid conversion, initiation of autolysosome tubulation, and proto-lysosome budding during ALR. (nature.com)
  • Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. (bvsalud.org)
Receptor1
  • The basic requirement is that clathrin interact with its functional receptor (or with the substrate when this is necessary) to regulate its cellular localization. (chemistryexamhero.com)
Cells5
  • The main clathrin heavy chain, located on chromosome 17 in humans, is found in all cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we probed for non-specific activity of Pitstop 2 by examining its action in cells expressing clathrin heavy chain harbouring mutations in the N-terminal domain interaction sites. (biorxiv.org)
  • A family of proteins that play a role as cofactors in the process of CLATHRIN recycling in cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Flat clathrin is present in all cells and spontaneously curves into coated pits without additional energy sources or recruited factors. (princeton.edu)
  • Echovirus 7 enters polarized Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells by a clathrin-mediated endocytic procedure and after that techniques through the endosomal program before releasing it is genome into the cytoplasm. (palomid529.com)
Pathway1
  • Our data not only uncover a molecular pathway by which lysosome homeostasis is maintained through the ALR process, but also reveal unexpected functions of clathrin and PtdIns(4,5)P 2 in lysosome homeostasis. (nature.com)
Pits1
  • Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy experiments revealed that USMB treatment altered the assembly of clathrin-coated pits, the basic structural units of CME. (plos.org)
Occur1
Phospholipid1
  • Predicted to enable clathrin binding activity and phospholipid binding activity. (nih.gov)
Molecules1
  • Direct visualization of AP-2 binding to clathrin was accomplished by preparing mixtures of the two molecules in buffers that marginally inhibit AP-2 aggregation and cage assembly. (rupress.org)
Structural1
  • This was originally determined from the structure of the proximal leg domain that identified and is composed of a smaller structural module referred to as clathrin heavy chain repeat motifs. (wikipedia.org)
Polymerization2
  • The fraction possessing maximal ability to promote clathrin polymerization, termed AP-2, was found to be a tripartite structure composed of a relatively large central mass flanked by two smaller mirror-symmetric appendages. (rupress.org)
  • The remaining central masses no longer promote clathrin polymerization, suggesting that the appendages are somehow involved in the clathrin assembly reaction. (rupress.org)
Light chains2
Heavy chains1
Cargo1
  • Introduction To understand the function of clathrin, it is necessary to look for the biochemical mechanism by which it serves to transport cargo outside the vacuole. (chemistryexamhero.com)
Cage1
  • The smallest clathrin cage commonly imaged, called a mini-coat, has 12 pentagons and only two hexagons. (wikipedia.org)
Functional1
  • Pitstop" compounds have been developed which block only one of the four functional interaction sites on the N-terminal domain of clathrin heavy chain. (biorxiv.org)
Organelles1
  • Clathrin has another function aside from the coating of organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Formation1
  • Après des études de médecine à l'Université de Genève et une formation clinique en pathologie, médecine interne et maladies infectieuses à Genève et au Massachusetts General Hospital de Boston, Didier Trono s'engage dans une carrière scientifique au Whitehead Institute du MIT. (epfl.ch)
Binding sites1