Circuits of neurons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Researchers have long taken advantage of the simple linear neuronal pathway, which begins at peripheral sensory modalities, travels through the central GF interneuron (GFI) to motor neurons, and terminates on wing/leg muscles. (eneuro.org)
That was so because 47 percent more motor neurons survived there than in untreated model animals. (medindia.net)
We intentionally targeted the motor neurons in this region since we knew that, as in ALS, their death results in respiratory decline," he added. (medindia.net)
Excess glutamate overstimulates the motor neurons that spark muscle movement, causing death. (medindia.net)
This targeted cell delivery to the cervical spinal cord is a promising strategy to slow that loss of motor neurons in ALS. (medindia.net)
Some descending pathways form direct connections with motor neurons and premotor interneurons, including central pattern generators. (wikipedia.org)
Descending neurons synapse with motor neurons or with interneurons that themselves connect with motor neurons (Venkatasubramanian and Mann 2019 ). (springer.com)

GFC1-4 share a central site of GFI connectivity, the inframedial bridge, where the neurons each form electrical synapses. (eneuro.org)
Some small populations of neurons modulate the activity of hundreds or thousands of these synapses all across the brain by releasing 'neuromodulators' that affect how they work. (elifesciences.org)
Dendrites, the arms extending from the cell body, receive signals from other neurons at junctions called synapses. (brainfacts.org)
Wiring Inhibitory Synapses and Circuits. (jnss.org)
A new study reveals the mechanisms by which neurons and astrocytes work together to form synapses. (neurosciencenews.com)
By the time patients have cognitive symptoms, many changes have already occurred in neurons and synapses. (lu.se)

Professor Eyles has followed the mechanisms that might relate to abnormal dopamine release and discovered that maternal vitamin D deficiency affects the early development and later differentiation of dopaminergic neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
The team at the Queensland Brain Institute developed dopamine-like cells to replicate the process of differentiation into early dopaminergic neurons that usually takes place during embryonic development. (sciencedaily.com)
This is conclusive evidence that vitamin D affects the structural differentiation of dopaminergic neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
The expression of CRHR1 in dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area connects anxiety to either boosted or diminished motivation levels. (neurosciencenews.com)

Mammals possess hundreds of thousands of descending neurons. (wikipedia.org)

July 7, 2020 Researchers have found that dopamine neurons in the brain can represent the decision-making process when making economic choices. (sciencedaily.com)
Combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (CLARITY), and whole-brain light-sheet imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to different targets (different parts of the striatum, cortex, amygdala, etc) in mice. (elifesciences.org)
We found that most populations of dopamine neurons receive a similar set of inputs rather than forming strong reciprocal connections with their target areas. (elifesciences.org)
A common feature among most populations of dopamine neurons was the existence of dense 'clusters' of inputs within the ventral striatum. (elifesciences.org)
However, we found that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum were outliers, receiving relatively few inputs from the ventral striatum and instead receiving more inputs from the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and zona incerta. (elifesciences.org)
These results lay a foundation for understanding the input/output structure of the midbrain dopamine circuit and demonstrate that dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum constitute a unique class of dopamine neurons regulated by different inputs. (elifesciences.org)
Individual dopamine neurons typically send information to a single part of the brain. (elifesciences.org)
This suggests that dopamine neurons with different targets might have different roles. (elifesciences.org)
classified dopamine neurons in the mouse brain into eight types based on the areas to which they project, and then mapped which neurons send input signals to each type. (elifesciences.org)
Dopamine neurons that target part of the brain called the posterior striatum receive relatively little input from the ventral striatum. (elifesciences.org)
suggest that this population of dopamine neurons might be particularly relevant to Parkinson's disease and that focusing future studies on them could ultimately be beneficial for patients. (elifesciences.org)

Here we show that feedback projections onto excitatory neurons in the mouse primary visual cortex generate a second receptive field that is driven by stimuli outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
Whereas somatostatin-expressing inhibitory neurons are driven by these large stimuli, inhibitory neurons that express parvalbumin and vasoactive intestinal peptide have mutually antagonistic fbRF and ffRF, similar to excitatory neurons. (nature.com)
Using animal models of acquired epilepsy and electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques, he studies the roles of excitatory neuronal circuits, inhibitory synaptic transmission, as well as neuronal network in the process of epileptogenesis. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
With whole-cell recording from single neurons, we found that ACh inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) while elevating neuronal firing in a dose-dependent manner. (springer.com)
We found that hypomyelination reduces inhibitory connections to L2/3 neurons without affecting excitatory inputs, thus altering excitatory/inhibitory balance. (biorxiv.org)
A neuron can simultaneously receive many impulses-excitatory and inhibitory-from other neurons and integrate simultaneous impulses into various patterns of firing. (msdmanuals.com)

Experiments conducted on rat models of ALS, also called Lou Gehrig's disease, have shown that transplanting a new line of stem cell-like cells reduces neuron loss, and extends life, Johns Hopkins researchers have revealed. (medindia.net)
Using a fluorescent probe that lights up when brain cells are electrically active, MIT and Boston University researchers have shown that they can image the activity of many neurons at once, in the brains of mice. (scitechdaily.com)
Using this voltage-sensing molecule, the researchers showed that they could record electrical activity from many more neurons than has been possible with any existing, fully genetically encoded, fluorescent voltage probe. (scitechdaily.com)
Traditional methods for measuring this electrical activity require inserting an electrode into the brain, a process that is labor-intensive and usually allows researchers to record from only one neuron at a time. (scitechdaily.com)
To do that, the researchers had to modify the probe so that it would go to a subregion of the neuron membrane. (scitechdaily.com)
To overcome that, the researchers attached a small peptide that guides the probe specifically to membranes of the cell bodies of neurons. (scitechdaily.com)
Researchers here demonstrate that human dopaminergenic neurons , the class of cell lost in Parkinson's disease , can integrate into neural circuits and improve motor function when transplanted into mice. (skincare.nz)
To repair damaged neural circuits in the Parkinson's disease mouse model, the researchers began by coaxing human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons, the kind of cells that die in Parkinson's. (skincare.nz)
Looking closely, researchers were able to see that the transplanted neurons grew long distances to connect to motor-control regions of the brain. (skincare.nz)
To confirm that the transplanted neurons had repaired the Parkinson's-damaged circuits, the researchers inserted genetic on-and-off switches into the stem cells. (skincare.nz)
Researchers found that ERK activity is increased during rest intervals to induce transcriptional cycling between c-Fos and CREB in a subset of mushroom body neurons. (sciencedaily.com)
June 5, 2020 Researchers have found that activity in adult-born neurons (ABNs) in the hippocampus, which is a brain region associated with memory, are responsible for memory consolidation during REM sleep. (sciencedaily.com)
Researchers have identified two groups of serotonin neurons that may help to suppress aggression in mice. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neurodegenerative disease researchers have caught on that glia do more than supply energy to neurons or respond to emergencies such as amyloid accumulation or tissue damage. (alzforum.org)
At the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) annual meeting, which drew nearly 25,000 scientists to San Diego November 9-14, researchers reported new data on the fundamental roles played by glial cells in forming and refining neural circuits. (alzforum.org)
Researchers have mapped all 302 neurons that make up the C. elegans nervous system. (rockefeller.edu)
In another set of experiments, the researchers manipulated the mice's master biological clock by tweaking genes in the neurons that regulate it. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers then used a tool called optogenetics to map the brain circuits involved. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers discovered two parallel circuits that link the biological clock to a brain sub-region called the "ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus," which is known to regulate aggression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The purpose of this effort is to accelerate the development and application of new technologies that will enable researchers to produce dynamic pictures that show how individual brain cells and complex neural circuits interact at the speed of thought. (medscape.com)

Indeed, orchestrating complex behavior using only 1100 descending neurons (Hsu and Bhandawat 2016 ), requires efficient integration of sensory input and motor output, as well as higher-order processing, such as learning. (springer.com)

A longstanding challenge in neuroscience is to understand how neurons compute their output by integrating information from multiple sources. (elifesciences.org)

Nov. 24, 2021 When mice rest, individual neurons fire in seconds-long, coordinated cascades, triggering activity across the brain, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)

The GF circuit targets two large muscle sets used for rapid escape behavior, the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM), which controls the legs for jumping, and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM), which controls the wings ( Tanouye and Wyman, 1980 ). (eneuro.org)
As the sole conduits of information between the brain and the body, descending neurons play a key role in behavior. (wikipedia.org)
But how exactly descending signals are integrated in circuits in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates) during behavior is not well understood. (wikipedia.org)
If you want to study a behavior, or a disease, you need to image the activity of populations of neurons because they work together in a network," says Boyden, who is also a member of MIT's McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Media Lab, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. (scitechdaily.com)
Neurons compute using rapid electrical impulses, which underlie our thoughts, behavior, and perception of the world. (scitechdaily.com)
Diane A. Kelly studies neuroscience and anatomy at UMass Amherst, with a focus on mapping the circuits of the social behavior network. (brainfacts.org)
These studies have focused on altered synaptic function underlying neuronal circuits that drive abnormal behavior. (michaeljfox.org)
Dietary triglycerides directly alter signaling in the reward circuit to regulate behavior. (neurosciencenews.com)
Seeking an answer, her team set out to measure the electrical behavior of C. elegans neurons-every single one of them, if necessary. (rockefeller.edu)
In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior. (springer.com)
Descending neurons can thus initiate and modify behavior based on sensory input, and other higher order processing that takes place in the brain. (springer.com)
We are currently investigating the mechanism of multi-sensory integration in the nervous system by analyzing behavior strategies and neural circuits of C. elegans that are exposed to multiple stimuli, especially temperature and odor. (riken.jp)

Pacemaker properties, not recurrent synaptic connections, drive rhythmic burst firing in neonatal lamina I neurons. (jneurosci.org)
We identify new transgenic Gal4 drivers that express specifically in these neurons, and map both neuronal architecture and synaptic polarity. (eneuro.org)
Targeted apoptotic ablation of GFC1 reveals a key role for the proper development of the GF circuit, including the maintenance of GFI connectivity with upstream and downstream synaptic partners. (eneuro.org)
Traditionally, all models of sound localization have assumed that MSO neurons represent a single population of cells with specialized and homogeneous intrinsic and synaptic properties that enable the detection of synaptic coincidence on a timescale of tens to hundreds of microseconds. (jneurosci.org)
In addition to the beneficial effects of neuroprotection and neurogenesis, hUCB-MSCs also contribute to the restoration of impaired synaptic circuits in the hippocampus and improve neurocognitive functions in IVH-injured neonatal rat through BDNF-TrkB-CREB signaling axis activation. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly, however, the responses of descending neurons are not always directly deducible from the responses of their presumed pre-synaptic counterparts (Wu et al. (springer.com)
From a digital perspective, neurons (or neural compartments) are implemented by processors, which usually simulate both the neural dynamics and the synaptic receptors. (frontiersin.org)
The efficiency of such systems is usually measured in terms of synaptic events (namely one spike targetting one synapse) per second and neurons they can simulate, with these two measures limited by the on-core memory capacity and computational power in digital neuromorphic platforms and by the physical implementation for analog architectures. (frontiersin.org)
Remarkably, these effects are not associated with changes in the expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic components, but with a reduction of parvalbumin (PV) neuron density and PV mRNA levels. (biorxiv.org)
Moreover, synaptic proteins - necessary for signaling between neurons - were decreased. (lu.se)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)

The MSO provides an especially clear example of a neural representation of a sensory feature, with neurons tuned to different ITDs representing discrete horizontal locations. (jneurosci.org)
Because the number of descending neurons is several orders of magnitude smaller than the number of neurons in either the brain or spinal cord/ventral nerve cord, this class of cells represents a critical bottleneck in the flow of information from sensory systems to motor circuits. (wikipedia.org)
Ascending neurons provide sensory and motor feedback to the brain, whereas descending neurons carry sensory and motor-related information from the brain to central pattern generators in the posterior ganglia. (springer.com)

Feedback projections may therefore enable neurons to use context to estimate information that is missing from the ffRF and to report differences in stimulus features across visual space, regardless of whether excitation occurs inside or outside the ffRF. (nature.com)
Neurotransmitters enable neurons to communicate with each other. (msdmanuals.com)

Moreover, it has recently been appreciated that myelin is also present on inhibitory neurons 14 but the role of myelin for inhibitory circuits in unknown. (biorxiv.org)

Spontaneous burst firing is not localized to projection neurons within the neonatal superficial dorsal horn. (jneurosci.org)
C , D , Spino-PB ( n = 30) projection neurons showed significantly more spontaneous activity during the neonatal period compared with spino-PAG ( n = 28) neurons ( p = 0.003, Fisher's exact test), but neither population exhibited rhythmic burst firing. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, we hypothesized that the amyloid-β in the mammillary bodies comes from the long projection neurons that terminate in this region. (lu.se)

Interneurons are a specific type of neuron. (lu.se)

This study provides a detailed circuit map for further dissection of neuronal connectivity and electrically coupled communication. (eneuro.org)
However, understanding exactly how such molecular and cellular actions of ACh translate into modulation of the network activity of neuronal ensembles in vivo has been challenging, in part due to the vast complexity of native circuits. (springer.com)
Decision making in recurrent neuronal circuits. (bvsalud.org)
Neuronal activity changes in 16 CBT structures were characterized upon acute pharmacological dopaminergic manipulations and firing rate changes of subgroup of cells within different structures in the CBT circuit were shown to potentially be responsible for the severe akinesia induced by the drugs. (lu.se)
The "In vivo Brain Circuit Analysis" platform is a research infrastructure devoted to integrating methods and techniques to interrogate neuronal circuits in health and disease using advanced methods for the perturbation and recording of cell activity. (lu.se)

Abbott, L.F. and Svoboda, K., editors (2020) Brain-wide Interactions Between Neural Circuits. (columbia.edu)

We also review current models for the mechanisms of GABA-mediated synchronization of neural activity, focusing on parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons, which are altered in schizophrenia and whose function has been strongly linked to the production of neural synchrony. (hindawi.com)

This study unveils new members of this circuit, all of which synapse with the circuit at one site on the central giant fiber interneuron. (eneuro.org)
One way to address this problem is to use computational models to explore the brain, with Spiking Neural Networks a popular choice to capture neuron and synapse dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)

B , Frozen sagittal section (30 μm) of P4 spinal cord illustrating the presence of DiI-labeled neurons within lamina I at 3 d after injection. (jneurosci.org)
C , Example of a rat sagittal spinal cord section (50 μm) after exposure to avidin-rhodamine, illustrating the axon of a bursting neuron which sends collaterals to the SDH (arrowhead), the deep dorsal horn (boxed region) (see D-F ), and the ventral horn (arrows). (jneurosci.org)
D , Section (of same spinal cord as shown in C ) illustrating axonal boutons from the bursting neuron (arrowheads) in the deep dorsal horn of the rat (see inset for higher magnification of boxed region). (jneurosci.org)
G , Example of sagittal spinal cord slice from a Gad-GFP mouse showing numerous GABAergic neurons within the SDH. (jneurosci.org)
A descending neuron is a neuron that conveys signals from the brain to neural circuits in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates). (wikipedia.org)
Their axons traverse the neck in connectives, or tracts, and output onto neurons in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates). (wikipedia.org)
Baron and Janig have proposed a positive feedback circuit, consisting of primary afferent neuron, spinal cord neurons, sympathetic neurons, and a pathologic sympathetic coupling. (medscape.com)

In the visual system, these feedforward pathways define the classical feedforward receptive field (ffRF), the area in space in which visual stimuli excite a neuron 1 . (nature.com)
Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. (springer.com)

The Drosophila giant fiber (GF) escape circuit is an extensively studied model for neuron connectivity and function. (eneuro.org)
The Drosophila giant fiber circuit has long served as such a model, due to large neuron size, genetic malleability, and easily visualized behavioral output: a jump in response to a threat. (eneuro.org)
Importantly, whereas the anterior brain of an adult Drosophila contains about 100,000 neurons (Zheng et al. (springer.com)

Identification of this large population of electrically coupled neurons in this classic model, and the ability to genetically manipulate these electrically synapsed neurons, expands the GF system capabilities for the nuanced, sophisticated circuit dissection necessary for deeper investigations into brain formation. (eneuro.org)
Descending neurons have their somas and dendrites (primary input zones) in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Two direct pathways link specific regions in the brain to motor circuits in the ventral nerve cord controlling the legs and wings, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Fluorescent probe could allow scientists to watch circuits within the brain and link their activity to specific behaviors. (scitechdaily.com)
This technique, which can be performed using a simple light microscope, could allow neuroscientists to visualize the activity of circuits within the brain and link them to specific behaviors, says Edward Boyden, the Y. Eva Tan Professor in Neurotechnology and a professor of biological engineering and of brain and cognitive sciences at MIT. (scitechdaily.com)
They found that neurons derived from stem cells can integrate well into the correct regions of the brain, connect with native neurons and restore motor functions. (skincare.nz)
They transplanted these new neurons into the midbrains of mice, the brain region most affected by Parkinson's degeneration. (skincare.nz)
Several months later, after the new neurons had time to integrate into the brain, the mice showed improved motor skills. (skincare.nz)
The nerve cells also established connections with regulatory regions of the brain that fed into the new neurons and prevented them from being overstimulated. (skincare.nz)
Astrocytes form a network inside the brain that regulates ion concentrations around neurons, provides them with nutrients, and helps regulate the formation of new connections between neurons. (brainfacts.org)
Ependymal cells make the cerebrospinal fluid that cushions the brain inside the skull, and oligodendrocytes improve neuron function by wrapping axons in a fatty sheath called myelin. (brainfacts.org)
A new study identifies a microRNA that may be essential to restoring normal function in a brain circuit associated with auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. (neurosciencenews.com)
Brain injury environment critically influences the connectivity of transplanted neurons. (oeaw.ac.at)
In flies, three paired thoracic ganglia are fused with the abdominal ganglion to form the ventral nerve cord (Power 1948 ), which is connected to the anterior brain via the cervical connective containing both ascending and descending neurons. (springer.com)
In a study of mice that they report in the journal Nature Neuroscience , they explain, for the first time, how the biological clock links to brain cells, or neurons, that control aggression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
We examined the biological clock's brain circuitry," notes senior study author Prof. Clifford B. Saper, chair of the Department of Neurology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, MA, "and found a connection to a population of neurons known to cause violent attacks when stimulated in male mice. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In humans, mice, and other vertebrates, the master clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is a cluster of neurons inside the hypothalamus region of the brain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The Inscopix Miniature microscope system allows to image large-scale brain circuit dynamics via in vivo calcium imaging in freely behaving animals to correlate neural activity with behaviour. (lu.se)
In the insect world, this essential navigational process is facilitated by specific neurons within a brain region known as the central complex (CX). (lu.se)
In a subset of 70 species, we will look more closely at the distribution of neurons in specific areas of the telencephalon, the brain part that is traditionally associated with cognition. (lu.se)
This will tell us how many neurons are located in specific brain parts and how densely packed they are, enabling us to establish patterns and rules based on phylogeny and other factors. (lu.se)
When the pups were a bit older, we could see that this experience increased the amyloid-β levels in the brain tissue and inside the neurons. (lu.se)
His brain was edematous and had hypoxic injury to the neurons. (cdc.gov)
Autopsy findings included a soft swollen brain with axial herniation and hypoxic injury to the neurons. (cdc.gov)
Stanley Heinze is a leading expert in anatomical and physiology analysis of insect brain neurons, with special emphasis on comparative work on the central cortex. (lu.se)

Here, using patch-clamp recordings from large populations of anatomically labeled neurons in brainstem slices from male and female Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatu s), we show that MSO neurons are far more physiologically diverse than previously appreciated, with properties that depend regionally on cell position along the topographic map of frequency. (jneurosci.org)
The delicate balance between learning new behaviors and expressing old habits is controlled by two different populations of neurons in the dorsolateral striatum. (neurosciencenews.com)

Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. (brainfacts.org)
We have sucessfully designed communication system models using in-silico and in-vitro models of different types of biological systems including, neurons, astrocytes, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells as well as bacteria. (essex.ac.uk)

Descending pain-modulatory circuits mediate top-downregulation of nociceptive processing, transmitting cortical and limbic influences to the dorsal horn. (eneuro.org)
Neurons with fbRFs are located in cortical layers that receive strong feedback projections and are absent in the main input layer, which is consistent with a laminar processing hierarchy. (nature.com)

We show that graded differences in these and other physiological properties across the MSO neuron population enable the MSO to duplex the encoding of ITD information in both fast, submillisecond time-varying signals as well as in slower envelopes. (jneurosci.org)
The neuron sends signals via the axon, a long cable that ends with the axon terminals. (brainfacts.org)
The functional unit of neural circuits and networks is the neuron , a specialized cell that can transmit electrical signals to other nerve cells, muscles, or glands. (brainfacts.org)
Dendrites are branched projections that extend from the cell body and collect incoming signals from other neurons. (brainfacts.org)
While stimulating AWA, a neuron that processes smell signals, he observed that the cell's electrical voltage rose very rapidly before dramatically plummeting. (rockefeller.edu)
Neurons that receive neurotransmitter signals are called postsynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)
Sometimes signals between neurons occur in the reverse direction (called retrograde neurotransmission). (msdmanuals.com)

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.001. (nih.gov)
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.032. (cmu.edu)
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.04.037. (cmu.edu)

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that PB conveys direct glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs to RVM neurons. (eneuro.org)

Fig. 2: Neuron-type specific response to inverse stimuli. (nature.com)
Previously, we have demonstrated that small networks of cultured hippocampal neurons exhibit persistent activity in response to brief stimuli applied to single cells [ 26 ], reminiscent of reverberatory activity in the hypothetical cell assembly proposed by Donald Hebb as a network basis of "online" working memory [ 27 ]. (springer.com)
We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. (springer.com)

Some neurons' activity went up when the mice were running, some went down, and others showed no significant change. (scitechdaily.com)
They found that when they stopped the master clock neurons from being able to make a specific chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, the mice lost their circadian pattern of aggression. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Stimulating neurons here causes mice to become violent and aggressive. (medicalnewstoday.com)

F , Bursting lamina I neurons ( n = 28) had a smaller membrane capacitance (* p = 0.038, Mann-Whitney test) and higher membrane resistance (* p = 0.014, Mann-Whitney test) compared with adjacent, nonbursting cells ( n = 45) at P2-P3. (jneurosci.org)
A , Membrane depolarization via direct current injection recruits burst firing in a previously silent lamina I neuron at P3, which disappears upon removal of the depolarizing current. (jneurosci.org)
Using a technique known as directed protein evolution, his group engineered a molecule called Archon1 that can be genetically inserted into neurons, where it becomes embedded in the cell membrane. (scitechdaily.com)
They found that when the molecule inserts itself throughout the entire cell membrane, the resulting images are blurry because the axons and dendrites that extend from neurons also fluoresce. (scitechdaily.com)
For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)

Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons, 2nd edition. (brainfacts.org)

We mapped and quantified the intracortical inputs to L2/3 neurons using laser-scanning photostimulation combined with patch clamp recordings. (biorxiv.org)

The present experiments used optogenetic methods in a lightly anesthetized rat and an adult RVM slice to determine whether there are direct, functionally relevant inputs to RVM pain-modulating neurons from PB. (eneuro.org)
They also reveal additional inputs from PB with the capacity to activate both classes of RVM pain-modulating neurons and the potential to be recruited under different physiological and pathophysiological conditions. (eneuro.org)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) encode sound localization cues by detecting microsecond differences in the arrival times of inputs from the left and right ears, and it has been assumed that this computation is made possible by highly stereotyped structural and physiological specializations. (jneurosci.org)
The original model for ITD tuning, the Jeffress model, postulated an array of identical neurons whose ITD and frequency tuning is based solely on their respective inputs ( Jeffress, 1948 ), and where systematic variations in axon length impart sensitivity to ITDs. (jneurosci.org)

Eyles and his team believe such early alterations to dopamine neuron differentiation and function may be the neurodevelopmental origin of dopamine dysfunction later in adults who develop schizophrenia. (sciencedaily.com)

Despite exhibiting a similar morphology, neurons in the MSO exhibit subthreshold oscillations of differing magnitudes that drive action potentials at rates between 100 and 800 Hz. (jneurosci.org)
But in a recent study, Rockefeller scientist Cori Bargmann and her colleagues, Qiang Liu, Phil Kidd, and May Dobosiewicz, discovered, among other things, a C. elegans olfactory neuron that produces action potentials. (rockefeller.edu)
Myelination of central neurons increases conduction velocity of action potentials and provides metabolic support to axons 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)

Recently, brainstem neurons were shown to specifically stop locomotion in mammals. (uni-koeln.de)

Most neurons send their messages to recipient neurons by releasing a substance called a 'neurotransmitter' that binds to receptors on the target cell. (elifesciences.org)

Megg Garcia-Ryde's thesis sheds light on the early pathological processes in Alzheimer's disease and the interplay between neurons and microglia as the disease evolves. (lu.se)
My thesis expands on this work by considering the interplay of neurons and microglia, the brain's major immune cell, in the context of Alzheimer's pathology. (lu.se)
For instance, I investigate microglia-neuron interactions and how this is affected by amyloid-β aggregates inside the neurons. (lu.se)

F , Numerous axonal boutons from the bursting neuron (red) demonstrated VGLUT2 immunoreactivity (green) as evidenced by colocalization in a single 0.5 μm optical plane (yellow). (jneurosci.org)

Pyramidal tracts Extrapyramidal tracts Command neuron Reticular formation Lemon, Roger N. (July 21, 2008). (wikipedia.org)
Pyramidal neurons. (brainfacts.org)

Thus, as the hippocampus is essential for learning, memory, and cognitive functions and is intimately involved in the ventricular system, making it a potential site of IVH-induced injury, we determined the molecular basis of the effects of hUCB-derived MSCs on hippocampal neurogenesis and the recovery of hippocampal neural circuits after IVH in a rodent model. (biomedcentral.com)

Neuroscientists have shown how vitamin D deficiency affects developing neurons in the brain's dopamine circuit, which may lead to the dopamine dysfunction seen in adults with schizophrenia. (sciencedaily.com)

Neurotransmitters that are released bind to receptors on another neuron. (msdmanuals.com)
In such cases, the dendrites (a neuron's receiving branches) on the postsynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that affect receptors on the presynaptic neurons. (msdmanuals.com)

As part of this circuit, the mammillary bodies play a particular role in spatial memory with connections to other regions important to memory: the hippocampus and anterior thalamus. (lu.se)

The C. elegans has just 302 neurons, so it's one of the few animals where you can look at each individual neuron," says Liu, a research assistant professor in Bargmann's lab who set out to measure how all of these neurons respond to stimulation. (rockefeller.edu)

These include descending neurons that can initiate and terminate locomotion, modulate locomotion speed and direction, and help coordinate limbs. (wikipedia.org)

Both sets of connections - feeding in and out of the transplanted neurons - resembled the circuitry established by native neurons. (skincare.nz)

Cell replacement using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derivatives may offer new therapeutic opportunities to replace degenerated neurons and repair damaged circuits. (lu.se)

While some descending neurons are sufficient to elicit specific behaviors, most behaviors are likely not controlled by single, command-like descending neurons, but instead by the combined activity of different descending neurons. (wikipedia.org)
In the top row, neurons are labeled with a fluorescent probe that reveals electrical activity. (scitechdaily.com)
Multielectrode arrays allow the monitoring of electrical activity from many neurons at once, but they don't sample densely enough to get all the neurons within a given volume. (scitechdaily.com)
In 2018, Boyden's team developed an alternative way to monitor electrical activity by labeling neurons with a fluorescent probe. (scitechdaily.com)
They were able to monitor activity in several neurons simultaneously and correlate each one's activity with the mice's movement. (scitechdaily.com)
However, the cellular properties of these neurons and their activity during locomotion are still unknown. (uni-koeln.de)
We find that these neurons display a burst of spikes that coincides with the end of swimming activity. (uni-koeln.de)
Dopamine is known to play a crucial role in this circuit and regulating its activity. (lu.se)
Lastly, to investigate how somatosensory input is affecting motor circuits, we have recorded activity of the whole CBT-loop in rats before and after extensive skilled forelimb reaching and grasping training. (lu.se)
Retrograde transmission can inhibit presynaptic neurons from releasing additional neurotransmitters and help control the level of activity and communication among neurons. (msdmanuals.com)

This is the neuron, the building block of the nervous system. (brainfacts.org)
Myelination of central nervous system axons increases the conduction speed of neural impulses and contributes to the function and maintenance of neural circuits. (biorxiv.org)

However, the descending neurons, which connect the optic lobes with the motor command centers of the ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. (springer.com)
We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. (springer.com)

abstract = "A current-mode circuit which implements a model of a single neuron with chaotic dynamics is proposed. (elsevierpure.com)

Under some conditions, neurons near each other can communicate using electrical impulses across a gap junction. (msdmanuals.com)

His Group have received a Live Demo Special Session Prize (IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, New Orleans, 2007) and a Finalist Award (IEEE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Cincinnati, 2005). (imperial.ac.uk)

Spinal lamina I neurons exhibit rhythmic burst firing during early life. (jneurosci.org)

However, it is unclear how ACh influences neural circuit dynamics by altering cellular properties. (springer.com)
However, much less is known about how subtle changes in myelin alter neural circuit function. (biorxiv.org)

Transplanted embryonic neurons integrate into adult neocortical circuits. (oeaw.ac.at)

Increased Physiological GDNF Levels Have No Effect on Dopamine Neuron Protection and Restoration in a Proteasome Inhibition Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease OPEN ACCESS eNeuro. (lu.se)

Therefore, myelination is critical for the normal patterns of neural circuits' activation and synchronization, and for normal physiological, cognitive and behavioral performance. (biorxiv.org)

They are considered a part of the limbic system, specifically the Papez circuit, and are part of the hypothalamus. (lu.se)

Anatomy104

Organisms19

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes39

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science4

Health Care2

Motor neurons7

Synapses6

Dopaminergic neurons4

Hundreds of thousands of descend1

Dopamine neurons11

Excitatory6

Researchers20

20161

Understand how neurons1

20211

Behavior12

Synaptic11

Sensory3

Enable neurons2

Inhibitory neurons1

Projection neurons3

Interneurons1

Neuronal5

20201

Parvalbumin-positive1

Synapse3

Spinal cord7

Visual stimuli2

Drosophila3

Brain25

Populations2

Astrocytes2

Cortical2

Signals7

10.10163

GABAergic1

Stimuli3

Mice3

Membrane5

Physiology1

Patch-clamp recordings1

Inputs4

Alterations1

Action potentials3

Mammals1

Neurotransmitter1

Microglia3

Axonal1

Pyramidal2

Hippocampal1

Brain's1

Receptors2

Hippocampus1

Elegans1

Modulate1

Circuitry1

Embryonic stem1

Activity10

Nervous system2

Ventral nerv2

Abstract1

Electrical impulses1

Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems1

Exhibit1

Neural circuit2

Integrate1

Parkinson's1

Physiological1

Hypothalamus1