• The standard karyotype constitution of M. gouazoubira (2n=70 and FN=70) is similar to M. nemorivaga (2n=68 and FN=70) and the differences between them are the number of B chromosomes and the morphology of X chromosome. (unesp.br)
  • In addition, karyotype comparisons in Alcedinidae show a heterogeneity in the size and morphology of macrochromosomes, and chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 76 to 132. (pensoft.net)
  • During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this group of vertebrates, several new species have been described based on chromosomal characterization, since the importance of cytogenetic data is not only restricted to identifying the diploid number, morphology, structure and organization of sequences on chromosomes. (fapesp.br)
  • To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
  • Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
  • Routine karyotype analysis is not sensitive enough to detect subtle chromosome rearrangements (less than 5 Mb). (bmj.com)
  • Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
  • In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
  • This study aimed to analyze the karyotypic differences between M. gouazoubira and M. nemorivaga species identifying the chromosomal rearrangements that distinguished them. (unesp.br)
  • In both species the actives nucleolar organizer regions were observed in the terminal position of chromosome pairs 1 and 2. (unesp.br)
  • The telomeric sites were located at all the chromosomes ends and at the half of X-chromosome q arm in both species. (unesp.br)
  • Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
  • A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
  • Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
  • The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fish species Synbranchus marmoratus has been reported to exist as a species complex due to high intraspecific karyotypic variability in spite of the difficulty or impossibility to distinguish them using morphological traits alone. (scielo.br)
  • These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
  • Thus, it is possible chromosomal fissions in macrochromosomes resulted in the increase of the diploid number, whereas chromosome fusions have originated the karyotypes with low diploid number. (pensoft.net)
  • Avian karyotypes are characterized by internal variation in the size of chromosomes, presenting two distinct groups, macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. (pensoft.net)
  • In patients with normal karyotypes, the clinical features may still suggest appropriate regions to be screened for microscopic imbalance by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis using locus specific probes. (bmj.com)
  • Chorus2: design of genome‐scale oligonucleotide‐based probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization. (zhangtaolab.org)
  • Our first aim is to develop cytogenetic analysis using conventional staining, banding patterns and fluorescence 'in situ' hybridization (FISH) with specific probes o Brazilian rodents. (fapesp.br)
  • The males of M. nemorivaga showed one acrocentric chromosome without its corresponding pair, but it was homologous to distal half of q arm of X-chromosome. (unesp.br)
  • Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
  • Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
  • FISH probes designed to detect subtelomeric rearrangements have given a significant diagnostic yield of around 6% in patients with unexplained learning disability and dysmorphic features, 1- 3 but interstitial chromosomal deletions and duplications are not detectable using this method. (bmj.com)
  • In Akodon cursor, the frequencies of chromosome rearrangements along their geographical distribution in Atlantic Forest have provided information about their dispersal pattern and population differentiation. (fapesp.br)
  • The most recurrent numerical alterations were gains in rat chromosome 4 (RNO4) and losses in RNO15. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The authors recently mapped a susceptibility locus for autism to chromosome region 2q24-q33 (MIM number 606053). (neurotransmitter.net)
  • However, these methods have limited resolution and are unreliable for subtle copy number changes involving chromosome segments of 5 Mb in length or less. (bmj.com)
  • Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cytogenetic studies of human ECs have not produced very conclusive data, since many of these studies are based on karyotyping of limited number of cases and no really specific karyotypic changes have yet been identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The reported cytogenetic data are not conclusive, since they are based on the karyotyping of limited number of cases [ 6 ], and no really specific karyotypic changes have yet been detected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, the technique of comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) using metaphase chromosomes has been applied to this clinical problem. (bmj.com)
  • The analysis of C-bands showed all centromeric and pericetromeric regions were heterochromatic, except the Y chromosome. (unesp.br)
  • The chromosome painting analysis showed total homeology of the X-chromosome M. gouazoubira probe with the whole p arm and proximal half of q arm of X-chromosome from M. nemorivaga. (unesp.br)
  • The increase of the chromosome number in the Green Kingfisher possibly originated by centric fissions in macrochromosomes. (pensoft.net)
  • Chorus2: design of genome-scale oligonucleotide-based probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization. (github.com)
  • 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of translocations and deletions involving the short arm of human chromosome 12 in malignant hematologic diseases. (nih.gov)
  • The introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) marked the beginning of a new era for the study of chromosome structure and function. (biosyn.com)
  • It is demonstrated that, in addition to routine staining and other traditional techniques of chromosome research, karyotypes of an increasing number of hymenopterans are being studied using molecular methods, e.g., staining with base-specific fluorochromes and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), including microdissection and chromosome painting. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study demonstrated the efficiency of FISH with bovine WCP and BAC probes in the characterization of chromosome rearrangements and gametic segregation patterns in brown brocket deer. (bvsalud.org)
  • The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
  • As MCB probes can unambiguously determine pericentric and paracentric inversions and map the breakpoints, they were immediately recognized to be a useful tool for studying chromosomal evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Comparative oligo-FISH mapping: an efficient and powerful methodology to reveal karyotypic and chromosomal evolution. (github.com)
  • MCB probes are established by chromosome microdissection followed by whole genomic DNA amplification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The absolutely necessary condition for chromosome microdissection is the possibility to identify the target chromosome unambiguously. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The putative nucleolus organiser region (NOR) is observed on chromosome 4. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • FISH of rDNA probes detected multiple NOR loci in G. ocularis , underlining the intense evolutionary dynamics related to these genes. (karger.com)
  • Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using BAC probes, we revealed the presence of a paracentric inversion (PAI) of the fused chromosome 4 in two of the four analyzed RT carriers. (bvsalud.org)
  • 5. Amplification of chromosome subregion 12p11.2-p12.1 in a metastasis of an i(12p)-negative seminoma: relationship to tumor progression? (nih.gov)
  • 12. Triple-color FISH analysis of 12p amplification in testicular germ-cell tumors using 12p band-specific painting probes. (nih.gov)
  • Tandem fusions of microchromosomes to macrochromosomes and between microchromosomes were also frequently observed, and chromosomal locations of the rRNA genes ranged from two to seven pairs of chromosomes. (soken.ac.jp)
  • These differences in pairs 18-22 were also highlighted by hybridization of the telomeric probe (TTAGGG) n , which showed the small p arms in G. ocularis enriched with ITSs. (karger.com)
  • The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conceptually, FISH is a very straightforward technique that essentially consists in hybridizing a DNA probe to its complementary sequence on chromosomal preparations previously fixed on slides. (biosyn.com)
  • However, unambiguous identification of the target chromosome is required for MCB-probe establishment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The identification of chromosomes and chromosomal subregions can be a challenging task. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Authors : Vladimir E. Gokhman : A brief overview of the current stage of the chromosome study of the insect order Hymenoptera is given. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)