• Telomere, a complex of guanine-rich repeat sequences and associated proteins, caps and protects every eukaryotic chromosome end against chromosomal fusion, recombination, and terminal DNA degradation ( Blackburn, 2001 ). (nature.com)
  • Cloning and chromosomal localization of a human kidney cDNA involved in cystine, dibasic, and neutral amino acid transport. (jci.org)
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 7. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These chromosomal changes involve a region of the short (p) arm of chromosome 7 that contains the GLI3 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
  • Aneuploidy is defined as the loss and/or gain of chromosomes to produce a numerical deviation from multiples of the haploid chromosomal complement ( King and Stansfield, 1990 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • We also identify multiple cases of catastrophic chromosomal rearrangements known as chromoanagenesis, including somatic chromoanasynthesis, and extreme balanced germline chromothripsis events involving up to 65 breakpoints and 60.6 Mb across four chromosomes, further defining rare categories of extreme cxSV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Changes in the structure or quantity of chromosomes , which are strands of condensed genetic material, are known as chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • In an organism, any visible abnormality in chromosome number or structure from the diploid set is known as chromosomal aberration . (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • The frequency of ICF cells with chromosomal aberrations seems to increase with passage number, 3,4,40 although this is not a consistent finding. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Jan 1, 2018 · Chromosomal abnormalities usually occurs during S-phase (synthesis phase) of cell cycle in which DNA synthesis takes place. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • The researchers were also able to further confirmed that fusion occurred by studying the chromosomal makeup of the fused cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Although aberrant V(D)J integration and class switch recombination can both give rise to chromosomal translocations, a role for somatic hypermutation in such genomic rearrangements has been suggested but is less clearly established. (lu.se)
  • We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. (eurekamag.com)
  • The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. (eurekamag.com)
  • All human chromosomes were present in one or more cell lines devoid of the human beta globin gene except for 6, 8, 9, 11, and 13. (eurekamag.com)
  • Among these latter chromosomes, only chromosome 11 was present in the six hybrid clones that contained the human beta globin gene. (eurekamag.com)
  • In fact, chromosome 11 was the only human chromosome that was present in all of the six hybrid clones found to be positive for the human beta globin gene. (eurekamag.com)
  • 157-BNPT-4 contained the human beta globin gene while 157-BNPT-1 did not. (eurekamag.com)
  • two lines positive for human beta globin gene sequences also contained human gamma globin gene sequences while one line was negative for both beta and gamma gene sequences. (eurekamag.com)
  • Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from a panel of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids showed that the human gene for D2H resides on chromosome 2. (jci.org)
  • These changes involve a region of the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 containing the FOXP2 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some individuals with FOXP2 -related speech and language disorder have a deletion that removes a small segment of chromosome 7, including the FOXP2 gene and several neighboring genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It remains unclear how having two maternal copies of chromosome 7 affects the activity of the FOXP2 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of human-specific products from human x rodent somatic cell hybrid DNAs, the gene has been assigned to human chromosome 6. (aspetjournals.org)
  • A gene deriving from the ancestral sex chromosomes was lost from the X and retained on the Y chromosome in eutherian mammals. (harvard.edu)
  • Gene-rich X chromosomes implicate intragenomic conflict in the evolution of bizarre genetic systems. (harvard.edu)
  • Can I assume that it is easier to do targeted gene knock-in in rapidly dividing cells because they should have a short period of G1? (stackexchange.com)
  • Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
  • Slaugenhaupt SA, Roca AL, Liebert CB, Altherr MR, Gusella JF, Reppert SM , Mapping of the gene for the Mel1a-melatonin receptor to human chromosome 4 (MTNR1A) and mouse chromosome 8 (Mtnr1a). (coriell.org)
  • Humans have about 20,000 to 23,000 genes depending on how a gene is defined. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Beginning in the 1980s, many studies of human populations used the Y-chromosome gene sequences to trace paternal lineages. (asu.edu)
  • Database of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines. (google.se)
  • One is what is called somatic gene therapy, in which what you're doing is altering the gene activity in particular cells. (cshl.edu)
  • Mario Capecchi talks about the possible use of embryonic stem cells and gene targeting techniques to develop new therapies for for diabetes and Parkinson's. (cshl.edu)
  • Gene targeting techniques are used by scientists to simulate human genetic disorders in model organisms. (cshl.edu)
  • In humans, factor XII is encoded by the F12 gene . (wikidoc.org)
  • The gene for factor XII is located on the tip of the long arm of the fifth chromosome (5q33-qter). (wikidoc.org)
  • Characterization of the human blood coagulation factor XII gene. (wikidoc.org)
  • The results indicate that all components of this cytochrome P‐450 gene family are located on chromosome 19. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Analysis of human metaphase chromosomes by in situ hybridization localizes this cytochrome P‐450 gene family further to the long arm of chromosome 19 in the region q13.1→qter. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • Autosomal recessive disorders like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia require both copies of an autosomal gene to be mutated for the disorder to manifest. (biologyonline.com)
  • The antigen receptor loci are the only loci in humans to undergo programmed somatic gene modification. (lu.se)
  • To characterize the types of by-products of somatic hypermutation, we analyzed aberrant rearrangements involving the immunoglobulin loci in a human B-cell line (Ramos) that performs Ig V gene hypermutation constitutively during culture. (lu.se)
  • A gene signature associated with prognosis and immune processes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes because the extra chromosome cannot make a homologous pair at meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • DNA extracted from a panel of 12 independent human‐rodent somatic cell hybrids was analysed by Southern blot hybridization with the cloned cDNA. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. (wikidata.org)
  • Annals of Human Genetics , 49 (4), 267-274. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It was this experience with Pontecorvo that gave Bodmer his first exposure to microbial genetics and modern genetics studies using the Aspergillus system (in addition to ideas on somatic cell genetics, perhaps the most significant influence on Sir Walter career and a major stimulus for the Human Genome Project). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Trends Genetics , 2014), and investigating human diseases of telomere dysfunction (called telomeropathies) which are an emerging genetic spectrum disorder ( J. Cell Biol , 2014, Nucleic Acids Res , 2007, PNAS , 2007). (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • When we discuss the core concepts of Genetics , chromosomes are the first word that pops into our minds. (biologyonline.com)
  • Understanding the intricate functions and interactions of autosomes is crucial for unraveling the complexities of human genetics and advancing personalized medicine. (biologyonline.com)
  • Understanding the role and significance of autosomes in human genetics is crucial for uncovering the complex interplay of genes, their expression, and their impact on health and disease. (biologyonline.com)
  • This is why autosomes form the backbone of human genetics as they hold the key to our intricate biological processes and susceptibility to genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
  • The male gametes have 22 autosomes and either X or Y sex chromosome. (cbsepath.com)
  • Autosomes can be described as the non-sex chromosomes that play diverse roles in the human body like harboring genes for the body's metabolism, functioning, and growth. (biologyonline.com)
  • Autosomes are primarily associated with the various metabolic functions of the cell. (biologyonline.com)
  • So, we can't say that autosomes have no role in phenotypic sex determination in humans because they play an integral and indispensable role! (biologyonline.com)
  • Human autosomes , the non-sex human chromosomes, are integral components of the human genome . (biologyonline.com)
  • In contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction and germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Somatic cells are not involved in the production of gametes (sex cells) and do not give rise to them. (proprofs.com)
  • The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species. (harvard.edu)
  • The gametes, as we know, receive half of the chromosomes. (cbsepath.com)
  • However, since the females have XX sex chromosomes, their gametes can only have X sex chromosome. (cbsepath.com)
  • Somatic cells are all cells of the body except those that will divide to form the gametes (ova or sperm). (trentonsocial.com)
  • C. Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes and are haploid whereas, gametes have 23 chromosomes and are diploid. (rimkal.com)
  • 7q11.23 duplication syndrome, a condition that can cause a variety of neurological and behavioral problems as well as other abnormalities, results from an extra copy of a region on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Abnormalities of chromosome 7 are responsible for some cases of Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, a disorder that affects development of the limbs, head, and face. (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, within populations there can be found abnormalities involving the structure or number of chromosomes . (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Lyon hypothesis (X-inactivation) Sex chromosome abnormalities may involve aneuploidy, partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes, or mosaicism. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sex chromosome abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Autosomal abnormalities can have profound implications for human health and are the focus of extensive research. (biologyonline.com)
  • Abnormalities included changes in mitotic spindles, including multiple poles that resulted in aneuploid chromosome number. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure to agents that interfere with the formation and movement of the mitotic spindle apparatus and cause abnormalities in chromosome number result in a greater risk of cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, using double-label fluorescence in situ hybridization for the autosome chromosome 21 (chromosome 21 point probes combined with chromosome 21 "paint" probes), along with immunocytochemistry and cell sorting, we present evidence for chromosome gain and loss in the human brain. (jneurosci.org)
  • Chromosome 21 was chosen for examination because of the availability of trisomy 21 cells ( Bhattacharyya and Svendsen, 2003 ) that could serve as a positive control for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (jneurosci.org)
  • Metaphase chromosome spreads were prepared for quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) analysis using oligonucleotide N3'→P5'phosphoramidate probes specific for telomere DNA sequences (green color), centromeric DNA sequences (red color) probe, and the general DNA dye DAPI (blue color). (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Cancer-associated DNA methylation changes can also be detected with accuracy in the cell-free DNA present in blood, stool, urine, and other biosamples. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, even in stem cells, except for embryonal stem cells and cancer stem cells, telomere shortening occurs during replicative ageing, possibly at a slower rate than that in normal somatic cells. (nature.com)
  • Thus, telomerase activity and telomere maintenance are associated with the immortality of cancer cells, germ-line cells, and embryonic stem (ES) cells. (nature.com)
  • On the other hand, the infiltration of organs by a monoclonal population of aberrant cells, the possibility of lethal evolution, and the cancer-based modalities of successful treatment are all consistent with a neoplastic process. (medscape.com)
  • Despite these discoveries, the patterns, rates, and properties of cxSVs have primarily been the focus of cancer genomics and such rearrangements remain largely underappreciated in the human germline. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer cell lines display increased RNA Polymerase II binding to retrotransposons than cell lines derived from normal tissue. (nih.gov)
  • Consistent with increased transcriptional activity of retrotransposons in cancer cells we found significantly higher levels of L1 retrotransposon RNA expression in prostate tumors compared to normal-matched controls. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, we are moving a novel targeted therapeutic approach for colon cancer into the clinic and are involved in human cell and tissue engineering projects. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Although the roles of ST5 in cancer and β-cells have been reported, the function of ST5 in bone cells has not yet been investigated. (molcells.org)
  • Identification and clinical validation of a multigene assay that interrogates the biology of cancer stem cells and predicts metastasis in breast cancer: A retrospective consecutive study. (cdc.gov)
  • A clinical trial of somatic and germline analyses for healthy longevity in a postoperative cancer patient. (cdc.gov)
  • Resolving the Pathogenesis of Anaplastic Wilms Tumors through Spatial Mapping of Cancer Cell Evolution. (lu.se)
  • Formaldehyde has been evaluated by IARC to be a known cause of human nasal cancer, based on epidemiological and toxicological evidence. (who.int)
  • The frequency of spontaneous mutations is significantly lower in advanced male germ cells than in somatic cell types from the same individual. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings appear to reflect employment of more effective mechanisms to limit the initial occurrence of spontaneous mutations in germ cells than in somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mario Capecchi talks about manipulating embryonic stem (ES) cells to make specific mutations in mouse embryos. (cshl.edu)
  • Germline loss of function mutations followed by somatic loss of non-mutant alleles in the tumours 2- 4 suggests a tumour suppressor role for mitochondrial complex II in the paraganglia. (bmj.com)
  • Mutations present in the eggs and sperm (germline mutations) can be passed on from parent to child, while mutations that occur in body cells (somatic mutations) cannot be inherited. (cdc.gov)
  • One method of doing this is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" and involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. (bartleby.com)
  • The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • This approach could become an alternative to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a method that is currently used to produce human stem cells. (news-medical.net)
  • and an ectopic insertion into the VH from chromosome I. The results support the proposal that aberrant antibody hypermutation can lead to gross genomic alterations but indicate that such events are rare. (lu.se)
  • Metastatic risk stratification of clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients based on genomic aberrations. (cdc.gov)
  • These cells are eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells. (atomparticles.com)
  • Humans and most complex multicellular organisms are classified as eukaryotes, which means they are made up of eukaryotic cells. (atomparticles.com)
  • There are two main types or categories of cells: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. (atomparticles.com)
  • eukaryotic cells have a nucleus in which the genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm. (atomparticles.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. (atomparticles.com)
  • The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are only present in eukaryotic cells. (atomparticles.com)
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells make up prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. (atomparticles.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells all have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus. (atomparticles.com)
  • Similarities between Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells Firstly, both the cells have ribosomes that influence the process of protein synthesis. (atomparticles.com)
  • Interphase is the first of two phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (sciencing.com)
  • The cells that are part of the mitotic cell cycle are the eukaryotic cells. (sciencing.com)
  • The cells in your eyes or your bones, or the cells in your cat's tongue or in the blades of grass on your front lawn are all eukaryotic cells . (sciencing.com)
  • Chromosomes are thousands of times longer than a typical cell, explain how chromosomes can fit inside a eukaryotic nucleus? (rimkal.com)
  • Name the Processes that eukaryotic cell division and binary fission have in common? (rimkal.com)
  • DNA from this somatic cell hybrid gave a negative result in Southern blot hybridization analysis with a probe for Xp22.32 and Yp11.3, MIC2. (coriell.org)
  • DNA from this somatic cell hybrid gave negative results in Southern blot hybridization analyses with probes for 4p16.2p15.1, D4S20, and 4q21q23, ADH3. (coriell.org)
  • DNA from this somatic cell hybrid gave negative results in Southern blot hybridization analyses with probes for 7pterp15, ASSP11, and 7q31.1q31.2, D7S18. (coriell.org)
  • DNA from this somatic cell hybrid gave positive results in Southern blot hybridization analyses with probes for 12p13.2, PRB1, and 12q14q24.1, D12S7. (coriell.org)
  • The chromosome number was examined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in sponges, non-differentiated somatic cells form the germ line and, in Cnidaria, differentiated somatic cells are the source of the germline. (wikipedia.org)
  • In our body we have two types of cells, we have somatic cells which is all the cells that make our body, except for the germ cells, that is sperm and eggs, and the other is the germ line which are the sperm and eggs. (cshl.edu)
  • In cellular biology, a somatic cell (from Ancient Greek σῶμα (sôma) 'body'), or vegetal cell, is any biological cell forming the body of a multicellular organism other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Somatic cells compose the body of an organism and divide through the process of binary fission and mitotic division. (wikipedia.org)
  • In an adult organism, the genes on the Y-chromosome help produce the male gamete, the sperm cell. (asu.edu)
  • Hence, an organism with cells 2n=6 would be an organism that is diploid and has 6 chromosomes total. (trentonsocial.com)
  • Unicellular Organism: Organisms consisting of a single cell are called unicellular. (atomparticles.com)
  • Growth is the irreversible increase in dry weight, mass or volume of a cell, organ or organism. (icsesolutions.com)
  • Development is the sequence of events that occur in the life history of a cell, organ or organism which includes growth, differentiation, maturation and senescence. (icsesolutions.com)
  • The human body is an organism formed by adding many organ systems together. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Toward determining the presence of constitutional aneuploidy in the human brain, we report here an analysis of the frequency of chromosome 21 gain and loss among neurons and non-neuronal cells isolated from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of normal individuals ranging from 2 to 86 years of age. (jneurosci.org)
  • Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
  • In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
  • examples include aneuploidy (atypical chromosome number), deletion (loss of part of a chromosome), duplications (extra copies of a region of a chromosome), inversion (when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized, because it contains the correct amount of genetic material (a diploid number of chromosomes). (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome results from a rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material between chromosome 7 and another chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Meiosis is a reduction division in that it produces daughter cells with half the genetic material of the starting cell. (trentonsocial.com)
  • They contain much more genetic material than a prokaryote, so the process of cell division is also much more complex. (sciencing.com)
  • During mitosis, cells make copies of their genetic material. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Half of the genetic material goes to each new daughter cell. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes that are actually "packages" of all the genetic information that is passed from parents to their children. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • An example of this is the modern cultivated species of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., a hexaploid species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromatid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Less commonly, FOXP2 -related speech and language disorder results from a rearrangement of the structure of chromosome 7 (such as a translocation) or from inheriting two copies of chromosome 7 from the mother instead of one from each parent (a phenomenon called maternal uniparental disomy or maternal UPD, which is described in more detail with Russell-Silver syndrome, below). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Multiple divergent copies of endogenous C-type virogenes in mammalian cells. (wikidata.org)
  • Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The newly divided cell, which is now one of two cells that were previously a single cell, is in the G 1 subphase of interphase. (sciencing.com)
  • At a certain point late in the G 1 stage, the cell has to "decide" whether or not to move on to the next stage of interphase. (sciencing.com)
  • RNA in mammalian sarcoma virus transformed nonproducer cells homologous to murine leukemia virus RNA. (wikidata.org)
  • Telomeric DNA consists of short guanine-rich repeat sequences in all eukaryotes with linear chromosomes, and its length in human somatic cells is remarkably heterogeneous among individuals ranging from 5 to 20 kb, according to age, organ, and the proliferative history of each cell ( Wright and Shay, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • Liang Y, Chen H, Asher JH Jr, Chang CC, Friedman TB , Human inner ear OCP2 cDNA maps to 5q22-5q35.2 with related sequences on chromosomes 4p16.2-4p14, 5p13-5q22, 7pter-q22, 10 and 12p13-12qter. (coriell.org)
  • Some genetic diseases, such as haemophilia, are carried on the X-chromosome (these X-linked disorders occur mainly in men). (who.int)
  • however, the level of telomerase activity is low or absent in the majority of stem cells regardless of their proliferative capacity. (nature.com)
  • Recently, the importance of telomere maintenance in human stem cells has been highlighted by studies on dyskeratosis congenital, which is a genetic disorder in the human telomerase component. (nature.com)
  • The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • Here we review the role of telomeres and telomerase in the function and capacity of the human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • In most human somatic cells except for stem cells and lymphocytes, telomerase activity is diminished after birth so that telomere length shortens with each cell division. (nature.com)
  • As stem cells have elongated proliferative capacity, they should have a mechanism that maintains telomere length through many cell divisions. (nature.com)
  • In fact, low levels of telomerase activity have been found in human adult stem cells including haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic stem cells such as neuronal, skin, intestinal crypt, mammary epithelial, pancreas, adrenal cortex, kidney, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( Table 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Basically, given the difference of telomere and telomerase activity in human and mouse cells, the telomere and telomerase status in stem cell populations is different between humans and mice ( Harrington, 2004 ). (nature.com)
  • Obama soon initiated changes to Bush's 2001 executive order concerning scientific research involving human stem cells. (asu.edu)
  • Stem cell research remains a controversial issue in the US. (asu.edu)
  • Some individuals consider it immoral to experiment with an embryo because they regard embryos as human beings from the moment of conception, while others believe stem cell research could lead to great scientific advancements. (asu.edu)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • For that reason, many researchers believe stem cells offer promise for creating populations of specialized cells that can be used to rejuvenate organs, such as the pancreas or heart, that are damaged by disease or trauma. (news-medical.net)
  • Stem cells also provide a model system in which researchers can study the causes of genetic disease and the basis of embryonic development. (news-medical.net)
  • The researchers demonstrated that they had achieved fusion of the two cell types by searching the fused cells for two distinctive genetic markers present in the somatic fibroblast and stem cells. (news-medical.net)
  • The long term goal for this experiment was to do cell fusion in a way that would allow the elimination of the embryonic stem cell nucleus to create an embryonic stem cell from the somatic cell," said Melton. (news-medical.net)
  • Several possible mechanisms were considered for the induction of human leukemia, such as clastogenic damage to circulatory stem cells. (who.int)
  • All cells are classified into two broad categories - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - with Bacteria, along with the domain Archaea, falling under Prokaryotes. (atomparticles.com)
  • In order to evaluate the role of this protein in human inherited diseases such as cystinuria, we have isolated a human D2 clone (D2H) by low stringency screening of a human kidney cDNA library using the radiolabeled D2 insert as a probe. (jci.org)
  • A cDNA encoding the human gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor beta 2 subunit has been cloned and sequenced. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA shows only a single amino acid change from the rat sequence (Asn-347 in rat, serine in human). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Alkhayat AH, Kraemer SA, Leipprandt JR, Macek M, Kleijer WJ, Friderici KH , Human beta-mannosidase cDNA characterization and first identification of a mutation associated with human beta-mannosidosis. (coriell.org)
  • We have recently isolated a cloned cDNA coding for a cytochrome P‐450 of human liver microsomal membranes, which corresponds to a major phenobarbital‐inducible cytochrome P‐450 of rat liver. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Telomerase can add telomeric repeats onto the chromosome ends, and prevents the replication-dependent loss of telomere and cellular senescence in highly proliferative cells of the germline and in the majority of cancers ( Blasco, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • The end product of the replication cycles is a nucleus with a haploid number of chromosomes, each containing up to 2,000 or more parallel strands. (trentonsocial.com)
  • WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • In mammals, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermatozoa and ova which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. (asu.edu)
  • Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Each pair contains two chromosomes, one from each parent, which means that children get half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father. (cdc.gov)
  • The centromeres of all four chromosomes aggregate to form a chromocentre that is seen amorphous and consists largely of heterochromatin. (trentonsocial.com)
  • It consists of cells that ultimately form the placenta, which provides nutrition to the egg after it has been fertilized and connects to the uterine wall. (medscape.com)
  • Human Factor XII is 596 amino acids long and consists of two chains, the heavy chain (353 residues ) and light chain (243 residues) held together by a disulfide bond . (wikidoc.org)
  • Recent technological advances have accelerated single-cell analyses, but workflows remain expensive and complex. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, Eggan noted that genetic analyses of the fused cells revealed that the somatic cell genes characteristic of adult cells had all been switched off, while those characteristic of embryonic cells had been switched on. (news-medical.net)
  • Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14, paternal deletions and loss of methylation at the intergenic differentially methylated region (IG-DMR) result in a human phenotype of low birth weight, hypotonia, early puberty and markedly short adult stature. (bmj.com)
  • Specifically, a variety of other cellular populations have been identified that possess phenotypic characteristics similar to Langerhans cells, including expression of CD207 and Birbeck granules. (medscape.com)
  • We present a method enabling simultaneous, ultra-high throughput single-cell barcoding of millions of cells for targeted analysis of proteins and RNAs. (nature.com)
  • Chromosome 7 likely contains 900 to 1,000 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • The cell synthesizes molecules, such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and various proteins. (sciencing.com)
  • Metabolites are the chemicals that are produced by the cells in the body when they break down sugars, fats, and proteins to make energy. (cdc.gov)
  • Proteins are made in cells and are the major parts of cells, which are the vital working units of all living things. (cdc.gov)
  • Single-cell omics provide insight into cellular heterogeneity and function. (nature.com)
  • In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
  • The term Langerhans cell histiocytosis is generally preferred to the older term, histiocytosis X. This newer name emphasizes the histogenesis of the condition by specifying the type of lesional cell and removes the connotation of the unknown ("X") because its cellular basis has now been clarified. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, in addition to epidermal Langerhans cells, other potential cellular origins for LCH include dermal langerin + dendritic cells, lymphoid tissue-resident langerin + dendritic cells, and monocytes that can be induced by local environmental stimuli to acquire a Langerhans cell phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • In human , normal cellular activities as well as environmental factors can cause DNA damage. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells: Prokaryotes. (atomparticles.com)
  • These chromosomes play a pivotal role in various aspects of human development, including metabolic pathways, cellular homeostasis , and genetic disorders. (biologyonline.com)
  • Disruptions in autosomal genes involved in cellular homeostasis can lead to electrolyte imbalances, impaired cell signaling , and malfunctioning cellular processes. (biologyonline.com)
  • this is the process by which cells are "born" through cell division, and then live their lives, going about their daily cell activities, until it's time to undergo cell division themselves. (sciencing.com)
  • Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and a germline are called Weismannists. (wikipedia.org)
  • An animal model is a non-human species used in biomedical research because it can mimic aspects of a biological process or disease found in humans. (genome.gov)
  • Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have, for example donkeys have 62 chromosomes , while horses have 64 chromosomes, and mules and hinnies have 63 chromosomes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • For example, in affected individuals with a deletion involving chromosome 7, a loss of FOXP2 is thought to disrupt speech and language development, while the loss of nearby genes accounts for other signs and symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosome 14 harbours an imprinted locus at 14q32. (bmj.com)
  • There is one known imprinted locus on human chromosome 14, at 14q32. (bmj.com)