AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
ChromosomesChromosome MappingX ChromosomeChromosome BandingSex ChromosomesChromosome AberrationsChromosomes, HumanChromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Chromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, PlantChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, MammalianChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, XChromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosome DisordersKaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13In Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosome PositioningChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Ring ChromosomesChromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15CentromereChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Genetic LinkageChromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, 16-18MeiosisChromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosome BreakageChromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 13-15Genetic MarkersChromosomes, InsectMitosisChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YMetaphaseChromosome InversionChromosome StructuresX Chromosome InactivationMolecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, 4-5Base SequenceAneuploidyTranslocation, GeneticRecombination, GeneticHybrid CellsKinetochoresSpindle ApparatusMutationCrosses, GeneticChromosomes, Human, 19-20Microsatellite RepeatsNondisjunction, GeneticPhenotypeTelomereChromosomes, Artificial, HumanAllelesProphaseChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneModels, GeneticLod ScorePedigreeChromatidsSex ChromatinDrosophila melanogasterTrisomyDNASpermatocytesDNA, SatelliteChromosomal InstabilityEvolution, MolecularCloning, MolecularNucleic Acid HybridizationGenes, X-LinkedY ChromosomeInterphaseSequence Analysis, DNACell Cycle Proteins
MitoticAberrationsGenes Chromosomes CancerPair of chromosomesHomologous chromosomeComplete Y chromosome sequenceCondensationDeletions or duplicationsAbnormalitiesAcute myelogenGeneticsGenomeChanges in chromosomeResearchersPairsMeiosisMitosisStructuresCancerSequencesDeletionMonosomyChromosomalHumansAbnormalityTypically1,300 genesSister chromatidsBehaviorStochasticAnalyzeMeioticSpeciesGenetic materialAutosomesGenomicRepetitiveHuman1,000ReplicationCellPhenotypeCytogeneticCounterpartsPartiallySpermHeredityProteinBiologicalTelomereChromatinMales2019PrenatalInheritanceSearchEarlierPopulationScientistsTyrosineCopiesProteinsAccessoryMaleApproachesFemaleFound
Mitotic8
  • Mechanistically, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prematurely associates with DNA lesions within ruptured micronuclei during interphase, which poises pulverized chromosomes for clustering upon mitotic entry. (nature.com)
  • Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
  • The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)
  • 1985) described polytene chromosomes as giant chromosomes produced by changes in the mitotic cycle during the interphase stage. (scielo.br)
  • Understanding the "active chromosome" and how chromosome morphology influences mitosis is pivotal to the understanding of novel routes to mitotic defects and causes for aneuploidy. (europa.eu)
  • Here I propose to investigate how dynamic mitotic chromosomes are assembled and how their morphology contributes to various aspects of mitosis. (europa.eu)
  • The mitotic checkpoint plays an important role in preventing chromosome segregation errors and the production of aneuploid progeny. (jci.org)
  • Surprisingly, they find that USP44 prevents chromosome segregation errors through a function independent of its previously identified role in the mitotic checkpoint. (jci.org)
Aberrations3
  • The Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer, established in 1980, is an attempt to register systematically all published cytogenetic aberrations reported in cancer, including patient and tumor characteristics, gene fusions identified by cytogenetics or massively parallel sequencing, and studies pertaining to the clinical relevance of cytogenetic aberrations and/or gene rearrangements. (lu.se)
  • The continuously updated material also makes it possible to address scientific questions related to the mechanisms through which chromosomal/genomic changes participate in the carcinogenic process by elucidating why, how and when chromosome abnormalities are formed, the chromosomal anatomy of cytogenetic changes and genes involved in fusions, the role chromosome aberrations play in the formation of fusion genes, and the mechanisms by which gene fusions exert their effects. (lu.se)
  • Outcomes evaluated included sperm parameters, DNA damage and numerical chromosome aberrations (aneuploidy (disomy, nullisomy) or diploidy). (cdc.gov)
Genes Chromosomes Cancer3
Pair of chromosomes2
  • A matched pair of chromosomes results in one sex, while a mismatched pair results in another sex. (newswise.com)
  • People get one of each pair of chromosomes from their mother and one of each pair from their father. (cdc.gov)
Homologous chromosome1
  • Each homologous chromosome is inherited from a different parent, and contains information about the same gene sequence. (fact-index.com)
Complete Y chromosome sequence2
  • Now, the same group of researchers has filled in the missing information, publishing a complete Y chromosome sequence Wednesday in the journal Nature . (cnn.com)
  • The researchers pitted their complete Y chromosome sequence, named T2T-Y, against the most widely used reference genome's Y chromosome parts, which are riddled with stretches of absent code. (nist.gov)
Condensation2
  • In addition, I propose to investigate how chromosome condensation and cohesion influence the dynamics of chromosome segregation and how (if) cells adapt when in the presence of abnormal chromosomes. (europa.eu)
  • I will develop experimental conditions to mimic different degrees of "cohesion fatigue" (partial loss of sister chromatid cohesion), as well as a variety of abnormalities in chromosome structure and size and quantitatively evaluate how chromosome cohesion and condensation influence chromosome dynamics and signaling of the surveillance mechanism that control mitosis (the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint). (europa.eu)
Deletions or duplications3
  • Chromosome 2 deletions or duplications that cause MAND lead to an abnormal amount of MBD5 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is also unknown whether the loss or gain of other genes in chromosome 2 deletions or duplications contribute to the features of MAND. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sex chromosome abnormalities may be caused by full or partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Abnormalities4
  • Abnormalities can also occur when a person is missing part of a sex chromosome (called a deletion). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sex chromosome abnormalities are common and cause syndromes that are associated with a range of physical and developmental problems. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Testing for chromosome and gene abnormalities Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain a person's genes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Down syndrome is a chromosome disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21 that results in intellectual disability and physical abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)
Acute myelogen1
  • Disease-linked genes on this chromosome include those for colorectal cancer, basal cell carcinoma, acute myelogenous leukemia, salt-resistant hypertension and a type of dwarfism. (sciencedaily.com)
Genetics3
  • About 1.5 million men in northern China and Mongolia may be descended from a single man, according to a study based on Y chromosome genetics 1 . (bioedonline.org)
  • Recent research suggests the Y chromosome is also important for health and longevity, said Kenneth Walsh, a professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, who was not involved in the new research. (cnn.com)
  • The team's findings , published in the American Journal of Human Genetics on Thursday, highlighted significant ties between chromosome 22q11.2 regions and eight continuous traits as well as nine binary traits, including measurements related to body size or composition, calcium levels, cardiomegaly, dental cavities, hypotension, hearing loss, and other traits. (genomeweb.com)
Genome16
  • Researchers at the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, California, have decoded in draft form the genetic information on human chromosomes 5, 16 and 19. (sciencedaily.com)
  • April 13, 2000 -- U.S. Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson announced today that researchers at the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek, California, have decoded in draft form the genetic information on human chromosomes 5, 16 and 19. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The three chromosomes sequenced by Department of Energy researchers contain more than 300 million base pairs, or an estimated 11 percent of the total human genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Chromosome 5 contains an estimated 194 million bases, or about 6 percent of the human genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Chromosome 16 contains about 98 million bases, or about 3 percent of the human genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Genes on chromosome 9 are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome. (news-medical.net)
  • This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
  • The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Unlike the rest of the autosomal genome, which represents a rich tapestry of thousands of genealogies of any individual's ancestors, Y chromosomes have a peculiar mode of inheritance - they are passed exclusively from father to son. (mpg.de)
  • The Y chromosome has represented the 'dark matter' of the genome," he added. (cnn.com)
  • What was once the final frontier of the human genome - the Y chromosome - has just been mapped out in its entirety. (nist.gov)
  • Led by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), a team of researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and many other organizations used advanced sequencing technologies to read out the full DNA sequence of the Y chromosome - a region of the genome that typically drives male reproductive development. (nist.gov)
  • Chromosomes all contain sections of very repetitive DNA, but well over half of the Y chromosome is like that," said study co-author Justin Zook, who leads NIST's Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) consortium. (nist.gov)
  • While GIAB has not yet produced a benchmark for the Y chromosome specifically, the consortium has studied one genome extensively, accumulating the largest collection of Y chromosome data prior to the new study. (nist.gov)
  • T2T-Y, in combination with the group's previous reference genome, T2T-CHM13, represents the world's first complete genome for the half of the population with a Y chromosome. (nist.gov)
  • Whole-genome and site-specific fluorescent DNA labeling in tethered cells indicates that global nucleoid structure and chromosome organization are disrupted. (nih.gov)
Changes in chromosome1
  • Parallels between tether-induced initiation blocking and rifampicin treatment and the role of programmed changes in chromosome structure in replication control are discussed. (nih.gov)
Researchers12
  • Because researchers use different approaches to predict the number of genes on each chromosome, the estimated number of genes varies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To date the researchers have sequenced a working draft of the three chromosomes, leaving some scattered gaps in less gene-rich areas. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Institute researchers will continue to improve both the completeness and accuracy of the genetic information as they produce the final sequence of the chromosomes over the next several years. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The information on chromosomes 5, 16 and 19 is available freely without restrictions to researchers in academia and industry through the public database, GenBank. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A team of Australian researchers led by Jenny Graves, of the Research School of Biological Sciences at the Australian National University in Canberra, previously found that the Y chromosome had been losing five genes per million years. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Now, researchers in New York have shown what shelterin protects chromosomes from-six different DNA repair systems, including two not previously known to attack telomeres. (the-scientist.com)
  • In this study, the researchers identified three male Neandertals and two Denisovans that were potentially suitable for DNA analysis, and developed an approach to fish out human Y chromosome molecules from the large amounts of microbial DNA that typically contaminate ancient bones and teeth. (mpg.de)
  • The researchers also calculated that the most recent common ancestor of Neandertal and modern human Y chromosomes lived around 370,000 years ago, much more recently than previously thought. (mpg.de)
  • However, the researchers used computer simulations to show that the known small size of Neandertal populations may have led to an accumulation of deleterious mutations in their Y chromosomes which would reduce their evolutionary fitness. (mpg.de)
  • The researchers then compared the activity of genes from sex chromosomes and from autosomes, broken down by male and female turtles. (newswise.com)
  • The researchers compared the DNA sequences at numerous locations along the Y chromosome, finding close similarities among 3.3% of the men. (bioedonline.org)
  • Researchers found that a portion of chromosome 11 was missing in 43% of patients who were heavy smokers. (cancernetwork.com)
Pairs12
  • By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps, to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Two copies of chromosome 2, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chromosome 2 is the second largest human chromosome, spanning about 243 million building blocks of DNA (base pairs) and representing almost 8 percent of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At this time it also lost the ability to pair up exactly with its partner and to swap faulty genes for good ones, as the other 22 pairs of non-sex chromosomes do. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Chromosome 9 is made up of about 140 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) and represents approximately 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells. (news-medical.net)
  • But during mating, the Y pairs up with the X, a giant chromosome by comparison and a poor fit for gene swapping. (bioedonline.org)
  • The first attempt to determine the building blocks of our genetic code took place 20 years ago, but there were still significant gaps left in the sequences of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (cnn.com)
  • Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells or red blood cells), every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes (called nonsex chromosomes, numbered chromosomes, or autosomal chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Meiosis2
  • Meiosis is the type of cell division that results in gametes (sex cells) that possess half the chromosome number of the parent cell. (answers.com)
  • In other words, meiosis reduces the chromosome number by one-half. (answers.com)
Mitosis3
  • As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)
  • Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • Here we show that pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei spatially cluster throughout mitosis and identify the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex as an essential regulator of this process. (nature.com)
Structures2
  • Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
Cancer13
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • The chromosomes contain an estimated 10-15,000 genes, including those whose defects may lead to genetically linked diseases such as certain forms of kidney disease, prostate and colorectal cancer, leukemia, hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Studies have implicated genes on this chromosome in the development of breast and prostate cancer, Crohn's disease and adult polycystic kidney disease, which affects an estimated five million people worldwide. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Genes have been identified on the Y chromosome that have been shown to be required for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease," Walsh said via email. (cnn.com)
  • A study of lung cancer patients led by Duke University investigators and funded by the V Foundation showed chromosome loss in nearly half of those classified as "heavy smokers. (cancernetwork.com)
  • No chromosome loss was found in lung cancer patients who were nonsmokers. (cancernetwork.com)
  • While further studies need to be done, the finding could lead to more aggressive treatments for lung cancer patients who demonstrate the chromosome loss, he says. (cancernetwork.com)
  • In Notes, a publication from the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bepler says the missing length of chromosome may serve as a prognostic molecular marker to physicians, indicating an out-of-control, fast-growing tumor that needs intensive treatment measures. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The research team looked at the LOH11B (LOH = loss of heterozygosity) lung cancer region on chromosome 11. (cancernetwork.com)
  • The short arm of chromosome 11 (11p) is also altered in breast and bladder cancer and in the childhood tumor rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms tumor, he adds. (cancernetwork.com)
  • In his search for a gene that causes lung cancer, he is concentrating on another portion of chromosome 11, the LOH11A region. (cancernetwork.com)
  • He says the research team came across the chromosome break in their search for a lung cancer gene. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Mitelman F, Johansson B, Mertens F, Schyman T, Mandahl N. Cancer chromosome breakpoints cluster in gene-rich genomic regions. (lu.se)
Sequences5
  • Telomeric sequences at the ends of chromosomes protect the coding DNA from erosion during DNA replication . (the-scientist.com)
  • An international research team led by Martin Petr and Janet Kelso of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, has determined Y chromosome sequences of three Neandertals and two Denisovans. (mpg.de)
  • This allowed them to reconstruct the Y chromosome sequences of these individuals, which would not have been possible using conventional approaches. (mpg.de)
  • These Y chromosome sequences now provide new evidence that Neandertals and early modern humans met and exchanged genes before the major out of Africa migration - potentially as early as 370,000 years ago and certainly more than 100,000 years ago. (mpg.de)
  • However, over half of the sequences within the Y chromosome, the smallest and most complicated of the 46 human chromosomes, remained unknown. (cnn.com)
Deletion5
  • 2q37 deletion syndrome is caused by a deletion of genetic material near the end of the long (q) arm of chromosome 2, at a location designated 2q37. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Loss (deletion) or gain (duplication) of a small piece of chromosome 2 at position q23.1 can cause MBD5 -associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Structural variation (copy number variation [CNV] including deletion and duplication, translocation, inversion) of chromosomes has been identified in some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the full etiologic role is unknown. (nih.gov)
  • The region was previously implicated in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and a wide range of other cognitive, developmental, cardiac, immune, gastrointestinal, and psychiatric conditions, as well as facial and palate alterations. (genomeweb.com)
  • The chromosome deletion indicated more aggressive tumors, with patients living only about half as long as their counterparts who did not have the chromosome loss, says Dr. Gerold Bepler, assistant professor of medicine at Duke and chief of hematology/oncology services at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina. (cancernetwork.com)
Monosomy1
Chromosomal3
  • The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of chromosome 2. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If you already know about chromosomal evolution or do not care, jump directly to information on Drosera chromosome numbers. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • I plan to use a multidisciplinary approach, combining acute protein inactivation, 4D-live cell imaging and biophysical/mathematical approaches to evaluate role of condensin complexes, one of the most abundant non-histone chromosomal proteins, in the process of chromosome assembly. (europa.eu)
Humans5
  • These Y chromosomes provide new insights into the relationships and population histories of archaic and modern humans, including new evidence for ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Neandertals. (mpg.de)
  • Surprisingly, this interbreeding resulted in the replacement of the original Neandertal Y chromosomes with those of early modern humans, a pattern similar to what has been seen for Neandertal mitochondrial DNA in an earlier study. (mpg.de)
  • For instance, in humans and many other species, sex chromosomes are referred to as X and Y. Typically, two X chromosomes result in a female while XY chromosomes result in males. (newswise.com)
  • The importance of maintaining a proper balance is made evident by diseases caused by abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes, including Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome in humans, and Valenzuela said these processes have evolutionary and health implications in many other organisms as well. (newswise.com)
  • Humans typically have a pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (cnn.com)
Abnormality3
Typically1
  • The prokaryotes - bacteria and archaea - typically have a single circular chromosome, but many variations exist. (wikipedia.org)
1,300 genes2
Sister chromatids2
  • One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. (yeastgenome.org)
  • The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
Behavior1
  • The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
Stochastic1
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
Analyze3
  • After considering the symptoms, a blood test is done to analyze the child's chromosomes. (medicinenet.com)
  • The study represents not only the first such study to analyze sex chromosome dosage compensation in turtles, but the findings also show that remarkably, temperature appears to affect the SCDC process in the turtles. (newswise.com)
  • But because it's been so hard to analyze up to this point, we may not even know yet just how important the Y chromosome is. (nist.gov)
Meiotic1
Species14
  • Burrowing through the soil of western Asia are two species of these rodents (Ellobius tancrei and E. lutescens) that have lost all the genes from their Y chromosome--in fact, they no longer have a Y chromosome at all. (urbandictionary.com)
  • If our species manages to survive for another 10 million years, our descendants will go on making men even after their Y chromosome vanishes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • a type of densely staining chromosome of uncertain biological function, found in many plant and animal species. (dictionary.com)
  • Chromosome number could be but is not considered a defining attribute of a taxonomic species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Chromosome number is not an effective feature in the definition of biological species either although differences in chromosome number can produce different biological species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Drosera can have anywhere from 8 to 80 chromosomes depending on the species. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • There are two factors related to chromosomes and species that work separately and together to make life interesting. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • In the case of the softshell turtles included in the study, the sex chromosomes are referred to as Z and W, and it's the females of the species who have mismatched, or ZW, chromosomes. (newswise.com)
  • Valenzuela has studied temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), or the way environmental temperatures influence whether a turtle embryo develops into a male or female in species that lack sex chromosomes, in previous research. (newswise.com)
  • The andromerogones for 5 sperm species showed a half of their respective diploid chromosome numbers without chromosome elimination. (bioone.org)
  • This method is applicable for analysis of the haploid male chromosome complement in sea urchin species for which only sperm can be obtained. (bioone.org)
  • In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
  • So they can have anywhere from two to five full sets of chromosomes from up to five different species. (scientificamerican.com)
Genetic material1
  • A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Autosomes2
  • These chromosomes also contain the genetic codes for the production of essential proteins, and the disproportion in chromosomes in XY individuals caused by them carrying only a single X for every pair of non-sex chromosomes (called autosomes) can lead to an imbalance in the production of proteins. (newswise.com)
  • The cell type that has 22 autosomes and an X sex chromosome is a gamete, such as an egg or sperm cell. (answers.com)
Genomic1
  • This case study reports a rare double minute chromosome via FLT3 amplification in CMML by using array-based comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. (hindawi.com)
Repetitive2
  • For decades, scientists have known that chromosomes are protected by repetitive DNA known as telomeres, which themselves are protected by a cap of six proteins called shelterin. (the-scientist.com)
  • The Y chromosome was a particularly hard nut to crack because it is unusually repetitive. (cnn.com)
Human13
  • The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter. (wikipedia.org)
  • June 20 , 2003 - The human male sex chromosome does have the ability to repair itself and may not be headed for extinction as had previously been thought, according to a surprising new study. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Orthologous to human SMC5 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 5). (nih.gov)
  • In human dividing cells 46 chromosomes can be observed. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Each cell in the human body has two sex chromosomes. (medicinenet.com)
  • The data show that Neandertals may have benefited from these interactions as the gene flow resulted in the complete replacement of the original Neandertal Y chromosomes by their early modern human counterparts. (mpg.de)
  • Y chromosomes, and also the maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA, have been extremely valuable for studying human history. (mpg.de)
  • By comparing the archaic human Y chromosomes to each other and to the Y chromosomes of people living today, the team found that Neandertal and modern human Y chromosomes are more similar to one another than they are to Denisovan Y chromosomes. (mpg.de)
  • Martin Richards, a human geneticist at the University of Leeds, UK, says that Tyler-Smith's analysis showing a common origin for the Y chromosome is among the most thorough he has seen. (bioedonline.org)
  • Just a few years ago, half of the human Y chromosome was missing (from the reference)," said Monika Cechova, co-lead author on the paper and postdoctoral scholar in biomolecular engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in a statement. (cnn.com)
  • In what type of human cell is the chromosome number 23? (answers.com)
  • No, there are 46 chromosomes in the human body cell. (answers.com)
  • However, there are 23 chromosomes in a human gamete cell. (answers.com)
1,0002
Replication3
  • SMC5/6 is required for replication fork stability and faithful chromosome segregation during neurogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Although it has been recognized for several decades that chromosome structure regulates the capacity of replication origins to initiate, very little is known about how or if cells actively regulate structure to direct initiation. (nih.gov)
  • We report that a localized inducible protein tether between the chromosome and cell membrane in E. coli cells imparts a rapid and complete block to replication initiation. (nih.gov)
Cell9
  • Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
  • In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity, Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomes got their name by early cell biologists when they observed certain dark-staining objects in dividing cells. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • Many organisms determine their sex by a pair of specialized chromosomes that appear in virtually every cell of an organism's body. (newswise.com)
  • Although chromosomes were long assumed to play rather a passive role during the cell division process, recent evidence suggests that chromosomes play a much more active role in the process of their own segregation. (europa.eu)
  • What cell type could have 22 chromosomes and a Y chromosome? (answers.com)
  • While chromosome conformation capture techniques provide a wealth of information about the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell, the methods are challenging to perform and the results are difficult to interpret. (qiagen.com)
  • The aim of this study was to assess the performance of cell-free DNA ( cfDNA ) screening to detect sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) in an unselected obstetrical population with genetic confirmation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chromosome breakage is usually examined in short-term cultures of peripheral blood T-cell mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in the presence of DNA cross-linkers, such as DEB or MMC. (medscape.com)
Phenotype1
  • C) on chromosome 4q25 with atrial fibrillation (AF), but phenotype alterations conferred by this SNP have not been described. (nature.com)
Cytogenetic1
  • Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are cytogenetic indicators of extrachromosomal gene amplification which usually act as small spherical paired chromatin particles [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Counterparts1
  • That mismatch means they lack a second copy of the Z chromosome, unlike their male counterparts who have two Z chromosomes. (newswise.com)
Partially3
Sperm3
  • Absence of the X chromosome that occurs due to a defect in the father's sperm or in the mother's egg. (medicinenet.com)
  • We developed a method for preparing male chromosomes from sea urchin hybrid andromerogones created with cryopreserved sperm. (bioone.org)
  • The more detailed information provided by the new Y reference sequence will make it easier to study conditions and disorders linked to the chromosome, such as lack of sperm production that leads to infertility. (cnn.com)
Heredity1
  • It was not until the early 20 th century that it was demonstrated that chromosomes contain the material of hereditary and it took until the middle 20 th century to determine that DNA in chromosomes was the principle coding molecule of heredity. (carnivorousplants.org)
Protein4
  • and protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region. (nih.gov)
  • Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) is an evolutionarily conserved protein with unknown function, expressed at high levels in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But SCDC mechanisms work to upregulate, or increase the level, of protein production from genes in the single Z (or X) chromosomes. (newswise.com)
  • Nucleus with chromosomes, DNA molecule (double helix), telomere and gene (length of DNA that codes for a specific protein). (istockphoto.com)
Biological2
  • However, it has been questioned whether loss of the Y chromosome is a biomarker of biological aging or whether loss of the Y chromosome has a direct effect on the health of men," he said. (cnn.com)
  • Biological sex isn't really determined by chromosomes. (thetech.org)
Telomere2
Chromatin3
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are a form of gene amplification presenting as small spherical paired chromatin bodies. (hindawi.com)
  • Our chromosome conformation capture technology simplifies your chromatin folding studies and allows you to determine DNA contact frequencies and chromosome conformation. (qiagen.com)
Males3
20191
  • In this way, you are invited to join us in Botucatu, Brazil in July 21-23 of 2019 for an excellent opportunity to bring exciting B-chromosome related topics and new technologies together for discussion under the view of the most outstanding chromosome biologists. (fems-microbiology.org)
Prenatal2
  • Performance of prenatal cfDNA screening for sex chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Prenatal Fanconi anemia diagnosis can be accomplished by demonstration of chromosome breaks in cells obtained in utero from chorionic villus biopsy, amniocentesis, or cord blood (by cordocentesis) or by identification of Fanconi anemia gene mutations in DNA extracted from fetal cells. (medscape.com)
Inheritance2
  • Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
Search1
  • And search more of iStock's library of royalty-free vector art that features Chromosome graphics available for quick and easy download. (istockphoto.com)
Earlier1
  • Earlier reports of chromosome 9p-linked frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) kindreds observed psychosis as a prominent feature in some patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Population1
  • NEW YORK - With the help of a phenome-wide association analysis of UK Biobank data, a team from Switzerland, Brazil, and the UK has started untangling the population-wide consequences of copy number variants (CNVs) in a chromosome 22 region known as 22q11.2. (genomeweb.com)
Scientists6
  • Three US scientists have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the structure of molecular caps called telomeres and working out how they protect chromosomes from degradation. (nature.com)
  • Scientists have discovered that the Y chromosome uses a neat trick to repair its most crucial genes, a strategy that apparently helps keep it from rotting away over evolutionary time. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Proving perhaps that nature has a sense of humor, scientists have discovered that the Y chromosome - the one that makes a man a man - has a remarkable ability to make do-it-yourself repairs. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Scientists have finally decoded mysteries of the Y chromosome. (cnn.com)
  • Scientists have fully sequenced the Y chromosome for the first time, uncovering information that could have implications for the study of male infertility and other health problems. (cnn.com)
  • Having a complete Y chromosome genetic reference may help scientists and doctors further explore this potential link. (cnn.com)
Tyrosine2
  • FLT3 (FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3) located on chromosome 13q12.2 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that activates the Ras and PI3 kinase pathway leading to the increased proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in hemopoietic progenitor cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) ALL receive a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in combination with chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
Copies2
  • Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated (S phase), and both copies are joined by a centromere, resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
  • A female has two copies of the FMR1 gene, one on each of her two X chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Proteins2
  • Each chromosome consists of one very long molecule of DNA twisted around proteins. (carnivorousplants.org)
  • This new analysis will allow us to better understand the regions of the Y chromosome that have regulatory functions and may encode mRNA and proteins. (cnn.com)
Accessory1
  • B chromosomes are enigmatic accessory elements to the regular chromosome set (A) and, since their discovery at the beginning of 20th century, Bs have ranked among the main topics of chromosome biology. (fems-microbiology.org)
Male9
  • Both the male Y and female X chromosomes are thought to have originally been the same size, but after the Y took on the sex-determining role for maleness it apparently began to lose genes. (urbandictionary.com)
  • The Y chromosome is male specific, passing from father to son . (urbandictionary.com)
  • People who are assigned male at birth have an X and a Y chromosome, while those assigned female at birth have two X chromosomes. (cnn.com)
  • Showcasing over 20 male dancers in 12 different items, Y Chromosome is an energetic, fast paced production, which moves across a wide range of dance styles. (theatreview.org.nz)
  • There is more to being a male than having an X and a Y chromosome, and more to being a female than having two X's. (thetech.org)
  • And someone with an X and a Y chromosome is usually biologically male with a male gender identity. (thetech.org)
  • Bepler says the chromosome loss was more apparent in male than in female smokers. (cancernetwork.com)
  • A pair of X and Y chromosomes (XY) results in a male, and a pair of X and X chromosomes (XX) results in a female. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A male has only one copy of the FMR1 gene on his only X chromosome, so the group a male is in is based on the number of CGG repeats in that one copy. (cdc.gov)
Approaches1
  • Only Genghis Khan's Y chromosome approaches the prevalence of Giocangga's, popping up in about 2.5% of the men, says Tyler-Smith. (bioedonline.org)
Female3
  • However, because all specimens well-preserved enough to yield sufficient amounts of DNA have been from female individuals, comprehensive studies of the Y chromosomes of Neandertals and Denisovans have not yet been possible. (mpg.de)
  • Someone with two X chromosomes is usually biologically female with a female gender identity. (thetech.org)
  • What if the athlete has a Y chromosome, typical female levels of testosterone, and is female on the outside? (thetech.org)
Found4