Chromosome pairing in meiosis. Medical search. Frequent questions

The correct answer is (B). In meiosis, the homologous pairs line up as individuals in meiosis I in preparation for final segregation in meiosis II. (stackexchange.com)
Pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is essential for viable gametes. (jax.org)
Thanks to the randomness of chromosome segregation and a process called recombination, siblings' genomes are not always 50 percent the same. (eogn.com)
ranging from research into the molecular mechanisms that promote pairing, recombination and chromosome segregation in model organisms to how these events impact on human fertility and crop breeding. (hutton.ac.uk)

In other words, the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together. (wikipedia.org)
A linkage map (also known as a genetic map) is a table for a species or experimental population that shows the position of its known genes or genetic markers relative to each other in terms of recombination frequency, rather than a specific physical distance along each chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
A linkage map is a map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossover of homologous chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
The HNPP (hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies) deletion and CMT1A (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A) duplication are the reciprocal products of homologous recombination events between misaligned flanking CMT1A-REP repeats on chromosome 17p11. (nih.gov)
this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. (yeastgenome.org)
In this process, maternal and paternal versions of each chromosome pair up and swap sections of their DNA through a process known as homologous recombination-a "reshuffling" that gives rise to chromosomes with new combinations of maternal and paternal genes. (nyu.edu)
In the eukaryotic process of meiosis , which involves genetic recombination, diploid mother cells divide to create haploid cells known as gametes . (tutorialspoint.com)

What does entering of sex chromosomes to gametes mean during meiosis I? (stackexchange.com)
generated haploid male gametes from mouse embryonic stem cells that can produce viable and fertile offspring, demonstrating functional reproduction of meiosis in vitro. (scientificamerican.com)
However, sexual reproduction relies on the production of gametes - eggs and sperm -that contain only one set of chromosomes. (nyu.edu)
Also, in plants and many lower organisms meiosis results in the formation of haploid spores, not gametes. (cheatography.com)
One exception to this is the gametes (sex cells) -eggs and sperm - these contain one chromosome from each pair (half the amount). (familyeducation.com)
For this to happen, cells must first undergo a process called meiosis to produce gametes (egg or sperm cells). (eogn.com)
During meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the parent cell is reduced by half: a cell with 46 chromosomes produces four gametes, each containing just 23 chromosomes, one from each pair. (eogn.com)
Mules, hinnies, and other normally sterile interspecific hybrids cannot produce viable gametes because the extra chromosome cannot make a homologous pair at meiosis , meiosis is disrupted, and viable sperm and eggs are not formed. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Here we identify causes underlying hybrid infertility of two recently diverged fission yeast species Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. kambucha , which mate to form viable hybrid diploids that efficiently complete meiosis, but generate few viable gametes. (elifesciences.org)
The result is the production of four haploid gametes, each with half the chromosomes of each parent cell but with the genetic material in the parental chromosomes recombined after two rounds of cell division. (tutorialspoint.com)
The gametes that result from meiosis in the gonads of the parents have just 23 chromosomes apiece, which are genetic recombinants of the DNA sequences found in the parental chromosomes. (tutorialspoint.com)
Each cell of the developing child will contain 23 chromosomes from each parent, for a total of 46 when the nuclei of the gametes combine to create a fertilized egg or zygote. (tutorialspoint.com)

Direct visualization reveals kinetics of meiotic chromosome synapsis. (utah.edu)
Chromosome pairing and synapsis during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis. (utah.edu)
The process of meiosis is additional characterised by synapsis formation, the meeting of synaptonemal complicated and chiasma formation, bringing about genetic range during gametogenesis. (styleslicker.com)
During normal meiosis, the process of division that halves the number of chromosomes per cell, my colleagues and I discovered that Pds5 regulates the pairing and synapsis (joining together) of 'mom and dad' homologs. (medindia.net)
In addition, we found that, although sister chromatids enter meiosis in very close proximity to one another, Pds5 acts to inhibit synapsis between them, a good thing because, then, meiotic conditions support the necessary pairing of homologs," he added. (medindia.net)
Meiotic chromosome pairing and synapsis proceeded normally. (bvsalud.org)

Morgan's observation that the amount of crossing over between linked genes differs led to the idea that crossover frequency might indicate the distance separating genes on the chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
In the nucleus of each body cell, DNA is organized into chromosomes, which exist as chromosome pairs - with each member of a pair carrying the same set of genes. (learner.org)
Genes are located on chromosomes, thread-like structures found within the nucleus of cells. (realdetroitweekly.com)
Lighter bands on chromosomes called euchromatin where genes are expressed. (mindmeister.com)
This is essential in determining the genes carried by a gamete, as each will solely obtain one of many two homologous chromosomes. (styleslicker.com)
Chromo-somes form homologous pairs (tetrads), and crossing over occurs, where certain genes from each chromosome physically interact and swap over. (cheatography.com)
Autosomes line up in their pairs and exchange bits of genetic information, resulting in each egg and sperm cell having its own unique combination of genes. (eogn.com)
In the human genome, which is estimated to contain 25 000 genes, DNA is arranged into 24 distinct chromosomes (courtesy U.S. Department of Energy, Genome Management Information System). (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
The X chromosome carries genes that play roles in many body systems, including testis function, brain development, and growth. (medscape.com)
Whether the morbidity associated with Klinefelter syndrome is a result of hypogonadism and hyperestrogenism or due to abnormal function of X chromosome linked genes is unclear. (medscape.com)
Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)
The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)
the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes are arranged linearly along the DNA of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)

During the reproduction process these half sets of chromosomes of the male and the female animal are combined, resulting in a full set of chromosomes. (bordercollies.nl)
Most cells in an organism contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father. (nyu.edu)
In sexual reproduction , a gamete (such as an egg or sperm cell) with a single set of chromosomes (haploid) combines with another gamete to produce a zygote, which then develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes. (tutorialspoint.com)

Assemble a second pair of replicated sister chromatids, this time using 12 beads per pair (six beads per each complete sister chromatid strand). (perfectcourseworkhelp.com)
Bring the two homologous pairs of sister chromatids together (creating the chiasma) and exchange an equal number of beads between the two. (perfectcourseworkhelp.com)
Crossing Over - Occurs during meiosis I. Non-sister chromatids "cross over" and exchange pieces of DNA with each other. (ubc.ca)
One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. (yeastgenome.org)

A karyotype illustrates the full set of chromosomes in a person's cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The oogonia produce primary oocytes that are arrested in prophase I of meiosis from the time of birth until puberty. (wikibooks.org)
Do not use 'tetrads' for the homologous pairs, 'tetrads' is an out-of-date, but still often-used, incorrect term for the paired homologues in prophase I of meiosis. (cheatography.com)

Which of the following disorders does NOT result from nondisjunction in meiosis? (proprofs.com)
Sickle cell disease is not caused by nondisjunction in meiosis. (proprofs.com)
Nondisjunction in meiosis can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells, which is the cause of Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome. (proprofs.com)
The major consequences of the extra sex chromosome, usually acquired through an error of nondisjunction during parental gametogenesis, include hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and psychosocial problems. (medscape.com)

Do chromosomes line up as pairs in mitosis or meiosis? (stackexchange.com)
n. the separation of pairs of homologous chromosomes during meiosis or of the chromatids of a chromosome during anaphase of mitosis or meiosis. (oxfordreference.com)

What is the number of chromosomes in a normal human karyotype? (proprofs.com)
A normal human karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes. (proprofs.com)
This is the correct answer because it accurately represents the number of chromosomes in a normal human karyotype. (proprofs.com)
It is defined classically by a 47,XXY karyotype with variants that demonstrate additional X and Y chromosomes. (medscape.com)
2] The addition of more than one extra X or Y chromosome to a male karyotype results in variable physical and cognitive abnormalities. (medscape.com)

For humans, we know there are 46 chromosomes in body cells existing as 23 pairs. (learner.org)
In humans, each individual inherits one copy of each chromosome from their mother and one copy from their father. (realdetroitweekly.com)
To do so, they examined budding yeast--a model organism in cell biology because its chromosome replication and regulation are similar to that of humans. (nyu.edu)
Through a series of manipulations, in which the researchers inhibited the activity of individual proteins, they found two enzymes that were necessary for meiosis: Mec1, which is similar to ATR, known to suppress tumors in humans, and DDK, which is a vital coordinator of chromosome reshuffling. (nyu.edu)
As humans, our DNA is coiled into 23 pairs of chromosomes - 46 chromosomes in total. (eogn.com)
In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)
In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. (proprofs.com)
In humans, somatic (nongerm) cell nuclei normally have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. (msdmanuals.com)

In metaphase I of meiosis I, the pairs of homologous chromosomes, also known as bivalents or tetrads, line up in a random order along the metaphase plate. (stackexchange.com)
So, during metaphase I, homologue pairs-not individual chromosomes-line up at the metaphase plate for separation. (stackexchange.com)

When an egg cell or sperm cell is produced, during the process of meiosis, the chromosome pairs line up and one from each pair is randomly assigned to the gamete. (familyeducation.com)

After puberty, during each menstrual cycle, one or several oocytes resume meiosis and undergo their first meiotic division during ovulation. (wikibooks.org)
When reproductive cells, such as sperm and eggs, are formed, they undergo a process called meiosis. (realdetroitweekly.com)
Mechanisms whereby chromosomes paired during meiosis may undergo unequal crossover resulting in Williams syndrome have typically been thought to result from an unequal overlap of repetitive Alu sequences flanking the region, resulting in a type of misalignment of the chromosomal regions during a crossover event. (medscape.com)
In contrast, in sand flies they undergo transformation into promastigotes, where they can still reproduce clonally but can also undergo meiosis to complete sexual reproduction ( 18 , 19 ), although sexual reproduction is not obligatory for transmission. (cdc.gov)

A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. (mcw.edu)
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. (yeastgenome.org)

Independent Assortment - Chromosomes sort themselves independently of other pairs. (ubc.ca)
How many homologous chromosome alignments are potential for independent assortment throughout meiosis? (styleslicker.com)
Independent assortment has its basis within the mechanics of meiosis. (styleslicker.com)

After that, they treated the cells with a compound called reversine , which promotes chromosomal instability, and searched for iPS cells with XX sex chromosomes, giving them the gene signals necessary for oocyte formation. (gigazine.net)
Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
In virtually all cases of Williams syndrome, haploinsufficiency (loss of 1 of 2 copies) due to a deletion at chromosome band 7q11.23 that involves the elastin gene ( ELN ) is implicated. (medscape.com)
Plants and animals carry a pair of each gene, so in the pea example, an individual pea can be YY, Yy or yy. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

In the present study, we combine experiments and theory to explore the mechanisms of kinetochore capture at the onset of meiosis I in fission yeast. (nature.com)
By employing mouse models of unique Y chromosome features, I hope to further our understanding of these processes and the mechanisms that drive evolution in the Y chromosome. (jax.org)

In contrast, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions leading to 4 nuclei that are often partitioned into 4 new cells. (styleslicker.com)

Most cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. (familyeducation.com)

Meiosis simply needs to ensure the pairs end up in opposite daughter cells in meiosis I. It is in mitosis that the homologous pairs line up as pairs , and interphase, of course, is not a phase where the chromosomes even appear. (stackexchange.com)
During the interphase of meiosis, every chromosome is duplicated. (styleslicker.com)

www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/genetics. (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
For the study, Hong-Guo Yu used yeast genetics and a novel scheme to selectively remove a single protein from the cell division process called meiosis. (medindia.net)
The parasite population shows unusual genetics consistent with a lack of meiosis: a high level of heterozygous sites shared across all isolates and no decrease in linkage with genomic distance between variants. (cdc.gov)

Trisomy 21 → gain of an extra chromosome 21, results in Down's syndrome. (mindmeister.com)

Each chromosome consists of one very long molecule of DNA twisted around proteins. (carnivorousplants.org)
The human genome, for example, consists of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. (learner.org)
The genome of a fruit fly consists of eight chromosomes arranged in four pairs. (learner.org)
Each pair consists of one chromosome from the mother and one from the father. (msdmanuals.com)

This whole package of DNA (genome) and protein (epigenome) in a chromosome is what controls the development and maintenance of eukaryotic organisms (protists, fungi, animals, and plants). (carnivorousplants.org)
The more similar the chromosomes (the genome and epigenome as well as chromosome number) the more likely hybrids will form and reproduce but also the more likely the net result will only be the introgression of genetic material from one species to the other. (carnivorousplants.org)
We combine a novel biophysical understanding of the SC, live microscopy innovations, and emerging genome editing technologies to observe chromosomes and to understand how the SC works. (utah.edu)
This organization of chromosomes represents the animal's genome and it carries all of the information necessary for reproducing another animal of that type. (learner.org)
When this happens, it is necessary to pass the entire genome to the resulting two daughter cells in order to ensure that each gets a complete set of chromosomes. (learner.org)
When sperm fertilizes egg, these singles unite to reform pairs, with half the genome coming from each parent. (learner.org)
The process by which the genome is halved is very precise - it's not just a matter of randomly dividing the chromosomes into two sets. (learner.org)
Its genome contains one genome copy from the S. uvarum parental genome and two heterozygous copies of the S. cerevisiae parental genome, with the exception of a monosomic S. cerevisiae chromosome III, where the sex-determining MAT locus is located. (frontiersin.org)

the moving apart of chromosomes during anaphase of mitotic or meiotic. (oxfordreference.com)
We determined the mitotic chromosome number and species origin of chromosomes for eight breeding lines, and estimated their relatedness and population structure using AFLPs. (usda.gov)

1. Spindle fibres begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. (ubc.ca)
the separation of chromosomes at anaphase during nuclear. (oxfordreference.com)
The separation of homologous chromosomes at the anaphase stage of mitosis and meiosis , and movement towards the poles of the nuclear spindle. (oxfordreference.com)
Human cells with nuclear phase = 2n have 23 pairs of 46 chromosomes. (gigazine.net)
And since eggs and sperm go through meiosis during their generation process, the nuclear phase becomes monophasic. (gigazine.net)

Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
Lyon hypothesis (X-inactivation) Sex chromosome abnormalities may involve aneuploidy, partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes, or mosaicism. (msdmanuals.com)

The 23rd pair, the intercourse chromosomes, differ between men and women. (styleslicker.com)

Twenty-two of these pairs are called autosomes, and the final pair are sex chromosomes (XX or XY). (eogn.com)

For well-studied organisms the linkage groups correspond one-to-one with the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

In mitosis and metaphase II, however, they align along the "equator" of the cell, forming a line of single chromosomes. (stackexchange.com)
Pairing of homologous chromosomes - Meiosis I differs from mitosis because in meiosis I a pair of matching chromosomes, one from each parent, lines up at the equator. (ubc.ca)

Kinetochores are protein complexes on the chromosomes, whose function as linkers between spindle microtubules and chromosomes is crucial for proper cell division. (nature.com)
We show that kinetochores on homologous chromosomes move together, microtubules are dynamic and pivot around the spindle pole, and the average capture time is 3-4 minutes. (nature.com)
In order to distribute the genetic material equally, the cell forms a spindle, a precise micro-machine made of microtubules (MTs) to which all chromosomes have to be correctly targeted. (nature.com)
A model system where the targeting of the chromosomes to the spindle can be studied is meiosis I in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ( S. pombe ). (nature.com)
At the onset of meiosis I, the two spindle pole bodies (SPBs) start to nucleate MTs, which form the spindle. (nature.com)
1. Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres. (ubc.ca)
Spindle fibers pull 1 chromosome from each tetrad to opposite poles of the cell. (cheatography.com)

Our lab is studying a conserved protein complex that assembles between meiotic chromosomes in almost all eukaryotes � the synaptonemal complex (SC). (utah.edu)
We also learned that Pds5 plays a vital role in the synaptonemal complex, a glue-like protein structure that homologs use to literally stick together as they pair up. (medindia.net)

disjunction The separation of the two members of each pair of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiotic anaphase. (oxfordreference.com)
Before the first occurs, all of the chromosomes are duplicated just as they are in body cell reproduction, but what happens next is different: the two duplicated strands remain attached to each other as the members of each chromosome pair move alongside each other. (learner.org)
But before the chromosome pairs get split apart, a sort of genetic reshuffling occurs. (eogn.com)

Chromosome number could be but is not considered a defining attribute of a taxonomic species. (carnivorousplants.org)
Chromosome number is not an effective feature in the definition of biological species either although differences in chromosome number can produce different biological species. (carnivorousplants.org)
In spite of our lack of attention to chromosomes and chromosome numbers in formally defining species, it is the chromosomes and the genetic material they contain that define true species and control the evolution of new species. (carnivorousplants.org)
Drosera can have anywhere from 8 to 80 chromosomes depending on the species. (carnivorousplants.org)
There are two factors related to chromosomes and species that work separately and together to make life interesting. (carnivorousplants.org)
Sterility is often attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have, for example donkeys have 62 chromosomes , while horses have 64 chromosomes, and mules and hinnies have 63 chromosomes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Although hybrids of these two species inherit three chromosomes from each parent, the majority of spores (the yeast equivalent of sperm) that these hybrids produce fail to develop into new yeast cells. (elifesciences.org)

In Which Part Of Meiosis Does Random Alignment Of Homologous Chromosomes Occur? (styleslicker.com)
However, in order for normal development to occur, chromosomes must be replicated prior to their reshuffling. (nyu.edu)
A multicellular diploid phase or generation is created after numerous cell divisions occur without the number of chromosomes changing. (tutorialspoint.com)

Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction. (wikipedia.org)
claiming that two homologous chromosomes paired between complementary sequences lead to the formation of a cross-stranded structure that physically links the two component helices. (iucr.org)
On each chromosome are regions, DNA sequences, that code for the proteins that determine our traits. (familyeducation.com)
The DNA sequences of the homologous chromosomes couple up and align with one another, which is followed by an exchange of genetic material between them. (tutorialspoint.com)

How do I identify the different stages of meiosis under microscope? (stackexchange.com)

The course of that leads to haploid cells is identified as meiosis. (styleslicker.com)

But they do have only one set of chromosomes, showing that (unlike PGCs) they have passed the critical developmental stage of meiosis, in which a cell's chromosome pairs split up. (scientificamerican.com)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the cell's genetic material, contained in chromosomes within the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)

These can either be X or Y. As biological women all have two X chromosomes their sex chromosomes are XX, and all eggs contain an X chromosome. (familyeducation.com)

a pair of bivalent chromosomes, esp. (factmonster.com)

If you already know about chromosomal evolution or do not care, jump directly to information on Drosera chromosome numbers. (carnivorousplants.org)
Two of these driving loci are linked by a chromosomal translocation and thus constitute a novel type of paired meiotic drive complex. (elifesciences.org)
The study sheds new light on the protein Pds5, its crucial regulatory role during meiosis, and the impact of its absence on the molecular-level genesis of human chromosomal birth defects that include Down, Edwards, Patau, Turner, Klinefelter's and XYY syndromes. (medindia.net)
On the other hand, removing Pds5 during meiosis triggers a chromosomal catastrophe. (medindia.net)
This finding is highly important, because failure to generate a crossover between homologs leads to chromosome missegregation and can cause human chromosomal birth defects such as Down syndrome, which affects about one in 800 newborns in the United States," said Yu. (medindia.net)

Why does Meiosis produce 4 daughter cells instead of 2? (stackexchange.com)
Kinetochore pairing may be a general feature that increases capture efficiency in meiotic cells. (nature.com)
Chromosomes got their name by early cell biologists when they observed certain dark-staining objects in dividing cells. (carnivorousplants.org)
In human dividing cells 46 chromosomes can be observed. (carnivorousplants.org)
Disjunction mutants arise when chromosomes are partitioned unequally between daughter cells as a result of. (oxfordreference.com)
In terms of chromosome pairs, all animals of the same type are alike - that is, their body cells contain the same number and arrangement of chromosomes. (learner.org)
The culture was continued until some of the cells spontaneously lost the Y chromosome. (gigazine.net)
meiosis → produces genetically different daughter cells. (mindmeister.com)
Each of the cells now only contains half of the number of chromosomes. (bordercollies.nl)
Of the 78 chromosomes of the dog these cells only contain 39 of them. (bordercollies.nl)
Meiosis is a sequence of events that organize and separate chromosomes into daughter cells. (styleslicker.com)
In mitosis, the daughter cells have the identical variety of chromosomes as the mother or father cell, while in meiosis, the daughter cells have half the variety of chromosomes as the parent. (styleslicker.com)
DNA is neatly packaged up into bundles called chromosomes and stored away inside our cells. (familyeducation.com)
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information. (proprofs.com)
Mules are infertile because they inherit 32 chromosomes from their horse parent, but only 31 chromosomes from their donkey parent-and so have an odd chromosome that they cannot pair-off when they make sperm or egg cells. (elifesciences.org)
We successfully engineered yeast cells that shut down Pds5 only during meiosis, but not when they were vegetative," said Yu. (medindia.net)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
Germ cells (egg and sperm) divide through meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes to 23-half the number in somatic cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Except for certain cells (for example, sperm and egg cells and red blood cells), the cell nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)

It was not until the early 20 th century that it was demonstrated that chromosomes contain the material of hereditary and it took until the middle 20 th century to determine that DNA in chromosomes was the principle coding molecule of heredity. (carnivorousplants.org)

As the number of X chromosomes increases, somatic and cognitive development are more likely to be affected. (medscape.com)

the other was due to three different sites in the DNA of S. kambucha that interfere with the development of the spores that inherit S. pombe chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)

Consider that the homologous chromosomes of a sexually reproducing organism are originally inherited as two separate sets, one from every mother or father. (styleslicker.com)

In addition, if you calculate the possible combinations that emerge from the pairing of an egg and a sperm, the result's 2 attainable combinations. (styleslicker.com)

Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)

Then, I would choose the answer choice B because as far as I know, after prophase I -- when the chromosomes are in pairs during crossing-over -- the chromosomes are still in pairs and become separated into the different ends of the cell during anaphase. (stackexchange.com)
4. Configure the chromosomes as they would appear in each stage of meiotic division (prophase I and II, metaphase I and II, anaphase I and II, telophase I and II, and cytokinesis). (perfectcourseworkhelp.com)

Markers on different chromosomes are perfectly unlinked, although the penetrance of potentially deleterious alleles may be influenced by the presence of other alleles, and these other alleles may be located on other chromosomes than that on which a particular potentially deleterious allele is located. (wikipedia.org)
At least three distinct meiotic drive alleles, one on each S. kambucha chromosome, independently contribute to hybrid infertility by causing nonrandom spore death. (elifesciences.org)
having a pair of nonidentical alleles is heterozygosity. (msdmanuals.com)

If the chromosomes decondensed in telophase I, they condense again. (styleslicker.com)

Anatomy73

Organisms13

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs37

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes160

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science4

Segregation4

Recombination7

Gametes12

Synapsis6

Genes18

Sets of chromosomes3

Sister chromatids4

Full set of chromosomes1

Prophase I of meiosis2

Nondisjunction4

Mitosis or meiosis2

Karyotype5

Humans8

Metaphase plate2

Process of meiosis1

Undergo4

Meiotic cell cycle2

Independent Assortment3

Gene5

Mechanisms2

Nuclei1

Contain 231

Interphase2

Genetics3

Extra chromosome1

Consists4

Genome8

Mitotic2

Nuclear5

Aneuploidy2

23rd pair1

Autosomes1

Organisms1

Equator2

Spindle7

Synaptonemal complex2

Occurs3

Species7

Occur3

Sequences4

Different stages of meiosis1

Haploid cells1

Cell's2

Eggs1

Bivalent1

Chromosomal5

Cells19

Heredity1

Somatic1

Spores1

Organism1

Combinations1

MRNA1

Anaphase2

Alleles3

Condense1