Chromosome in females is inactivation. Medical search. Frequent questions

In placental mammals, dosage compensation occurs by silencing one X-chromosome in female cells, a process known as X-chromosome inactivation. (ca.gov)
The mechanism is known as X chromosome inactivation. (blogspot.com)

NEW YORK-The addition of a chemical tag on an RNA molecule is the critical switch that inactivates one X chromosome in every cell, ensuring healthy development in all female mammals, according to new research by Weill Cornell Medicine investigators. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
All cells in female mammals contain two X chromosomes, but only one is needed for proper cell function and development, Weill Cornell notes. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
As female mammals have two X chromosomes (XX) and males an X and Y (XY), imbalance occurs because female embryos have twice as many X-linked genes. (sciencedaily.com)
H2AK119Ub gives a specific tag for epigeneti transcriptional repression and participates in X chromosome inactivation of female mammals. (fishersci.com)
In mammals female cells have two X chromosomes, whereas male cells carry an X and Y chromosome. (erasmusmc.nl)
In mammals this involves upregulation of dosage sensitive X-linked genes, and inactivation of one X chromosome in every female somatic cell. (erasmusmc.nl)
In addition to balancing X-chromosome dosage between males and females via X-inactivation, mammals also balance dosage of Xs and autosomes. (harvard.edu)
Mammals have two sex chromosomes: X and Y. Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. (blogspot.com)

In female incontinentia pigmenti patients, lyonization results in functional mosaicism of X-linked genes, which is manifested by the blaschkoid distribution of cutaneous lesions. (medscape.com)
therefore, females with incontinentia pigmenti have an extremely skewed X-inactivation pattern. (medscape.com)
Normal X chromosomes are active in unaffected skin, and mutated X chromosomes are active in skin affected with incontinentia pigmenti. (medscape.com)
Incontinentia pigmenti is caused by mutations in the NEMO/IKK -gamma gene, which is located on chromosome Xq28. (medscape.com)
Females with hypomorphic mutations in NEMO/IKK -gamma may have few clinical manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti. (medscape.com)
A 7-month-old female infant with incontinentia pigmenti. (medscape.com)
More than 95% of reported cases of incontinentia pigmenti occur in females. (medscape.com)
A new mutation in exon 7 of NEMO gene: late skewed X-chromosome inactivation in an incontinentia pigmenti female patient with immunodeficiency. (lu.se)

These chromosomes determine sex characteristics, such as if you produce eggs or sperm, have a penis or a vagina, and many other traits. (healthline.com)
Many animal species employ sex chromosomes to determine sex and start gender specific gene expression programs. (erasmusmc.nl)

Males have only one X chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
These females may have symptoms similar to those of males, or they may have only mild symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
In total, a molecular study was conducted in 445 samples (162 females and 283 males). (wjgnet.com)
The prevalence in males and females is 1.5% (5/329) and 2% (4/198), respectively. (wjgnet.com)
The secret to why male organisms evolve faster than their female counterparts comes down to this: Males are simple creatures. (nbcnews.com)
Researchers find that males can respond quicker than females to sexual selection, resulting in glitzier garbs like the male peacock's tail feather, which outshows any drab peahen. (nbcnews.com)
Evolution speeds along in the males compared to females. (nbcnews.com)
The idea that males evolve more quickly than females has been around since 19th century biologist Charles Darwin observed the majesty of a peacock's tail feather in comparison with those of the drab peahen. (nbcnews.com)
How and why males exist in evolutionary overdrive despite carrying essentially the same genes as females has long puzzled scientists. (nbcnews.com)
The mode of inheritance in males involves simpler genetic architecture that does not include as many interactions between genes as could be involved in female inheritance. (nbcnews.com)
Of those genes, about 7,600 have different expressions (alleles) that do different jobs in males and females. (nbcnews.com)
In this case, the females have two X chromosomes (XX) and males, XY. (nbcnews.com)
We find direct evidence that the expression of the genes on the X has this covering behavior in females whereas in males they're out in the open," said study team member Lauren McIntyre, also of UF. (nbcnews.com)
Males only have one X chromosome, so what you see is what you get. (nbcnews.com)
The researchers suggest this uncomplicated (compared with females) genetic pathway allows males to respond at the drop of a hat to the pressures of sexual selection. (nbcnews.com)
Since females have two copies of each X chromosome gene, you might expect them to make twice as much gene product as males of the same species. (blogspot.com)
In fact, males and females often make about the same amount of gene product because one of the female X chromosomes is inactivated by a mechanism that causes extensive chromatin condensation. (blogspot.com)
Abnormalities that affect autosomes (the 22 paired chromosomes that are alike in males and females) are more common than those that affect. (msdmanuals.com)
By virtue of having 2 X chromosomes, females have 2 loci for every X-linked gene, as compared with a single locus in males. (msdmanuals.com)
1997], and this defect has been reported to be twice as common in females as males [Samadi et al. (cdc.gov)

Analysis of an X linked DNA polymorphism in 16 independent somatic cell hybrids made between cells derived from each girl and a mouse line suggest that in one twin only the maternal X chromosome is active, whereas in the other the active X was paternally derived. (bmj.com)
However, according to the Lyon hypothesis, 1 of the 2 X chromosomes in each female somatic cell is inactivated genetically early in embryonic life (on or about day 16). (msdmanuals.com)

We now report studies of the genetic content of 11 of these ring X chromosomes (9 associated with severe phenotypes). (johnshopkins.edu)
Our report describes the first example of a paternally inherited NLGN4X microdeletion as the genetic etiology of ASD in a female proband, and the psychiatric phenotypes in the father. (nih.gov)
Caused by changes in the X chromosome, hemophilia is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. (healthline.com)
We hope to block methylation of XIST in order to restore gene expression in Rett syndrome and similar genetic diseases in females carried on the X chromosome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
We performed the first comprehensive genetic survey of a representative sample of male and female ID individuals from institutions and special schools in Indonesia. (wjgnet.com)
The diagnosis of OFD1 is established in a female proband with suggestive findings and a heterozygous OFD1 pathogenic variant identified by molecular genetic testing . (nih.gov)
It is appropriate to evaluate the genetic status of apparently asymptomatic female relatives (even in the absence of oral, facial, and digital anomalies) to determine if they are at risk for renal disease. (nih.gov)
However, molecular genetic studies have shown that some genes on the inactivated X chromosome (or chromosomes) remain functional, and these few are essential to normal female development. (msdmanuals.com)

However, the Y chromosome doesn't contain most of the genes of the X chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
XIST is the gene responsible for inactivating the genes of the X chromosome, producing RNA that triggers inactivation. (msdmanuals.com)

We recently showed that ring X chromosomes ascertained because of the severe phenotype do not express XIST, a candidate for the relevant gene, and that they are in fact active chromosomes. (johnshopkins.edu)
Many of the ring chromosomes lack the XIST locus, consistent with XIST being necessary for cis inactivation. (johnshopkins.edu)
However, the breakpoints in four ring chromosomes that have XIST sequences but do not express XIST suggest that other sequences within the XIC distal to XIST as it is now defined are also needed. (johnshopkins.edu)
X-chromosome Inactivation silences one X-chromosome in female cells, and this process is initiated and maintained by the long noncoding RNA Xist. (upenn.edu)
The process of X chromosome inactivation is triggered by an RNA called XIST. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
XIST is a long RNA that attaches to the X chromosome to initiate X inactivation. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The Weill Cornell Medicine investigators demonstrated that XIST is not alone empowered to turn off an X chromosome in every cell of a female mammal. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The addition of methyl groups enables XIST to function to inactivate the X chromosome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
XIST attaches itself at different points all along the X chromosome, silencing the genes that are located on the X chromosome," said senior author Dr. Samie Jaffrey, a professor of pharmacology at Weill Cornell Medicine. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
They found that cells that could not methylate XIST were not able to carry out X chromosome inactivation. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The researchers also found a protein, called DC1, that binds to every methyl group on XIST and enables it suppress the X chromosome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
When they removed DC1 from the cells, XIST was unable to turn off the X chromosome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Methylation of XIST is the switch that starts the process, recruiting DC1, and subsequently the proteins that inactivate the X chromosome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Other studies have shown that the gene Xist is responsible for putting the molecular brakes only on the X chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
[7] The strategy is analogous to X chromosome silencing in mammalian females by its use of the X-inactivation gene ( XIST ). (cbhd.org)
It would be premature to imagine the third copy of chromosome 21 being effectively "switched off" by an injection of XIST . (cbhd.org)
Since this epigenetic variation could have implications for the use of female human ESCs in regenerative medicine, disease studies, and basic research, in this proposal, we are aiming to determine how the epigenetic variability of the X chromosome arises during derivation and maintenance of human ESCs, the causes and consequences of deregulation of XCI in human ESCs, and to devise methods of stabilizing Xist expression in human ESCs. (ca.gov)

Understanding how X chromosome inactivation occurs may enable researchers to develop therapies for a variety of diseases caused by mutations of genes on the X chromosome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Magnuson pointed out that X inactivation also occurs within the embryo itself, not just in early placental (trophoblast) material surrounding the embryo. (sciencedaily.com)
However, this occurs randomly since about 50 percent of the time either the paternal or a maternal X chromosome is shut down. (sciencedaily.com)

Unlike female mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which possess two active X chromosomes and undergo XCI upon induction of differentiation, female human ESCs exhibit various epigenetic states of the X chromosome, indicating a surprising epigenetic instability of these cells under normal culturing conditions. (ca.gov)

Thus, all females are essentially mosaic, with some cells having an active maternal X and others having an active paternal X. (msdmanuals.com)
Because of random X-inactivation, all females are mosaics, with some cells having an active maternal X and others having an active paternal X. (msdmanuals.com)
Sometimes, random statistical distribution of inactivation in the relatively small number of cells present at the time of inactivation results in a particular descendant tissue having a preponderance of active maternal or paternal X chromosomes (skewed inactivation). (msdmanuals.com)

The report notes that the gene, eed, when functioning normally in female mouse embryos, keeps the paternal X chromosome inactive and many of its genes shut down in early placental cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Once the paternal X chromosome is shut down, then the cells must continue to divide and keep it shut down. (sciencedaily.com)

In the new research, female embryos without a functioning eed do not survive because of problems in forming placentas. (sciencedaily.com)
When that happens, too many X chromosome genes are active, there are problems forming placental tissue, and female embryos die. (sciencedaily.com)
To this end, our goal is to understand how the inactive X chromosome is regulated in human pre-implantation embryos, during derivation of hESCs from blastocysts, and during their maintenance. (ca.gov)
The X-linked gene Rlim plays major roles in female mouse development and reproduction, where it is crucial for the maintenance of imprinted X chromosome inactivation in extraembryonic tissues of embryos. (umass.edu)

Females who are homozygous, or who are heterozygous with skewed X inactivation that results in a high proportion of affected X chromosomes may also be affected. (merckmanuals.com)
Skewed inactivation may account for the occasional manifestation of minor symptoms in females who are heterozygous for X-linked disorders such as hemophilia and muscular dystrophy (all would presumably be asymptomatic if they had a 50:50 distribution of active X chromosomes). (msdmanuals.com)

Hemophilia A , also called factor VIII deficiency, and hemophilia B , also called factor IX deficiency, are inherited on the X chromosome in an autosomal recessive pattern . (healthline.com)
While not as prominent a trend, they also found a similar pattern in so-called autosomal genes, which are those found on any chromosome save the sex chromosomes. (nbcnews.com)
Many of the fruit-fly autosomal genes, however, did work in concert with genes located on the X chromosome. (nbcnews.com)
Autosomal" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. (genome.gov)
The effects of X chromosome abnormalities are not as severe as those resulting from analogous autosomal abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)

This gene is activated from the X chromosome that's going to be shut down, which in early placental material is only the X from the father, according to Terry Magnuson, PhD, senior author of the new study and Kenan professor of genetics at UNC-CH School of Medicine. (sciencedaily.com)

once an X chromosome is inactivated, it stays inactive throughout the lifetime of the organism. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Moreover, we have started to assess strategies that would prevent the instability of the inactive X chromosome and allow normal dosage compensation upon differentiation of hESCs. (ca.gov)
Moreover, we have developed a strategy that erases the instability of the inactive X chromosome and enables faithful X chromosome dosage compensation in differentiating hESCs and hiPSCs, which is critical for the use of these cells in regenerative medicine, disease studies, and basic research. (ca.gov)
Normally all females have two X-chromosomes, one of which is inactive or "switched off" in a random manner. (iflscience.com)

Finally, higher-order 3D chromosome folding is also thought to modulate gene expression and might contribute to inheritance 15 . (nature.com)

An abnormal gene on the X chromosome from each parent would be required, since a female has two X chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)
X-inactivation studies in the proband's blood showed random X-inactivation despite the presence of an abnormal X chromosome. (nih.gov)

Diseases such as hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy occur from a recessive gene on the X chromosome. (medlineplus.gov)
Monozygotic twin girls are reported, one of whom has the typical clinical features of Duchenne muscular dystrophy despite a normal female karyotype. (bmj.com)

Adibalapravritta, chromosome at Xp21 locus. (who.int)

We have conducted X-inactivation studies in three families where Xq28 marker studies were at odds with the original clinical assessment. (nih.gov)

We are investigating how female lymphocytes maintain X-chromosome Inactivation, which is an epigenetic process responsible for equalizing gene expression between sexes. (upenn.edu)

It also provides further evidence that NLGN4X is sensitive to dosage changes in females, and can contribute to a variety of psychiatric features within the same family. (nih.gov)
Therefore, intricate mechanisms are established to equalize the dosage of X-linked genes between male and female cells. (erasmusmc.nl)
Research published in 2013 established, in principle, possible in vitro dosage compensation treatments to treat trisomy 21, that is, silencing of the extra copy of chromosome 21. (cbhd.org)

Sex chromosome abnormalities may involve aneuploidy, partial deletions or duplications of sex chromosomes, or mosaicism. (msdmanuals.com)

Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
In humans, aneuploidy would be any number of chromosomes other than the usual 46. (genome.gov)

Segregation analysis in the families and X-inactivation studies were performed. (wjgnet.com)
This segregation was followed by, and may even have resulted in, twinning into a female pair, one normal and one with the full clinical features of the disease. (bmj.com)

As a consequence, expression of X linked genes will potentially be two-fold higher in female compared to male cells. (erasmusmc.nl)
Breakdown of REX1 is more prominent in differentiating female cells, which still have two active copies of Rnf12 , resulting in female specific initiation of XCI. (erasmusmc.nl)
Together, our findings reveal new insights into the relationship between different X chromosome states in undifferentiated female human ESCs, clarify how they arise during ESC derivation, and define the implications of these X chromosome status for differentiated cells. (ca.gov)
Therefore, it is important to systematically define the epigenetic abnormalities that hESCs and hiPSCs carry, to understand how and when the epigenetic instability of the X chromosome arises during the derivation of these cells, to define the consequences if the different X chromosome states for differentiation, and to find ways to overcome the epigenetic instability. (ca.gov)
Hallmarks of naive pluripotency include driving Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1) transcription by its distal enhancer, retaining a pre-inactivation X chromosome state, global reduction in DNA methylation and in H3K27me3 repressive chromatin mark deposition on developmental regulatory gene promoters.Upon withdrawal of 2i/LIF, naïve mouse ES cells can drift towards a primed pluripotent state resembling that of the post-implantation epiblast. (nih.gov)
These include use of the proximal enhancer element to maintain OCT4 expression, pronounced tendency for X chromosome inactivation in most female human ES cells, increase in DNA methylation and prominent deposition of H3K27me3 and bivalency acquisition on lineage regulatory genes. (nih.gov)

Chromosomal microarray analysis identified a paternally inherited, 445 Kb deletion on Xp22.3 that includes the entire NLGN4X in a 2.5 year old female (46,XX) with congenital hypotonia, strabismus, ASD, and increased aggressive behavioral issues. (nih.gov)
The findings, reported in Nature , could offer researchers a new scientific avenue to pursue treatments for X-linked chromosomal diseases in females, such as Rett syndrome. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Down syndrome is a common chromosomal abnormality caused by trisomy (an extra copy) of chromosome 21 and affecting 1 in 600 live births. (cbhd.org)
Table 1 provides a summary outline of the gene symbols, chromosomal locations, radiation sensitivity characteristics, immunodeficiencies, chromosome breakage characteristics, and major cancer risk for each of these disorders. (medscape.com)

This means that if your X chromosome carries the genes for hemophilia, you will have the condition. (healthline.com)
80% carries have high CPK values with female being the muscular one. (who.int)

The flies were identical genetically, except for their sex chromosomes . (nbcnews.com)

Our laboratory investigates X-chromosome Inactivation, and how this epigenetic process contributes to female-biased autoimmunity. (upenn.edu)
Each parent contributes one set of 23 chromosomes to offspring, resulting in little ones with 23 father-given chromosomes and 23 mother-chromosomes - 46 total. (nbcnews.com)

Small ring X chromosomes were first described in mosaic karyotypes of females with the relatively benign phenotype of Turner syndrome. (johnshopkins.edu)
One example is Rett syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder in females in which an X-linked mutation causes neurons to make insufficient amounts of a protein needed for normal neurological development, resulting in a form of autism. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
To investigate the prevalence of fragile X syndrome (FXS) in intellectually disabled male and female Indonesians. (wjgnet.com)
Oral-facial-digital syndrome type I (OFD1) is usually male lethal during gestation and predominantly affects females. (nih.gov)
Turner Syndrome In Turner syndrome, girls are born with one of their two X chromosomes partly or completely missing. (msdmanuals.com)
The determination of testosterone in women is helpful in the diagnosis of androgenic syndrome (AGS), polycystic ovaries (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) and when an ovarian tumor, adrenal tumor, adrenal hyperplasia or ovarian insufficiency is suspected. (cdc.gov)
is determined in men when reduced testosterone production is suspected, e.g. in hypogonadism, estrogen therapy, chromosome aberrations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome) and liver cirrhosis. (cdc.gov)
Pentasomy of the x chromosome is a rare syndrome of unknown incidence and there are few reports in the scientific literature, especially in terms of dental care for patients with this syndrome. (bvsalud.org)

Sex chromosome abnormalities are common and cause syndromes that are associated with a range of congenital and developmental anomalies. (msdmanuals.com)

Pentasomy X is a rare disorder of the sex chromosomes, which only affects females and is characterized by the presence of five chromosomes "x" (49,xxxxx) instead of two (46,xx). (bvsalud.org)

The mortality risk following COVID-19 diagnosis in men and women with common comorbidities at different ages has been difficult to communicate to the general public. (biomedcentral.com)

The presence of these rings in association with more severe phenotypes including mental retardation has raised the possibility that they lack sequences necessary for X chromosome inactivation, specifically genes within the X inactivation center (XIC) essential for cis X-inactivation. (johnshopkins.edu)

If the parent with XX chromosomes is the carrier of the affected gene and the parent with XY chromosomes does not, their children with XY chromosomes have a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. (healthline.com)
To report changes in the tapetal-like reflex in a female carrier of RPGR ORF15 c.3395delA X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) between examinations at 16 and 22 years of age, and to report the observation that the tapetal-like reflex faded due to exposure to daylight and reappeared with prolonged dark adaptation at 22 years of age. (molvis.org)
A female carrier of RPGR XLRP presented with a tapetal-like reflex at age 16. (molvis.org)
In this report, we describe a female carrier of XLRP where the tapetal-like reflex was clearly present after light exposure at 16 years of age, but much less so at 22 years of age when it did, however, reappear after prolonged dark adaptation and was attenuated by renewed light exposure. (molvis.org)

Our present research is aimed at identifying novel XCI-activators, elucidate the mechanisms by which they direct female exclusive XCI, and translate these findings to human. (erasmusmc.nl)
Our findings define the relationship between different X-inactivation states in female hESCs and demonstrate the consequences of different X-inactivation states for hESC differentiation. (ca.gov)

Since 2001, FVB has presented the Marthe Vogt Award to women junior researchers active in a field covered by one of the FVB's institutes. (mpg.de)
X inactivation, by chance, resulted in two contrasting cell masses with different active X chromosomes. (bmj.com)

Females can get an X-linked recessive disorder, but this is very rare. (medlineplus.gov)
If you have a Y chromosome, you are more likely to inherit the disorder because there are no genes for clotting factors on the Y chromosome. (healthline.com)
If both parents carry affected genes, each of their XY chromosome children has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder. (healthline.com)
At the time, RTT was scarcely known outside of Europe, but with the 1983 publication in the Annals of Neurology this disorder gained immediate prominence as the leading cause of significant cognitive disability among females [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

Novel splicing mutation in the NEMO (IKK-gamma) gene with severe immunodeficiency and heterogeneity of X-chromosome inactivation. (lu.se)

The Y chromosome is the other half of the XY gene pair in the male. (medlineplus.gov)
One pair of these is called the sex chromosome. (nbcnews.com)

Carbamyl phosphate synthetase ( CPS ), which has been mapped to human chromosome 2, mediates the formation of carbamyl phosphate from NH 3 − , HCO 3 − and ATP ( Fig. 44-6 , reaction 1). (nih.gov)
This enzyme is coded on human chromosome 9, where a 63-kb gene comprising 14 exons is located. (nih.gov)
Argininosuccinate is cleaved in the cytosol by argininosuccinate lyase ( AL ), which is coded on human chromosome 7 ( Fig. 44-6 , reaction 4). (nih.gov)
During the first funding period, we have extensively characterized the epigenetic state of the X chromosome in many established and newly derived human ESC lines as well as in human blastocysts. (ca.gov)

In flies and humans, thousands of genes made up of DNA are packaged into tiny units called chromosomes. (nbcnews.com)

Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Iran: Evidence study of lung cancer among European asphalt carcinoma among postmenopausal women in the for Lack of Association between HBV Genotype workers. (who.int)

Researchers have observed that in some mothers who have homosexual sons there is an extreme "skewing" of inactivation of these X-chromosomes . (iflscience.com)

Marked skewing of X-inactivation patterns is a hallmark of IP and provides a means for investigating uncertain cases. (nih.gov)

Female carriers can have a normal X chromosome that is abnormally inactivated. (medlineplus.gov)
If you have two X chromosomes, you may be hemophilia carriers. (healthline.com)
Their children with XX chromosomes have a 50% chance of inheriting one affected gene and becoming carriers. (healthline.com)
Little information is available about the time of onset, natural development, and prognostic value of the tapetal-like reflex in female XLRP carriers except that a retrospective longitudinal study by Grover et al. (molvis.org)

Some women and girls are affected as severely as men and boys due to a random X chromosome inactivation [7]. (dermnetnz.org)
RNF2 may be involved in the initiation of both imprinted and random X inactivation. (fishersci.com)

The REX1-RNF12 axis provides a strong link between female specific initiation of XCI and loss of pluripotency, but our studies and studies of others also indicate the presence of more XCI-activators. (erasmusmc.nl)
Similarly, family studies show that lesbian women have more lesbian sisters than heterosexual women. (iflscience.com)

Our results indicate that these chromosomes contain contiguous segments of DNA and have variable proximal and distal breakpoints and some include mainly long arm or mainly short arm sequences. (johnshopkins.edu)
The "elephant lurking in these results," of course, is how they would apply to men and women. (nbcnews.com)
Tumor necrosis factor receptor activation results in phosphorylation and inactivation of inhibitor kB by IKK, thus resulting in activation of NF-kB. (medscape.com)

Additionally, children with XX chromosomes have a 50% chance of inheriting two copies of affected genes and having hemophilia. (healthline.com)

Anatomy68

Organisms9

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs30

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes171

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Health Care4

Known as X-chromosome i2

Mammals8

Incontinentia Pigmenti8

Determine sex2

Males20

Somatic cell2

Genetic8

Genes of the X chromosome2

XIST17

Occurs3

Embryonic1

Maternal3

Paternal2

Embryos4

Heterozygous2

Autosomal5

Genetics1

Inactive4

Inheritance1

Abnormal2

Duchenne2

Locus1

Xq281

Gene expression1

Dosage3

Deletions1

Aneuploidy2

Segregation2

Cells6

Chromosomal4

Carries2

Genetically1

Contributes2

Syndrome8

Syndromes1

Affects females1

Diagnosis1

Phenotypes1

Carrier4

Findings2

Active2

Disorder4

Severe1

Pair2

Human4

Humans1

Cancer1

Researchers1

Patterns1

Carriers4

Random2

Studies2

Results3

Copies1