• AP-2 complex subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP2A1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes the alpha 1 adaptin subunit of the adaptor protein 2 (AP2 adaptors) complex found in clathrin coated vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
  • shieldin complex subunit 1 [Source:HGN. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • dynein regulatory complex subunit 1 [S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • WASH complex subunit 2A [Source:HGNC S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • on chromosome 19q13.3, which encodes the adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma (AP2σ) subunit, cause FHH type 3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recognition of the 30-splice site is a key step in premRNA splicing and accomplished by a dynamic complex comprising splicing factor 1 (SF1) and the U2 snRNP auxiliary factor 65-kDa subunit (U2AF65). (cipsm.de)
  • More recently, we've turned our attention to an intracellular signaling network dubbed the unfolded protein response (UPR). (gene.com)
  • Furthermore, plasma membrane proteins and intracellular proteins can be released into the extracellular space by regulated or non-regulated processes. (cipsm.de)
  • The feeble phenotype was mapped to a mutation in Slc15a4, which encodes the peptide/histidine transporter 1 (PHT1) and has not previously been implicated in pDC function. (nih.gov)
  • E(spl) region transcript m4 ) m4 and malpha are structurally related, whilst m2 encodes a novel protein. (sdbonline.org)
  • This gene encodes a scaffold protein that functions in the assembly of Usher protein complexes. (nih.gov)
  • G protein-coupled P2Y receptors participate in the nucleotide receptor G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family members and also have eight mammalian subtypes (P2Y1, 2, 4, 6, 11-14) (Kim et al. (aboutsciencenow.info)
  • The Tel2 (also known as Telo2) and Tti1 proteins control the cellular abundance of mammalian PIKKs and are integral components of mTORC1 and mTORC2. (cipsm.de)
  • The mammalian orthologs of Derailed and SRC64B also form complexes, suggesting that Src roles in RYK signaling are conserved. (biologists.com)
  • Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. (springer.com)
  • Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED. (springer.com)
  • With the exception of EDA1 and NEMO , both localized on the X chromosome, all other genes encoding components of the TNFα-related signaling pathway involved in differentiation of skin appendages, are localized on the autosomes (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
  • Within the last 10 years significant progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of HED and this is mainly due to the discovery of unknown proteins and the elucidation of their function in signal transduction via the TNFα-related pathway. (springer.com)
  • The downstream signal transduction toward Eda-A1 involves the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway (Clevers 2006 ) and requires lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (Lef-1) for activation of the Ed1 ( Ta ) expression (Durmowicz et al. (springer.com)
  • These proteins are not necessary for TLR7 or TLR9 signaling in conventional DCs and thus comprise a membrane trafficking pathway uniquely required for endosomal TLR signaling in pDCs. (nih.gov)
  • If genomics involves the study of genes and proteomics deals with proteins, glycomics examines the role of carbohydrates, which are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (fapesp.br)
  • A group of enzymes promotes the union of these small molecules of sugars and causes the synthesis (adaptor) of larger molecules, polysaccharides, which function-now having been provided with instructions-as energy reserves (starch) or structural components of the plant's cell walls. (fapesp.br)
  • HMGB1 is an abundant protein, 10 6 molecules per cell [ 7 ], which has been postulated as a redox sensor [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • I joined the department of Molecular Biology as Scientist in 1989, and my lab helped establish a technology to fuse biologically important proteins to antibody molecules. (gene.com)
  • The clumping of cells due to the interaction of antibodies (or other proteins ) and specific molecules on the surface of cells. (anthropogeny.org)
  • Immunoglobulin molecules that form a receptor protein on the outer surface of B-cells . (anthropogeny.org)
  • ED1 , encoding a ligand-ectodysplasinA-A1 (EDA-A1), EDAR , coding for ectodysplasinA-A1 receptor, EDARADD , programming the structure of EDAR-associated death domain protein and NEMO whose protein product, NFκB essential modulator (NEMO), is necessary for an indirect activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). (springer.com)
  • These included interferon-regulatory transcription factors (IRF1/IRF2/IRF6/IRF7/IRF9), chemokine/chemokine receptors (CCR5/CCR9/CCL5), cytokine/cytokine receptors (IFNG/IL10RA/TNFRSF1A), protein kinases (MAP2K4/MAPK3), growth factor receptor (TGFBR1). (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • The individual P2Y1 receptor proteins framework and its own two ligand-binding sites for the nucleotide-like antagonist MRS2500 and allosteric antagonist 1-(2-(2-tert-butylphenoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)urea (BPTU) had been reported in 2015 (Proteins Database [PDB] Identification: 4XNW, 4XNV) (Zhang et al. (aboutsciencenow.info)
  • EGFR is type I receptor tyrosine kinase with sequence homology to erbB-1, -2, -3 -4 or HER-1, -2, -3 -4. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • The phosphorylated receptor recruits adapter proteins like GRB2 which in turn activates complex downstream signaling cascades. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Also directly phosphorylates other proteins like RGS16, activating its GTPase activity and probably coupling the EGF receptor signaling to the G protein-coupled receptor signaling (PubMed:11602604). (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • Mediates HCV entry by promoting the formation of the CD81-CLDN1 receptor complexes that are essential for HCV entry and by enhancing membrane fusion of cells expressing HCV envelope glycoproteins. (neobiotechnologies.com)
  • whether a distinct receptor for C4a is present is unclear (see Table 1). (medscape.com)
  • Dennis et al suggest that vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP7) mediates fusion of BLOC-1-dependent transport carriers with melanosomes and that soluble attachment protein receptor (SNARE) recycling from melanosomes is a critical BLOC-3-dependent step. (medscape.com)
  • The N-terminal region of the protein binds CDC2 to form a complex showing reduced H1 histone kinase activity, indicating a role as a negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A. In addition, the C-terminal kinase domain binds to its own N-terminal region, suggesting potential negative regulation through interference with complex formation via intramolecular binding. (cancerindex.org)
  • The protein attaches (binds) to a group of proteins called the dynein complex, turning it on (activating it) and helping it bind to other cellular materials for transport. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Upon activation and cleavage of C3, C3b is formed as a major fragment that covalently binds to its target (see Table 1). (medscape.com)
  • CR2 binds C3dg, and C3d is present on B cells and dendritic cells (see the Table 1). (medscape.com)
  • and regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation. (nih.gov)
  • Gadkin negatively regulates cell spreading and motility via sequestration of the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex. (nih.gov)
  • actin related protein 2 [Source:HGNC S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • actin related protein 2/3 complex subu. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • For example, shank proteins are located further away from the membrane in the cytosolic faces of the PSDs, facing the actin cytoskeleton. (frontiersin.org)
  • In separate work, my team identified a set of secreted proteins overexpressed in the tumor microenvironment, and developed antibodies to block their cognate receptors for therapeutic gain. (gene.com)
  • Cell adhesion molecule-1 (CADM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that functions as a tumor suppressor of lung tumors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Tumor-infiltrated macrophages were isolated from human GC tissues using magnetic beads, gene transcription was determined by real-time PCR, protein expression was monitored using western blots, metabolites were determined using HPLC, and transcriptional regulation was analyzed by the luciferase-based reporter gene system. (cancerindex.org)
  • One such important family of regulatory RBPs is the Serine-Arginine (SR) family of proteins. (molcells.org)
  • The BICD2 gene provides instructions for making one of a family of proteins called golgins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Distinct dynein complexes defined by DYNLRB1 and DYNLRB2 regulate mitotic and male meiotic spindle bipolarity. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • The KASH5 protein involved in meiotic chromosomal movements is a novel dynein activating adaptor. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • During transport, BICD2 stabilizes the dynein complex along a track-like system of small tubes called microtubules, similar to a conveyer belt. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The BICD2 protein helps the dynein complex with protein transport, positioning of cell compartments, mobility of structures within the cell, and many other cell processes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In nerve cells (neurons), the BICD2 protein helps the dynein complex transport sac-like structures called synaptic vesicles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Overactivity of the BICD2 protein changes its ability to bind with the dynein complex, leading to reduced movement of proteins, synaptic vesicles, and other materials within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the rare tRNAs are depleted to produce the recombinant protein, proliferation of the host cells is restricted, leading to low yield. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • Crowding of asymmetric proteins results in an asymmetric lateral pressure across the membrane which can be used by cells in a number of biological processes involving membrane remodeling. (portlandpress.com)
  • The BRCA2-MEILB2-BRME1 complex governs meiotic recombination and impairs the mitotic BRCA2-RAD51 function in cancer cells. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • Changes in the redox state of cells affect proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in different ways. (hindawi.com)
  • The UPR normally helps secretory cells to resolve issues with 3D shaping of newly synthesized proteins. (gene.com)
  • Cells secrete a large number of proteins to communicate with their surroundings. (cipsm.de)
  • In immunocytochemistry experiments, the ST5 protein is co-localized with Src in RANKL-committed cells. (molcells.org)
  • The BICD2 protein is found in all cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 8] Deficiency of CD18 on phagocytic cells causes LAD type 1 (see Table 2). (medscape.com)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • Homo sapiens kelch like family member 21 (KLHL21), transcript variant 1, mRNA. (ucsc.edu)
  • The mature miRNA is then loaded onto an Argonaute protein (Ago2 in humans) where it then interacts with and regulates the mRNA target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diverse SR proteins play partially overlapping but distinct roles in transcription-coupled splicing and mRNA processing in the nucleus. (molcells.org)
  • In addition, shuttling SR proteins act as adaptors for mRNA export and as regulators for translation in the cytoplasm. (molcells.org)
  • transmembrane protein 104 [Source:HGNC S. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Three CD11 alpha chains and a common CD18 beta chain form heterodimer transmembrane complexes (CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, CD11c/CD18). (medscape.com)
  • Using a combination of miRNA hairpin predictions and co-mapping with miRBase entries, we identified a highly conserved cluster of miRNA genes on the X chromosome in the tammar and a total of 94 other predicted miRNA producing genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The function of the SEDL protein is not known although it is speculated that it may participate in the ER-to-Golgi transport as part of a novel highly conserved multiprotein TRAPP complex. (nature.com)
  • Throughout evolution, eukaryotes adopted a network of highly conserved proteins that buffer the positive charges of histones, maintaining their solubility and, therefore, avoiding aberrant interactions with other cellular components. (aging-us.com)
  • Of the 8 plasma membrane receptors for complement, only deficiencies of CR3 and CR4 due to CD18 deficiency have been described, known as leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) type 1. (medscape.com)
  • The BCR(KLHL21) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex regulates localization of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) from chromosomes to the spindle midzone in anaphase and mediates the ubiquitination of AURKB. (ucsc.edu)
  • Structure of a meiosis-specific complex central to BRCA2 localization at recombination sites. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • A thesis is proposed here, based on rational argument that depletion of the cytoskeletal organizer protein shank3 may result in defective nNOS membrane localization, resulting in defective nitric oxide synthesis. (frontiersin.org)
  • The protein contains PDZ domains, a coiled-coil region with a bipartite nuclear localization signal and a PEST degradation sequence. (nih.gov)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a putative serine/threonine kinase that localizes to the mitotic apparatus and complexes with cell cycle controller CDC2 kinase in early mitosis. (cancerindex.org)
  • Derailed and SRC64B form a complex, which contains catalytically active SRC64B, the formation or stability of which requires SRC64B kinase activity. (biologists.com)
  • These proteins are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during development of the fetus and are indispensable for the differentiation of ectoderm-derived structures such as eccrine sweat glands, teeth, hair, skin, and/or nails. (springer.com)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated as consequence of oxidative metabolism, activate signal transduction pathways, which contribute to cellular homeostasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The AAA-ATPase (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) valosin-containing protein (VCP), is essential for many cellular pathways including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), DNA damage responses, and cell cycle regulation. (portlandpress.com)
  • Small RNAs play important roles in many aspects of pre- and post-transcriptional gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, chromosome segregation and genome structure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As splicing is linked to transcriptional and post-transcriptional steps, SR proteins are implicated in the regulation of multiple aspects of the gene expression program. (molcells.org)
  • Alu elements were considered to be a part of what has been called "junk DNA" because they do not code for the production of proteins, however they may serve some yet unknown function and definitely contribute to genomic plasticity, evolution, and disease. (anthropogeny.org)
  • Any of the enzymatically catalyzed modifications of the individual AMINO ACIDS of PROTEINS, and enzymatic cleavage or crosslinking of peptide chains that occur pre-translationally (on the amino acid component of AMINO ACYL TRNA), co-translationally (during the process of GENETIC TRANSLATION), or after translation is completed (POST-TRANSLATIONAL PROTEIN PROCESSING). (lookformedical.com)
  • The BICD2 gene mutations that cause SMA-LED replace single protein building blocks (amino acids). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The characterization of new miRNA target genes and a unique profile for crasiRNAs has allowed for insight into multiple RNA mediated processes in the tammar, including gene regulation, species incompatibilities, centromere and chromosome function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to its abundance and versatile function, VCP participates in many cellular pathways including ERAD, endolysosomal trafficking, selective autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage signaling [ 1 ]. (portlandpress.com)
  • The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. (mdpi.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, and in the crosstalk between the adiponectin signalling and insulin signalling pathways. (antibodypedia.com)
  • Genome-wide association study for circulating levels of PAI-1 provides novel insights into its regulation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this mini-review, the essential functions of SR proteins in splicing regulation, with a focus on their roles as RNA binders in the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) will be summarized. (molcells.org)
  • Distinct TERB1 domains regulate different protein interactions for meiotic telomere movement. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • In this review, the hypothesis is forwarded that nNOS delivered to subcortical cytoskeleton requires interactions with scaffolding proteins prior to docking at the membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • Both proteins mediate protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions for cooperative RNA-binding during spliceosome assembly. (cipsm.de)
  • In general, RRM domains recognize RNA, whereas RS domains participate in diverse protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. (molcells.org)
  • The cell wall comprises between 50% and 60% of a plant's biomass and is rich in complex carbohydrates (the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin), as well as structural proteins and lignin, a polymer that gives it rigidity. (fapesp.br)
  • The protein HMGB1 behaves as a redox sensor and its structural changes, which are conditioned by the oxidative environment, are associated with different functions of the protein. (hindawi.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Birth defects are functional and structural abnormalities that impact about 1 in 33 births in the United States. (bvsalud.org)
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units, with important functions in the body including energy storage, structural support, and immune response. (lookformedical.com)
  • Contributes to ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Priolo and Lagana 2001 ) the most common is ectodermal dysplasia 1 (OMIM 305100), an X-linked hypohidrotic form (HED), which occurs in the general population with a frequency of one per 17,000 live births. (springer.com)
  • Serine and arginine-rich (SR) proteins are RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) known as constitutive and alternative splicing regulators. (molcells.org)
  • One mutation that has been found in multiple affected individuals and families replaces the amino acid serine with the amino acid leucine at position 107 in the BICD2 protein (written as Ser107Leu or S107L). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Enhancer of split complex (E[spl]-C) includes eight genes spread over 50 kilo bases on the Drosophila third chromosome. (sdbonline.org)
  • Other examples of Drosophila gene complexes include the Antennapedia complex (ANTP-C), the bithorax complex (BX-C) and the achaete-scute complex (AS-C). The hallmark of all these gene complexes, including the E(spl)-C is that within any complex the genes are evolutionarily related and jointly regulated. (sdbonline.org)
  • In Drosophila, the majority of Notch target genes known so far is located in the Enhancer of split complex , encoding small basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins that presumably act as transcriptional repressors. (sdbonline.org)
  • The identification of the feeble mutation led to our subsequent observations that AP-3, as well as the BLOC-1 and BLOC-2 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome proteins are essential for pDC signaling through TLR7 and TLR9. (nih.gov)
  • For example, in northwestern Puerto Rico, the prevalence is 1 in 1800, with 1 in 22 being carriers of the mutation. (medscape.com)
  • The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is involved in flagellar movements and motility, and in cellular events that occur in the sperm head, that will lead to successful interaction with the egg and to fertilization [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
  • 1700029I15Rik orchestrates the biosynthesis of acrosomal membrane proteins required for sperm-egg interaction. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • Following a complex process of miRNA transcription, processing, and nuclear export, miRNAs are further processed by the RNaseIII enzyme, Dicer, and its cofactor TRBP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The dynamic nature of chromatin establishes the access to the genetic material and, as a consequence, influences a large number of biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair and transcription [ 1 , 2 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • A significant decrease in microRNA (miR)-30c and an increase in regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1 (REDD1) were detected in human GC TAMs, the transcription of miR-30c was negatively correlated with REDD1. (cancerindex.org)
  • This mini-review will summarize the roles of SR proteins as RNA binders, regulators, and connectors from transcription in the nucleus to translation in the cytoplasm. (molcells.org)
  • During the last decades, remarkable progress has been made in further understanding the complex molecular regulatory networks that maintain hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. (x-mol.com)
  • Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are molecular chaperones that prevent the aggregation of nonnative proteins. (cipsm.de)
  • This difference is reflected in the activation domains of the respective proteins. (sdbonline.org)
  • Activation domains influence the way proteins interact with the trancription apparatus of the cell (Dawson, 1995). (sdbonline.org)
  • MicroRNA-30c expression was suppressed by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation and related to decreased mTOR activity as well as glycolysis in human GC TAMs. (cancerindex.org)
  • VCP primarily identifies ubiquitylated proteins in these pathways and mediates their unfolding and degradation by the 26S proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
  • Meiotic cohesins mediate initial loading of HORMAD1 to the chromosomes and coordinate SC formation during meiotic prophase. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • Meiotic DNA break formation requires the unsynapsed chromosome axis-binding protein IHO1 (CCDC36) in mice. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • The Dissection of Meiotic Chromosome Movement in Mice Using an In Vivo Electroporation Technique. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • VCP interacts with adaptor proteins to identify ubiquitylated substrates for degradation by the proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
  • The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • The rationale of this organization may be related to important roles of these proteins as "exchange hubs" for the signaling proteins for their migration from the subcortical cytosol to the membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • 1] Immune adherence refers to the process by which bacteria coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody and C3b adhere to erythrocytes, which facilitates phagocytosis by neutrophils. (medscape.com)
  • antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens are decreased and antibody responses to protein antigens are slightly reduced. (medscape.com)
  • A meiosis-specific BRCA2 binding protein recruits recombinases to DNA double-strand breaks to ensure homologous recombination. (shibuyahiroki.com)
  • Here, we focus essentially on the histone variant H3.3 and the associated complexes that selectively regulate its homeostasis and dynamics. (aging-us.com)
  • If the coding sequence of the protein is unknown but the protein is purified, mass spectrometry (or chemical methods such as Edman degradation) can be used to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can then be used to search for the the corresponding DNA sequence. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • Often, the latter two steps are done repeatedly in RT-PCR to amplify the DNA fragment, if the sequence of the GOI is known and specific 1 primers are designed. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • When we know the sequence of GOI, we can do a BLAST to find possible homologous proteins, and study any relavant scientific literature. (hideyuki-ts.com)
  • Ubiquitination of AURKB by BCR(KLHL21) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex may not lead to its degradation by the proteasome. (ucsc.edu)
  • Along with PTMs, the partial or complete disassembly of nucleosomes allows the exchange and degradation of pre-existing histone proteins, with the incorporation of newly synthesised histones onto chromatin that can eventually result in the resetting of previous epigenetic marks. (aging-us.com)
  • Martinez-Carrera LA, Wirth B. Dominant spinal muscular atrophy is caused by mutations in BICD2, an important golgin protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Protein crowding induces membrane curvatures through an entropic mechanism. (portlandpress.com)
  • Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex required for efficient chromosome alignment and cytokinesis. (ucsc.edu)