• Concentrations were tested up to 8333 μg enzyme concentrate dry matter/mL), a recommended regulatory maximum concentration for the in vitro micronucleus assay. (europa.eu)
  • 1986), a human cell micronucleus assay (Budinsky et al. (europa.eu)
  • Negative results were also observed in an in vitro mouse lymphoma assay (Genesys Research, 1995c) and one in vitro chromosome aberration tests with human peripheral lymphocytes and Chinese hamster lung fybroblasts (Japan Bioassay Laboratory, 1994). (europa.eu)
  • The radiation-induced changes were estimated by using the chromosome aberration test (CA) and cytokinesis blocked micronucleus assay (CBMN) in peripheral lymphocytes, and by determining the malondialdehyde levels (MDA) in blood plasma and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in erythrocytes. (niscpr.res.in)
  • Cangrelor was non-mutagenic and non-clastogenic in genetic toxicology studies, including in vitro bacterial gene mutation assay, mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase assay, chromosome aberration assay in human peripheral lymphocytes, and in vivo bone marrow micronucleus assay in mice. (medlibrary.org)
  • In a CF-1 mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, performed according to GLP and similar to OECD 474, seven males per dose were treated intraperitoneal on three consecutive days with the test item (98% a.i.) at doses of 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg bw (Kaefer et al. (europa.eu)
  • Cytotoxicity, cytostasis and genotoxicity were evaluated by the colorimetric assay of formazan reduction [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT)] and by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN Cyt) assay. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • The MTT assay revealed a decrease in cell viability in RAW 264.7 cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with significant dose-effect relationships for the different CuO NP shapes. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • The comet assay revealed a dose-dependent increase in primary DNA damage, and a significant increase in oxidative damage to DNA was also detectable, as well as increased frequency of micronuclei in binucleated cells, often in a dose-related manner. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • The micronucleus assay was coupled with centromeric fluorescence in situ hybridization to distinguish micronuclei (MN) arising from chromosomal breakage (C - MN) from those harboring whole chromosomes (C + MN). (unipi.it)
  • This document focuses on retrospective evaluation of exposures which occurred in the past or protracted exposures where the dicentric assay (see ISO 19238) and the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay (see ISO 17099) are not applicable due to the decrease in this type of damage over time. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
  • Its overall evaluation, however, was that "Ethylene oxide is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)," which was based in part upon the observation that ethylene oxide is associated with a dose-related increase in hemoglobin adducts, chromosomal aberrations, and sister chromosome exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes, and micronuclei in bone marrow cells of exposed workers. (cdc.gov)
  • ZnO induced significant increase of the ratio of chromosomal aberrations as well as percentage of abnormal cells at concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 mu g/mL in 24 h treatments. (comu.edu.tr)
  • Cytogenetic alterations were evaluated by analysing the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronucleated binucleated cells (MNBN) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. (unipi.it)
  • The frequency of chromosomal aberrations seen at metaphase in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes is used for absorbed dose estimation after suspected exposure to ionizing radiation. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
  • Detection of chromosomal aberrations induced by ionising radiation in the G2 phase of cell-cycle using autoradiographic methods. (gomp.it)
  • Mechanisms of formation of chromosomal aberrations using cytogenetic methods. (gomp.it)
  • Thousands of chromosomal aberrations have been discovered in different types of cancer. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Changes in the structure or quantity of chromosomes , which are strands of condensed genetic material, are known as chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • In an organism, any visible abnormality in chromosome number or structure from the diploid set is known as chromosomal aberration . (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Chromosomal aberrations . (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Chromosomal aberrations and their mechanisms have been studied for many years in livestock. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • B. This chromosomal aberration tends to manifest in males in the form of absent or delayed puberty, sterility, development of breast, etc. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • The frequency of ICF cells with chromosomal aberrations seems to increase with passage number, 3,4,40 although this is not a consistent finding. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Many micronucleus assays have been developed to test for the presence of these structures and determine their frequency in cells exposed to certain chemicals or subjected to stressful conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, possible genotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were investigated in cultured human peripheral lymphocytes by using chromosome aberrations and micronucleus assays (MN). (comu.edu.tr)
  • These incorporated bacterial mutation assays in S. typhimurium and E. coli, mammalian mutation assays in Chinese hamster ovary cells, chromosome aberration assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or Chinese hamster ovary cells, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. (newsbloger.com)
  • 2-Nitrotoluene was genotoxic in a range of in vitro and in vivo assays, was notably clastogenic in human peripheral lymphocytes and formed DNA adducts in exposed rodents. (gc.ca)
  • In this research, four types of chromosome aberrations were observed as chromatid and chromosome breaks, fragment and dicentric chromosomes. (comu.edu.tr)
  • Much of this DNA hypomethylation is in 1qh, 9qh, and 16qh, regions that are the site of whole-arm deletions, chromatid and chromosome breaks, stretching (decondensation), and multiradial chromosome junctions in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Micronucleus frequency in erythrocytes of mice after long-term exposure to radiofrequency radiation med. (emf-portal.org)
  • On the other hand, this material significantly increased the micronuclei frequency (MN) at concentrations of 10 and 15 mu g/mL in comparison to the control. (comu.edu.tr)
  • It has been well established that the background translocation frequency in individuals varies with age due to various confounding factors (i.e. nutritional status, genotoxic exposures, lifestyle factors, malsegregation of sex chromosomes). (onlinestandardssearch.com)
  • The frequency of these rearrangements is high enough to be detected upon routine cytogenetic examination of metaphase chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The available in vivo micronucleus study was also negative. (europa.eu)
  • Nevertheless, sufficient information is available when taking in account all in vitro studies collectively and when considering the reliable in vivo micronucleus study. (europa.eu)
  • Micronuclei primarily result from acentric chromosome fragments or lagging whole chromosomes that are not included in the daughter nuclei produced by mitosis because they fail to correctly attach to the spindle during the segregation of chromosomes in anaphase. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was concluded that deoxyribonuclease, batch U8AGS, formulated in phosphate buffered saline did not induce micronuclei in the polychromatic erythrocytes of the bone marrow of male mice when dosed intravenously with up to 400 mg/kg/day (an estimate of the maximum tolerated dose for this study), under the experimental conditions employed. (europa.eu)
  • Another way eccentric chromosome fragments may arise is when defects in genes related to homologous recombinational repair (ex: ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51) result in a dysfunctional error-free homologous recombinational DNA repair pathway and causes the cell to resort to the error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway, increasing the likelihood of incorrect repair of DNA breaks, formation of dicentric chromosomes, and acentric chromosome fragments. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was concluded that Deoxyribonuclease, PPW38822 did not induce biologically relevant increases micronuclei in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes following treatment in the absence and presence of a rat liver metabolic activation system (S-9). (europa.eu)
  • During the testing of deoxyribonuclease batch PPW42035 in micronuclei in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, some osmolality shifts were noted. (europa.eu)
  • It was concluded that deoxyribonuclease batch PPW42035 induced micronuclei in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes following treatment in the absence and presence of an induced rat liver metabolic activation system (S-9) in two independently conducted experiments. (europa.eu)
  • The present results indicate that ZnO nanoparticles are clastogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic to human lymphocytes in vitro at specific concentrations and time periods. (comu.edu.tr)
  • In an in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test, human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to the read across substance (CAS 768 -94 -5, unknown purity), in the presence and absence of metabolic activation (Brambilla and Martelli 2009). (europa.eu)
  • In view of these considerations, this study was designed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of geraniol, in an in vitro protocol, using two types of human cells: one without the ability to metabolize (peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMC), and the other with this capability (human hepatoma cell line - HepG2) through the comet assay and the micronucleus test. (geneticsmr.org)
  • A comparison of human and chimpanzee genes in the region of this inversion indicates that two genes-ROCK1 and USP14-that are adjacent on chimpanzee chromosome 17 (which corresponds to human chromosome 18) are more distantly positioned on human chromosome 18. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Chromosome damages are widely used as biomarkers in monitoring human exposure to carcinogenic agents [8, 20, 36]. (bvsalud.org)
  • The formation of micronuclei can only be observed in cells undergoing nuclear division and can be clearly seen using cytochalasin B to block cytokinesis to produce a binucleated cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The in vitro micronucleus test is a genotoxicity test for the detection of micronuclei in the cytoplasm of interphase cells. (syngeneintl.com)
  • Additional in vitro micronucleus studies (OECD 487) will be conducted on ALL category substance to assess potential effects on cytogenetics. (europa.eu)
  • In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of delavirdine was assessed by infecting cell lines of lymphoblastic and monocytic origin and peripheral blood lymphocytes with laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1. (drugs.com)
  • Micronuclei in newly formed red blood cells in humans are known as Howell-Jolly bodies because these structures were first identified and described in erythrocytes by hematologists William Howell and Justin Jolly. (wikipedia.org)
  • From the liver, PLP bound to albumin, along with dephosphorylated B6 vitamers, reach the peripheral tissues through the blood stream. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • A series of cytotoxic and genotoxic responses following in vitro exposure to differently shaped CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs, mass concentrations from 0.1 to 100 μg/ml) were assessed in murine macrophages RAW 264.7 and in peripheral whole blood from healthy volunteers. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Micronuclei form during anaphase from lagging acentric chromosome or chromatid fragments caused by incorrectly repaired or unrepaired DNA breaks or by nondisjunction of chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acentric chromosome fragments may arise in a variety of ways. (wikipedia.org)
  • If DNA damage exceeds the repair capacity of the cell, unrepaired double-stranded DNA breaks may also result in acentric chromosome fragments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Such structures are a result of chromosome fragments or entire acentric chromosomes which are lost during a cell division. (bvsalud.org)
  • Radiation significantly increased the chromosome aberration and micronuclei frequencies as well as MDA levels and decreased the antioxidant enzyme activity. (niscpr.res.in)
  • The relationship between formation of micronuclei and exposure to environmental factors was first reported in root tip cells exposed to ionizing radiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is observed that both biological effects and epidemiological effects appear to be the same or very similar from ELF exposure and from RF/MW exposures, including calcium ion efflux, melatonin reduction, DNA strand breakage, chromosome aberrations, leukaemia, brain cancer, breast cancer, miscarriage and neurological effects. (whale.to)
  • There was no evidence of mutagenicity in the mammalian chromosome aberration test. (europa.eu)
  • T he publication is only a secondary source and does not satisfy the requirement for Test Guideline OECD Guideline 473 (In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test) data (limited documentation, no data about investigated concentrations, no data about metabolic activation system given and no data about used positive controls). (europa.eu)
  • The read across substance was negative in the mammalian chromosome aberration test with and without metabolic activation. (europa.eu)
  • To study genotoxicity of long-term exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields by measuring of micronuclei formation in erythrocytes . (emf-portal.org)
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of dental materials through micronucleus (MN) test. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study aims to evaluate the genotoxicity of dental materials used in pediatric treatment through micronucleus (MN) test of exfoliated buccal cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In mitosis it divides by fission, and in conjugation a pair of gamete micronuclei undergo reciprocal fusion to form a zygote nucleus, which gives rise to the macronuclei and micronuclei of the individuals of the next cycle of fission. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the second half of the cell cycle the chromosomes clone themselves so that at mitosis, cell division, each cell has a full set of chromosomes. (whale.to)
  • Micronuclei formation may also result from chromosome malsegregation during anaphase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, simultaneous excision repair of damaged or inappropriate bases incorporated in DNA that are in proximity and on opposite complementary DNA strands may lead to DNA double-stranded breaks and micronucleus formation, especially if the gap-filling step of the repair pathway is not completed. (wikipedia.org)
  • As it is known that marked shifts in osmolality can give rise to chromosome aberrations (and thereby micronuclei), these observations cast some doubt over the biological significance of the observed increases in MNBN cells observed. (europa.eu)
  • Micronuclei are commonly seen in cancerous cells and may indicate genomic damage events that can increase the risk of developmental or degenerative diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Micronucleus induction by a chemical was first reported in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells treated with colchicine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 48 h treatments, while ZnO nanomaterials induced significant increase of the percentage of abnormal cells only at a concentration of 10 mu g/mL, and of chromosome aberration per cell in comparison to the control at concentrations of 5 and 10 mu g/mL. (comu.edu.tr)
  • The aberrations to be used are translocations and insertions in stable cells. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • The Immunodeficiency, Centromeric region instability, Facial anomalies syndrome (ICF) is a rare autosomal recessive disease described in about 50 patients worldwide and characterized by immunodeficiency, although B cells are present, and by characteristic rearrangements in the vicinity of the centromeres (the juxtacentromeric heterochromatin) of chromosomes 1 and 16 and sometimes 9. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ICF (OMIM #24242860) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that involves agammaglobulinemia or hypoglobulinemia with B cells as well as DNA rearrangements targeted to the centromere-adjacent heterochromatic region (qh) of chromosomes 1 and/or 16 (and sometimes 9) in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These are some of the most common cytogenetically visible rearrangements in humans - for example , the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 is found in over. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • These full chromosomes or chromatid fragments are eventually enclosed by a nuclear membranes and are structurally similar to conventional nuclei, albeit smaller in size. (wikipedia.org)
  • One way is that disrepair of DNA double-strand breaks can lead to symmetrical or asymmetrical chromatid and chromosome exchanges as well as chromatid and chromosome fragments. (wikipedia.org)
  • examples include aneuploidy (atypical chromosome number), deletion (loss of part of a chromosome), duplications (extra copies of a region of a chromosome), inversion (when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • This incorrect segregation of chromosomes may result from hypomethylation of repeat sequences present in pericentromeric DNA, irregularities in kinetochore proteins or their assembly, dysfunctional spindle apparatus, or flawed anaphase checkpoint genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since assembly of kinetochore proteins at centromeres is affected by the methylation of cytosine and histone proteins, a reduction in heterochromatin integrity as a result of hypomethylation can interfere with microtubule attachment to chromosomes and with the sensing of tension from correct microtubule-kinetochore connections. (wikipedia.org)
  • The available in vitro studies (Ames test, gene mutation and chromosome aberration studies) were all negative. (europa.eu)
  • Micronucleus is the name given to the small nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the application of this document, the service laboratory shall choose which type of aberrations to score for the purpose of assessing absorbed dose estimates and shall be consistent throughout. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
  • Hereafter, chromosome aberrations are referred to as translocations but may include insertions if determined by the service laboratory. (onlinestandardssearch.com)
  • Micronuclei can contribute to genome instability by promoting a catastrophic mutational event called chromothripsis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Any substance that damages DNA or chromosomes, or changes genetic activity, is genotoxic because it is acting on the same material, i.e. the DNA molecule. (whale.to)
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
  • If a normal diploid cell is 2n, the chromosome content of a double tetrasomic cell is designated. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • The chromosome number of this cell is 2n-1 = 45. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)