KaryotypesMetaphase chromosomeCytogeneticsMitochondrialGenomePhylogenetic relationshipsSpeciesChromosomalTheory of inheritance2021HeredityBacterialCentromereBACsKaryotypeRecombinationGenomicAutosomesGeneticAutosomalRearrangementsOrganismsProbesZebraConfirmsMutationsStructuralGenerationsCharacteristicsSNPsHumanRegionsAdaptiveInteractServed to identifyIdentifyCellsStudiesFoundResearchAnalysisPresentRegionSystemShortStructurePlaceMainSites
Karyotypes4
- Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
- In the process, chromosomal fusions occurred in the equidae, causing karyotypes to evolve that range from 66 to 32 chromosomes, whilst preserving the same amount of DNA. (ivis.org)
- The two individuals carrying isochromosome Y had mosaic karyotypes 63,XO/64,Xi(Y), and both animals were phenotypically abnormal. (veteriankey.com)
- These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)
Metaphase chromosome2
- During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
- We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytogenetics5
- Comparative Cytogenetics 11(4): 553-577. (pensoft.net)
- The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
- The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)
Mitochondrial4
- It shows 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex chromosomes, as well as the mitochondrial genome (at bottom left). (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, using sequences of three mitochondrial genes, the phylogenetic relationships between every sample with a known karyotype were determined, which revealed significant nucleotide divergence among the karyomorphs. (scielo.br)
- Linkage and association of the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier SLC25A12 gene with autism. (neurotransmitter.net)
- Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that showed evidence for divergent distribution between autistic and nonautistic subjects were identified, both within SLC25A12, a gene encoding the mitochondrial aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC1). (neurotransmitter.net)
Genome3
- The sequencing of the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata genome, in combination with targeted bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequencing, has allowed us to characterize an MHC from a highly divergent and diverse avian lineage, the passerines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cytogenetic (FISH) evidence and the genome assembly itself place core MHC genes on as many as four chromosomes with TAP and Class I genes mapping to different chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Finally, the ancestral information is potentially useful, since recent papers have shown that multi-100K SNP genome-wide testing can produce fine-scale ancestral inference, even in relative homogeneous populations such as Europeans. (blogspot.com)
Phylogenetic relationships1
- To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
Species11
- The investigated species present a stable chromosome number (2n = 22), but differ in their karyotype formulae, suggesting the presence of chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
- Single copy bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) previously mapped in the related genera Phaseolus L. and Vigna Savi were used to establish chromosome orthologies and to investigate possible rearrangements among species. (bvsalud.org)
- We also used oligo-FISH probes of two P. vulgaris chromosomes to paint the orthologous chromosomes of two non-sequenced Phaseolinae species. (bvsalud.org)
- The FISH barcode system emerges as an effective tool to understand the chromosome evolution of economically important legumes and their related species. (bvsalud.org)
- Current status on plant cytogenetic and cytogenomic research has allowed the selection and design of oligo-specific probes to individually identify each chromosome of the karyotype in a target species. (bvsalud.org)
- and chromosomes 2 and 3) between both species. (bvsalud.org)
- Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Other authors, however, have considered the extinct Tarpan to be the ancestral species of the domestic horses. (ivis.org)
- The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
- In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
Chromosomal3
- Our analyses of the zebra finch MHC suggest a complex history involving chromosomal fission, gene duplication and translocation in the history of the MHC in birds, and highlight striking differences in MHC structure and organization among avian lineages. (biomedcentral.com)
- Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
- Containing an unprecedented number of Y-chromosomal and mtDNA SNPs and over 130,000 SNPs from the autosomes and X-chromosome, the chip was carefully vetted to avoid inclusion of medically relevant markers. (blogspot.com)
Theory of inheritance2
- Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
- In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
20211
- 134(11): 3675-3686, 2021 Nov. (bvsalud.org)
Heredity1
- In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacterial1
- An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
Centromere3
- Fusion of ancestral chromosomes left distinctive remnants of telomeres, and a vestigial centromere. (wikipedia.org)
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
- In particular, a distinction between those inversions which cover both chromosome arms and thus include the centromere (pericentric inversions) and those which are restricted to a single chromosome arm (paracentric inversions) has often been made [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
BACs1
- The zebra finch MHC includes multiple Class I and Class II genes, some of which appear to be pseudogenes, and spans a much more extensive genomic region than the chicken MHC, as evidenced by the presence of MHC genes on each of seven BACs spanning 739 kb. (biomedcentral.com)
Karyotype3
- This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype, and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope. (wikipedia.org)
- We conducted a comparative genomic analysis to define an informative genomic block (GB) system and to reconstruct the ancestral Phaseoleae karyotype (APK). (bvsalud.org)
- We inferred the APK as having n = 11 and 19 GBs (A to S), hypothesizing five chromosome fusions that reduced the ancestral legume karyotype to n = 11. (bvsalud.org)
Recombination1
- Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genomic4
- Comparative genomic studies have evidenced the preservation of large genomic blocks among legumes, although chromosome dynamics during Phaseoleae evolution has not been investigated. (bvsalud.org)
- The major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) is a gene-dense genomic region within which many genes play a role in vertebrate immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
- 2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
- We developed novel methods to identify AIMs and genomic regions that may be enriched with alleles shared with ancestral hominins. (blogspot.com)
Autosomes1
- Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
Genetic7
- For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm) . (wikipedia.org)
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
- We then factor in your dog's breed composition, information at certain genes that affect size, and their inbreeding coefficient to calculate genetic age. (embarkvet.com)
- The genes/mutations could act alone or interact with other genetic and/or epigenetic or environmental factors, causing autism or related disorders. (neurotransmitter.net)
- The first stage involved identifying, in unrelated subjects showing linkage to 2q24-q33, genetic variants in exons and flanking sequence within candidate genes and comparing the frequency of the variants between autistic and unrelated nonautistic subjects. (neurotransmitter.net)
Autosomal1
- The Mining Vendor Data article illustrates exactly how to find the segments you can paint from each of the main autosomal testing vendors and GedMatch. (dna-explained.com)
Rearrangements4
- KEY MESSAGE: An Oligo-FISH barcode system was developed for two model legumes, allowing the identification of all cowpea and common bean chromosomes in a single FISH experiment, and revealing new chromosome rearrangements. (bvsalud.org)
- Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
- This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)
- The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)
Organisms1
- The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Probes2
- Here, we developed the first chromosome identification system for legumes based on oligo-FISH barcode probes. (bvsalud.org)
- Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)
Zebra1
- The zebra finch MHC exhibits a complex structure and history involving gene duplication and fragmentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Confirms1
- it only confirms that you have the genes for your known phenotype. (blogspot.com)
Mutations2
- Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We hypothesize that there might be at least three types of autism susceptibility genes/mutations that can be (i) specific to an individual patient or family, (ii) in a genetically isolated sub-population and (iii) a common factor shared amongst different populations. (neurotransmitter.net)
Structural1
- Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)
Generations3
- The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Chromosome painting can do amazing things: walk you back generations, show visual phasing…and reveal that there's a mistake someplace, too. (dna-explained.com)
- Wolfiness scores up to 10% are almost always due to ancient wolf genes that survived many generations, rather than any recent wolf ancestors. (embarkvet.com)
Characteristics1
- Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
SNPs1
- CONCLUSIONS: A strong association of autism with SNPs within the SLC25A12 gene was demonstrated. (neurotransmitter.net)
Human3
- As other non-human extant hominidae have 48 chromosomes it is believed that the human chromosome 2 is the result of the merging of two chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
- They also propose that during the Late Pleistocene , the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs - no more than 10,000, and possibly as few as 1,000 - resulting in a very small residual gene pool. (wikidoc.org)
Regions1
- Aside from chromosome 6, which includes the HLA region , I've always been rather suspicious of pileup regions, because they don't seem to hold true for me. (dna-explained.com)
Adaptive2
- MHC genes are perhaps the most thoroughly studied example of adaptive molecular evolution, representing a classic example of balancing selection [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Like Class I and Class II genes, CD1 genes (which are MHC-linked in the chicken but not in mammals) play a role in the adaptive immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
Interact1
- Some MHC-linked genes encode proteins that interact with MHC molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
Served to identify1
- Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Identify1
- In the present study, genes across the 2q24-q33 interval were analyzed to identify an autism susceptibility gene in this region. (neurotransmitter.net)
Cells4
- [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
- Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
- MHC Class II genes also encode receptors but are restricted to antigen presenting cells of the immune system where they play a role in combating extracellular pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
- Since the long arm of ECAY carries the MSY and the PAR, the cells with i(Y) are genetically similar to those with Y chromosome disomy (YY). (veteriankey.com)
Studies2
- These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)
Found1
- Negative association findings and research involving the serotonin transporter gene, FMR1, RELN, WNT2, HOXA1, and HOXB1 genes may be found elsewhere on this site . (neurotransmitter.net)
Research1
- The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis2
- Utilizing chromosome counts and flow cytometric analysis, cytotype distribution maps were generated. (pensoft.net)
- Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Present1
- As such, it argues against a saltationist scenario for the evolution of language, and toward a gradual process of culture-gene co-evolution extending to the present day. (frontiersin.org)
Region4
- In addition to Class I and Class II genes, many of the other genes in the MHC region also play a role in immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
- DNA Painter generously includes pileup region warnings, in essence, along a chromosome bar at the top indicating "shared" or "both. (dna-explained.com)
- In my case, on chromosome 1, the pileup region isn't piled up at all, on either the paternal (blue) chromosome or the maternal (pink) chromosome. (dna-explained.com)
- The authors recently mapped a susceptibility locus for autism to chromosome region 2q24-q33 (MIM number 606053). (neurotransmitter.net)
System1
- I am both hopeful and expectant that out of this -university and the Church Educational System there will rise brilliant stars in drama, literature, music, sculpture, painting, science, and in all the scholarly graces. (byu.edu)
Short1
- The latter is a Y chromosome that has lost the short arm and replaced it with an identical copy of the long arm. (veteriankey.com)
Structure1
- [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
Place1
- 23andMe have also apparently included some fairly detailed SNP typing that place you in the Y-chromosome (if you are male) and mtDNA phylogeny, giving you a detailed haplogroup assessment. (blogspot.com)
Main1
- BAC markers demonstrated conserved synteny of the main rDNA sites on orthologous chromosomes 6 and 10, as previously observed for Phaseolus and Vigna. (bvsalud.org)
Sites1
- Lastly, we find strong evidence of selection acting on sites within passerine MHC Class I and Class II genes. (biomedcentral.com)