• The most of extra chromosomes seem to be the genetic ballast for the cell, which it gets rid of using a wide range of cellular tools, in particular: chromosomal rearrangements, chromatin diminution, asymmetry of division, cytomixis, and programmed cell death. (cytgen.com)
  • Kravets E.A., Plohovskaya S.G., Horyunova I.I., Yemets A.I., Blume Ya.B. Sources of chromosomal polymorphism of microsporocytes in species of Lilium L. Allium L: cytomixis, extra chromosomes, chromatin diminuation, Tsitol Genet. (cytgen.com)
  • Sources of Chromosomal Polymorphism of Microsporocytes in Species of Lilium L. and Allium L.: Cytomixis, Extra Chromosomes, and Chromatin Diminution, Cytol Genet . (cytgen.com)
  • The species showed 2n = 14 chromosomes and presented chromatin diminution in the 4th embryonic cleavage. (scielo.br)
  • The classical analysis of chromosomal defects is done by a karyogram, which is a microscopic view of stained chromosomes. (mpg.de)
  • All of our chromosomes are made from chromatin, which is half histone (or structural) proteins and half DNA, organized into long strings with bead-like structures (nucleosomes) on them. (ualberta.ca)
  • We study how aneuploidy affects the transcriptome and proteome as well as the role of chromatin architecture in in the context of aneuploidy, using NGS-based methods as well as cytogenetic analyses of chromosomes. (lu.se)
  • If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe . (wikipedia.org)
  • Tax, which has also been shown to induce multinucleation and chromosomal instability, failed to induce CD30. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results suggest that induction of CD30, independent of Tax, triggers morphological abnormalities, chromosomal instability, and alteration of gene expression in HTLV-1-infected cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • We use large-scale sequencing and array-based analyses of bulk and single cells as well as experimental systems to understand whether aneuploidy is always associated with chromosomal instability (CIN) and to delineate the pathways by which aneuploidy arise. (lu.se)
  • We focus our analysis on the compartment profile, which has been shown to partition the genome into transcribed gene-rich regions, enriched in active chromatin marks ("active" regions), and "inactive" gene-poor regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, chromosomal "loopings" are pivotal for the orderly process of gene expression, by enabling distal regulatory enhancer or silencer elements to directly interact with proximal promoter and transcription start sites, potentially bypassing hundreds of kilobases of interspersed sequence on the linear genome. (nih.gov)
  • Intellectual disability-associated dBRWD3 regulates gene expression through inhibition of HIRA/YEM-mediated chromatin deposition of histone H3.3. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Cytogenetically, the presence of double-minute chromatin bodies and homogeneously staining regions correlates with MYCN gene amplification. (medscape.com)
  • The chromatin fibre also supports gene expression and replication of chromosomal DNA. (ualberta.ca)
  • This process is mediated by various enzymes modifying chromatin structures to achieve the diversity of epigenetic space and the intricacy in gene expression files. (frontiersin.org)
  • One might expect that the position of centromeres and telomeres could influence the organization of chromatin and thereby regulate gene expression. (genengnews.com)
  • To their surprise, they found little difference in gene expression, indicating the robustness of chromatin organization regardless of the type of centromere distribution. (genengnews.com)
  • This subset of transcription factors, known as pioneer transcription factors (PTFs), possess the ability to engage closed chromatin that is not accessible by other types of transcription factors, establish gene expression, and elicit cell reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • PTFs also enable other transcription factors, histone modifiers, and nucleosome remodeling complexes to alter the chromatin state and promote gene expression of silenced genes. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Molecular mechanisms for regulation of gene expression at different levels: remodeling of chromatin, initiation of transcription, nuclear transport and signalling, and RNA interference. (lu.se)
  • Both genes are highly conserved, and their proteins are thought to have 2 functions: (1) formation of a bridge or scaffold between the DNA-binding transcription factors and the RNA polymerase II complex and (2) serving as histone acetyltransferases that open the chromatin structure, a process essential for gene expression. (medscape.com)
  • Disruption of the human CBP gene, either by gross chromosomal rearrangements or by point mutations, leads to Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • They bind to structural components (emerin, nesprin), chromatin components (histone), signal transduction molecules (protein kinase C), and several gene regulatory molecules. (medscape.com)
  • The first suggests that disruption of the inner nuclear membrane and the nuclear lamina causes disorganization of nuclear chromatin and gene expression, while the second proposes that the mechanical strength of the cell nucleus is disrupted when the nuclear lamina is weakened leading to structural and signaling defects in mechanically stressed tissue such as muscle and heart. (medscape.com)
  • Histone H3 is one of the DNA-binding proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells. (fishersci.com)
  • Michael Hendzel (right) co-led a study that revealed the gel-like nature of chromatin, the complex package of DNA and proteins contained within the nucleus of our cells. (ualberta.ca)
  • University of Alberta researchers have found an answer to a fundamental question in genomic biology that has eluded scientists since the discovery of DNA: Within the nucleus of our cells, is the complex package of DNA and proteins called chromatin a solid or a liquid? (ualberta.ca)
  • How the proteins that regulate these processes function in the context of chromatin and its dynamic architectures is an intensive field of study. (rockefeller.edu)
  • Adding chemical groups to the DNA backbone and modifying histone proteins impart distinct characteristics on chromatin architecture. (frontiersin.org)
  • Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
  • and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell. (bvsalud.org)
  • We introduce chromosome conformation capture protocols for brain and compare higher-order chromatin structures at the chromosome 6p22.2-22.1 schizophrenia and bipolar disorder susceptibility locus, and additional neurodevelopmental risk genes, (DPP10, MCPH1) in adult prefrontal cortex and various cell culture systems, including neurons derived from reprogrammed skin cells. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to mutations in TP53 and KRAS, we identify genetic alterations in chromatin remodelling genes, ARID1A and ARID1B, in histone methyltransferase MLL3, in histone deacetylase modifier SPOP and in chromatin assembly factor BAZ1A, in nearly two thirds of cases. (nih.gov)
  • Even if all genes remain intact after a chromosomal break, serious problems may occur. (mpg.de)
  • The team examined clinical samples from blood, skin and amniotic fluid of nine patients with chromosomal breaks but without damage to known genes. (mpg.de)
  • Most organisms have developed a strategy for making sure that the X chromosomal genes, which are important for both sexes, are properly transcribed. (mpg.de)
  • However, how exactly this change in the chromatin structure facilitates the expression of X chromosomal genes by just a factor of two remains poorly understood. (mpg.de)
  • Comparison of local chromatin structure revealed that in each case, there is an intra-chromosomal structure that enables the activation of endogenous stemness genes, a critical step towards the successful iSPC induction. (ca.gov)
  • Instead, the remodeling of chromatin structure, thus the activation of endogenous stemness genes, represents a critical epigenetic block preventing iPSC induction. (ca.gov)
  • The transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 were found to trigger endogenous expression of pluripotent genes [2] and were identified as PTFs due to their ability to access closed chromatin [3] . (cytoskeleton.com)
  • The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we show that chromosome conformation capture, a widely used approach to study higher-order chromatin, is applicable to tissue collected postmortem, thereby informing about genome organization in the human brain. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers applied a method called 'Hi-C' (High-throughput Chromosome Conformation Capture) to samples from patients with developmental disorders suspected to be caused by chromosomal rearrangements. (mpg.de)
  • While chromosome conformation capture techniques provide a wealth of information about the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell, the methods are challenging to perform and the results are difficult to interpret. (qiagen.com)
  • Our chromosome conformation capture technology simplifies your chromatin folding studies and allows you to determine DNA contact frequencies and chromosome conformation. (qiagen.com)
  • Second, we find that chromatin interactions in embryonic cells are best described by GC content of a genomic region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lastly, we analyze changes in chromatin interactions upon differentiation, and find that regions which belonged to an active compartment in ES cells often switch to inactive compartment in IMR90, while the opposite rarely happens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, our results show that genome-wide chromatin interactions change upon differentiation of ES cells into IMR90, and suggest that sequence-dependent chromatin interactions in embryonic stem cells get overridden in a cell-type-specific manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that upon differentiation regions change from an active to an inactive compartment, suggesting that change in chromatin interactions reflects cell-type-specific silencing of genomic regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we develop NeoLoopFinder, a computational framework to identify the chromatin interactions induced by SVs, including interchromosomal translocations, large deletions and inversions. (nature.com)
  • Additional mechanisms that may control DNA accessibility in vivo include chromatin compaction and phase separation - processes that are beginning to be understood. (rockefeller.edu)
  • The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. (nih.gov)
  • Chromosomal rearrangements may alter these interaction patterns and can thus be seen in the analysis. (mpg.de)
  • The Drosophila chromosomal protein Mst77F is processed to generate an essential component of mature sperm chromatin. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Landmark discovery of the physical state of complex DNA and protein "packages"-called chromatin-in a cell's nucleus could lead to better understanding of diseases such as cancer. (ualberta.ca)
  • We thus used molecular approaches to engineer the OCT4 protein factor in order to enhance the remodeling of intra-chromosomal interaction. (ca.gov)
  • Inhibition of NEK6 can lead to the termination of mitosis, chromatin spindle defects, and abnormal chromosomal differentiation [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Moura-Castro LH, Peña-Martínes P, Castor A, Galeev R, Larsson J, Järås M, Yang M, Paulsson K. Sister chromatid cohesion defects are associated with chromosomal copy number heterogeneity in high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (lu.se)
  • First, we show that ES cells have a gradual transition between "active" and "inactive" chromatin interaction preferences, as demonstrated by a broad unimodal distribution of values of the compartment profile. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conversely, for the differentiated cell line IMR90, transcription data (CAGE) is a much better predictor of chromatin interaction preferences than sequence-derived features. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent efforts have shown that structural variations (SVs) can disrupt three-dimensional genome organization and induce enhancer hijacking, yet no computational tools exist to identify such events from chromatin interaction data. (nature.com)
  • In this closed state, chromatin structure becomes an obstacle for eukaryotic transcription by impeding the interaction of RNA polymerase machinery and most transcription factors (TFs). (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Variability and pattern of chromatin diminution in the freshwater Cyclopidae (Crustacea: Copepoda). (scielo.br)
  • Die bedeutung der chromatin-diminution fur die systematic der gattung Cyclops s. str. (scielo.br)
  • Chromatin diminution in Cyclops kolensis (Copepoda, Crustacea) is a unique example of genetic engineering in nature. (scielo.br)
  • This new understanding of the physical properties of chromatin challenges that idea, and could lead to a more accurate understanding of how the genome is encoded and decoded. (ualberta.ca)
  • It then decomposes the maps into a set of genomic tracks characterizing high-order chromatin organization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Along with co-ordinate (location) details of S/MARs, the dataset also revealed details of S/MAR features, namely, length, inter-SMAR length (the chromatin loop size), nucleotide repeats, motif abundance, chromosomal distribution and genomic context. (researchgate.net)
  • Genomic analysis of 1710 surveillance-based Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from the USA in 2019 identifies predominant strain types and chromosomal antimicrobial-resistance determinants. (cdc.gov)
  • Chromosomal centromeres attached to microtubules and pulled to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis are retained in the chromatin structure even when the cell is done dividing. (genengnews.com)
  • The TLKs play a key role in chromatin assembly through the regulation of the ASF1 histone chaperones and mutations in TLK2 have been implicated in a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by microcephaly and intellectual disability. (cancer.gov)
  • These results suggested that the testis-specific linker histone, H1T, possesses a specific function to produce the chromatin architecture required for proper chromosome regulation, such as homologous recombination. (nih.gov)
  • SMC3 is acetylated during S-phase to establish cohesiveness of chromatin-loaded cohesin, and in yeast, the class I histone deacetylase Hos1 deacetylates SMC3 during anaphase. (nih.gov)
  • These findings highlight the importance of chromosomal structure as critical epigenetic mediators of cell reprogramming and suggest future directions for improving iPSC induction by promoting chromatin remodeling. (ca.gov)
  • In this review, we summarize the basic principles manipulating the abovementioned epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence of the promising clinical and preclinical results using small-molecule inhibitors against chromatin regulators for cancer treatment. (frontiersin.org)
  • Over the last 2 decades, many chromosomal and molecular abnormalities have been identified in patients with neuroblastoma. (medscape.com)
  • Closed chromatin" in this context is defined by a lack DNase hypersensitivity and indeterminate histone modification pattern. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • These findings highlight the importance of the dysregulation of chromatin remodelling in carcinosarcoma tumorigenesis and suggest new avenues for personalized therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Previously, fields such as biochemistry operated under the assumption that chromatin and other elements of the nucleus operated in a liquid state, Hendzel said. (ualberta.ca)
  • In the case of chromatin, it's about scaling this principle down to the level of the cell nucleus, because it is all connected. (ualberta.ca)
  • Inside the nucleus of a cell, the chromatin fibre interacts with itself to condense into a chromosome. (ualberta.ca)
  • In the Rabl configuration, the free ends of the chromatids-another region of condensed chromatin called telomeres-are clustered at the opposite end of the nucleus, with respect to the centromeres. (genengnews.com)
  • Here, we review the ongoing development of accessibility measurements, we summarize the different molecular and structural mechanisms that shape the accessibility landscape, and we detail the many important biological functions that are linked to chromatin accessibility. (rockefeller.edu)
  • In addition, we utilized fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect the chromatin pan-centromeric signals within the MN indicating their origin by aneugenic (chromosomal malsegregation) or clastogenic (chromosome breakage) mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • The narrow diame- association with cellular and mitotic tubulin as ter and great length of single-walled carbon nano- well as the chromatin. (cdc.gov)
  • Loss of HDAC8 activity results in increased SMC3 acetylation and inefficient dissolution of the 'used' cohesin complex released from chromatin in both prophase and anaphase. (nih.gov)
  • The eliminated chromatin was concentrated in the equatorial region of the embryonic cell. (scielo.br)
  • However, the similarities and differences in chromosomal organization between cell-types remain unexplored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To analyze chromosomal architecture between cell types, it is crucial to have a consistent way of analyzing Hi-C data and removal of experimental biases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SMC3 with retained acetylation is loaded onto chromatin, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis demonstrates decreased occupancy of cohesin localization sites that results in a consistent pattern of altered transcription seen in CdLS cell lines with either NIPBL or HDAC8 mutations. (nih.gov)
  • Others use the concept in a narrower sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin during cell division, visible under light microscopy due to high condensation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a study published in the journal Cell , the research team, led by Professor Michael Hendzel of the Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry and collaborator Jeffrey Hansen from Colorado State University, found that chromatin is neither a solid nor a liquid, but something more like a gel. (ualberta.ca)
  • Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are DNA elements that serve to compartmentalize the chromatin into structural and functional domains. (researchgate.net)
  • however, ectopic induction of PU.1 promoted extensive remodeling of chromatin, de novo chromatin access, and redistribution of partner TFs [5] Evidence of PTFs has also been recently identified in plants. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • Cytomixis and chromosomal polymorphism of micro-sporocytes in microsporogenesis of species Lilium cro-ceum Chaix. (cytgen.com)
  • In contrast, differentiated IMR90 cells show one inactive chromatin state and a range of states at the active end. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [11] [12] For example, Chromatin (Flemming 1880) and Chromosom (Waldeyer 1888), both ascribe color to a non-colored state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Defining how this gel state is regulated could lead to new approaches to prevent metastasis by finding drugs that maintain the chromatin gel in a more rigid state. (ualberta.ca)
  • Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The team's findings bridge research done over the past 50 years on chromatin gels produced in the laboratory to demonstrate its existence in living cells, which has major implications for interpreting their elastic and mechanical properties, Hendzel explained. (ualberta.ca)
  • For example, recent studies have shown that the deformability of chromatin in cancer cells is an important determinant of their ability to squeeze through small spaces to travel outside a tumour and metastasize elsewhere in the body-something that is much easier to explain if chromatin is gel-like rather than a liquid. (ualberta.ca)
  • Cancer cells do that by chemically changing the histone part of the chromatin to make it less sticky, Hendzel said. (ualberta.ca)
  • Chromatin bridges found in multinucleated cells suggested DNA damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • CD30 stimulation triggered DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosomal imbalances. (bvsalud.org)
  • [9] The term was coined by the German anatomist Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer , [10] referring to the term chromatin , which was introduced by Walther Flemming . (wikipedia.org)
  • Our framework can automatically resolve complex SVs, reconstruct local Hi-C maps surrounding the breakpoints, normalize copy number variation and allele effects and predict chromatin loops induced by SVs. (nature.com)
  • The texture and appearance of chromatin is something pathologists have used to do clinical assessment on tumour samples from patients," he said. (ualberta.ca)