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Chromosome PaintingPaintingsChromatinProcyonidaeChromosome BandingIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomesKaryotypeTrichechus manatusCanidaeKaryotypingChromosome MappingChromosomes, MammalianChromosome AberrationsTranslocation, GeneticChromosomes, HumanCharaciformesPitheciidaeX ChromosomeFelidaeCytogeneticsChromatin Assembly and DisassemblyDNA ProbesColorViverridaeMetaphaseCarnivoraChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Medicine in ArtSex ChromosomesPaintEvolution, MolecularHistonesPhylogenyChromosome SegregationChromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromatin ImmunoprecipitationChromosomes, BacterialArtChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, PlantChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, FungalGenomeChromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21Species SpecificityAneuploidyChromosomes, Human, Pair 13NucleosomesChromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosome DisordersChromosomes, Human, Pair 12CentromereChromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 16Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, Artificial, BacterialLymphocytesMolecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10DNALaser Scanning CytometryChromosomes, Human, YFluorescent DyesChromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Spectral KaryotypingMicroscopy, FluorescenceChromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15Genetic MarkersHumanitiesQuantum DotsChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Flow CytometryBase SequenceChromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20Cell NucleusChromosome InversionChromosome PositioningChromosomes, Human, 13-15

ChromosomalCytogeneticsCentromereIdentifyChromatidsSpeciesMolecularGeneApproachesProbesCloselyRecognizeFISHHumanCellResearchStudiesFluorescence in situ hybriWhole chromosome paintsKaryotypeMorphologyComparativeClosely related speciesRearrangementsPotentiallyBandsCommonRegionPresentPresenceCasesSimilarRelativeUniqueAnalysis

Chromosomal2

• Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
• Most of the assembly is scaffolded into three chromosomal pseudomolecules with the X sex chromosome assembled. (bvsalud.org)

Cytogenetics4

• Flexible design -We can design your probes from any genome reference sequence(s), and can accommodate any cytogenetics use case, such as chromosome painting or barcoding, RNA-FISH, and much more. (arborbiosci.com)
• The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
• Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
• One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)

Centromere2

• Both panels include myTags human chromosome 17 centromere probes [ATTO 647N] and chromosomes [stained with Hoescht 33342] pseudo-colored gray. (arborbiosci.com)
• We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)

Identify1

• Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)

Chromatids1

• (2022) used this approach to confirm that the barley metaphase chromatids are formed by a helically wound ~400 nm chromatin fiber, termed chromonema. (arborbiosci.com)

Species6

• Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
• It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
• A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
• During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
• The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
• Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Molecular1

• Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)

Gene2

• Each gene maps to the same chromosome in every cell. (wikipedia.org)
• He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)

Approaches1

• Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)

Probes2

• myTags Custom probes from Daicel Arbor Biosciences have been used successfully in (F)ISH experiments with a wide range of organisms such as animals, plants, and microbes - and for a variety of research applications such as 3D DNA-FISH, RNA-FISH, chromosome painting and barcoding, and much more. (arborbiosci.com)
• myTags (F)ISH probes have been used successfully across a diverse range of cytogenetic applications including 3D DNA-FISH, Cryo-FISH, RNA-FISH, Oligopaints, and chromosome painting for a variety of cell types. (arborbiosci.com)

Closely1

• Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)

Recognize1

• The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

FISH3

• The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
• Oligo-FISH combined with spatial super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) is a useful approach for resolving helical versus non-helical arrangement of chromatin fibers. (arborbiosci.com)
• Additionally, by measuring the volume of oligo-FISH painted regions, they were able to calculate levels of chromatin compaction. (arborbiosci.com)

Human2

• The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
• Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)

Cell2

• 2022). Image analysis workflows to reveal the spatial organization of cell nuclei and chromosomes. (arborbiosci.com)
• These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)

Research1

• The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)

Studies2

• Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)
• Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Fluorescence in situ hybri3

• Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
• The introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) marked the beginning of a new era for the study of chromosome structure and function. (biosyn.com)
• We used multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization to measure the incidence of sperm with numerical abnormalities of chromosomes X, Y, and 21 among 33 benzene-exposed men and 33 unexposed men from Chinese factories. (nih.gov)

Whole chromosome paints1

• Previously proposed protocols suggested G-banding staining or preliminary FISH with whole chromosome paints (WCP) as methods to identify the chromosome of interest. (biomedcentral.com)

Karyotype2

• Thus a record of the history of karyotype changes that have occurred during evolution have been attained through comparative chromosome maps. (wikipedia.org)
• Both parents had a normal karyotype, demonstrating the de novo origin of this ring chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)

Morphology3

• During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
• Here we present a complete workflow for MCB probe generation for those cases and species where chromosome morphology is too challenging to recognize target chromosomes by conventional methods and where WCP probes are not available. (biomedcentral.com)
• The present method can be applied for generation of whole or region-specific DNA probes for species, where karyotyping of G-banded chromosomes is challenging due to similar chromosome morphology and/or chromosome banding patterns. (biomedcentral.com)

Comparative2

• Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
• In order to test whether the application of nanoparticle techniques could improve the sensitivity of in situ hybridisation on plant chromosomes, we conducted a range of comparative test experiments. (biomedcentral.com)

Closely related species2

• A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
• Besides whole chromosome painting probes (WCP), partial chromosome painting (PCP) probes can also be extremely helpful for the characterization of chromosomes of closely related species and their evolutionary relations to each other. (biomedcentral.com)

Rearrangements2

• Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
• Nondisjunction rates of mouse specific chromosomes involved in heterozygous Rb rearrangements measured by chromosome painting of spermatocytes II. (karger.com)

Potentially1

• Hence it is possible to excite simultaneously QDs emitting at different wavelengths potentially facilitating a simpler handling of multicolor-labelled samples. (biomedcentral.com)

Bands1

• These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Common2

• Several loci show plausible evidence of positive selection in DFT1 or DFT2, including loss of chromosome Y and inactivation of MGA, but none are common to both cancers. (bvsalud.org)
• Less common are patients with a supernumerary ring chromosomes 18. (biomedcentral.com)

Region3

• Here, we report on the assembly and analysis of a 177.6 Mb region of pea (Pisum sativum) chromosome 6, including the 81.6 Mb centromere region (CEN6) and adjacent chromosome arms. (nih.gov)
• The array results indicated a 5 Mb gain of the pericentromeric region of chromosome 18q10-q11.2. (biomedcentral.com)
• We report on an adult patient with multiple congenital abnormalities who had in 13% of his cells a unique supernumerary ring chromosome 18 that was composed of 6 copies of the 5 Mb gene rich region of 18q11. (biomedcentral.com)

Present1

• In her daughter the ring chromosome 18 was not present supernumerary and replaced one of the normal chromosomes 18 in all her cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Presence1

• Linkage is determined by the presence of two or more loci on the same chromosome. (wikipedia.org)

Cases3

• Several cases have been reported of patients with a ring chromosome 18 replacing one of the normal chromosomes 18. (biomedcentral.com)
• Ring chromosomes 18 have been reported in a significant number of cases. (biomedcentral.com)
• In most cases the ring chromosome 18 replaces a normal maternal or paternal chromosome 18. (biomedcentral.com)

Similar1

• Genes, DNA methylation profiles, and most of the repeats were uniformly distributed within the centromere, and their densities in CEN6 and chromosome arms were similar. (nih.gov)

Relative1

• We investigated the genetic diversity and evolution of these clones by analyzing 78 DFT1 and 41 DFT2 genomes relative to a newly assembled, chromosome-level reference. (bvsalud.org)

Unique2

• Centromeres in the legume genera Pisum and Lathyrus exhibit unique morphological characteristics, including extended primary constrictions and multiple separate domains of centromeric chromatin. (nih.gov)
• In addition, microsatellite analysis demonstrated that the unique supernumerary ring chromosome was paternally derived and both normal copies showed biparental disomy. (biomedcentral.com)

Analysis2

• An optically stable, novel class of fluorophores (quantum dots) for in situ hybridisation analysis was tested to investigate their signal stability and intensity in plant chromosome analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
• Chromosome analysis of cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed an additional ring chromosome in 13% of the metaphases. (biomedcentral.com)