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Chromaffin SystemChromaffin CellsChromaffin GranulesAdrenal MedullaCatecholaminesAdrenal GlandsCattleExocytosisChromograninsChromogranin ADopamine beta-HydroxylasePhenylethanolamine N-MethyltransferaseVeratridineCalciumSecretory VesiclesDigitoninPara-Aortic BodiesCells, CulturedDimethylphenylpiperazinium IodideNicotineEnkephalin, MethionineNorepinephrineTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseEpinephrineMuscarineCytoplasmic GranulesChromogranin BEnkephalinsEnterochromaffin CellsParaganglia, ChromaffinPheochromocytomaIntracellular MembranesAnnexin A7TetrabenazineKineticsReserpinePC12 CellsElectric CapacitanceMercuryPeriodicals as TopicAccess to InformationJournal Impact FactorBibliometricsPublishingPeer Review, Research
Cells of the adrenal medullaComposed of chromaffin cellsGranulesNeuronsPARAGANGLIASympatho-chromaffin systemCatecholaminesOrgansParasympatheticPheochromocytomaMedullaTumorLacking the glucocorticoid receptorNeuroendocrine cellsProgenitorTissuesParaganglionGlomusReceptorsSympathetic nerveGanglia of the sympathetic systemExocytosisNeuroblastomaAutonomic nervouCellAdrenalineOrganMoleculesConcentrationsHormonesImmune systemProteinsSignalsNervous SystemsNeural crest
Cells of the adrenal medulla4
  • Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by the splanchnic nerve and secrete adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), some dopamine, enkephalin and enkephalin-containing peptides, and a few other hormones into the blood stream. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is produced in neurons of the central nervous system and in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. (omicsonline.org)
  • This is because NCCs are a population of stem cell-like progenitors that delaminate and migrate to give rise to a dizzying array of cell types all throughout our bodies and most of the skull: pigment cells, sensory neurons, glia, cartilage, bone, connective tissue, smooth muscle, and chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. (biologists.com)
  • [ 6 ] PHEOs are derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, and SPGLs are found in close relationship to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system from the level of the superior cervical ganglion down the trunk into the pelvis. (medscape.com)
Composed of chromaffin cells2
Granules2
  • In adrenal chromaffin cells, leakage of norepinephrine and epinephrine from storage granules leads to substantial intracellular production of the O-methylated metabolite metanephrine. (hmdb.ca)
  • The journal presents papers on functional neurochemistry, nervous system receptors, neurotransmitters, myelin, chromaffin granules and other components of the nervous system, as well as neurophysiological and clinical aspects, behavioral reactions, etc. (scijournal.org)
Neurons11
  • They are in close proximity to pre-synaptic sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, with which they communicate, and structurally they are similar to post-synaptic sympathetic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although a common sympathoadrenal (SA) progenitor cell for chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons has been postulated, there is evidence to suggest that chromaffin progenitors are already distinct, at least in part, from neuronal SA progenitors prior to invading the adrenal gland. (huji.ac.il)
  • Distinct developmental requirements of chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons must also be assumed based on the analyses of mice carrying targeted mutations of the genes for two transcription factors, MASH1 and Phox2B. (huji.ac.il)
  • Both genes are expressed by SA progenitors, but are distinctly required for the development of chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons. (huji.ac.il)
  • Such molecules may be candidates for triggering the distinct developmental pathway of chromaffin cells, as opposed to sympathetic neurons. (huji.ac.il)
  • The diversification of neural-crest-derived sympathoadrenal (SA) progenitor cells into sympathetic neurons and neuroendocrine adrenal chromaffin cells was thought to be largely understood. (silverchair.com)
  • The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. (mcw.edu)
  • Neurons in central nervous system control the release of hormones from the pituitary which provides an access point for environmental stimuli to alter physiological parameters in the body. (tomsk.ru)
  • The posterior pituitary contains the axons of neurons whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus which is part of the central nervous system. (tomsk.ru)
  • Using this framework to analyze the SM (Sec1/Munc18)-SNARE ( N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor) system in exocytic membrane fusion in yeast and neurons, we find that the SM-SNARE network motifs of yeast and neurons show distinct dynamical behaviors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identify the closed binding mode of neuronal SM (Munc18-1) and SNARE (syntaxin-1) as the key factor leading to mechanistic divergence of membrane fusion systems in yeast and neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
PARAGANGLIA5
  • 2) Chromaffin cells (or pheochromocytes): These cells will migrate to the area adjacent to the sympathetic ganglia (hence the name paraganglia) and to the adrenal medulla where they will be the most abundant type of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (PARAGANGLIA, CHROMAFFIN) of the sympathetic nervous system. (jefferson.edu)
  • There are (i.) a series of isolated masses, the paraganglia, associated singly or in groups with the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, (ii. (co.ma)
  • The paraganglia are rounded masses of chromaphil tissue, 1-3 mm. in diameter, placed inside, half inside, or immediately outside the capsules of the ganglia of the sympathetic system. (co.ma)
  • Sympathetic paraganglia consist of chromaffin cells and are involved in the secretion of catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine), while parasympathetic paraganglia consist of glomus (nonchromaffin) cells and act as chemoreceptors [ 1 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Sympatho-chromaffin system1
  • Overall, these latest results from study HYPER-H21-4 imply that the antihypertensive effects of DehydraTECH-CBD may be explained, at least in part, by its interaction with the sympatho-chromaffin system via catestatin modulation. (yahoo.com)
Catecholamines5
Organs9
  • Organelles in CHROMAFFIN CELLS located in the adrenal glands and various other organs. (lookformedical.com)
  • Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. (nih.gov)
  • Overview of the Endocrine System The endocrine system coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones, which are chemicals released into the bloodstream from specific types of cells within endocrine (ductless). (msdmanuals.com)
  • these buds wander still further ventrally to become the cells of the ganglia of the cardiac, coeliac, and other great ganglionic nerve plexuses, as well as to form the chromaffin cells of the chromaffin organs. (co.ma)
  • The autonomic nervous system regulates many of the internal organs through a balance of two aspects, or divisions. (openstax.org)
  • To respond to a threat-to fight or to run away-the sympathetic system causes divergent effects as many different effector organs are activated together for a common purpose. (openstax.org)
  • To coordinate all these responses, the connections in the sympathetic system diverge from a limited region of the central nervous system (CNS) to a wide array of ganglia that project to the many effector organs simultaneously. (openstax.org)
  • Along with the nervous system, the endocrine system coordinates the activities of cells in different organs and tissues to control physiological parameters or generate system-wide responses to environmental changes. (tomsk.ru)
  • The pituitary gland is the central organ of the endocrine system as it provides an interface between the nervous system and cells in several different organs and tissues. (tomsk.ru)
Parasympathetic1
  • Neoplasms arising from these cells are pheochromocytomas (also called chromaffin or sympathetic paragangliomas, in contrast to non-chromaffin or parasympathetic paragangliomas of glomus cells). (wikipedia.org)
Pheochromocytoma3
Medulla6
  • Chromaffin cells, also called pheochromocytes (or phaeochromocytes), are neuroendocrine cells found mostly in the medulla of the adrenal glands in mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to activate chromaffin cells, the splanchnic nerve of the sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which then binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the adrenal medulla. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, paracrinally or autocrinally released neurotransmitters induce profound changes in Ca2+ channel gating and Ca2+-dependent events controlling catecholamine secretion and cell activity. (unito.it)
  • These secondary cell buds are the rudiments of the sympathetic ganglion cells and of the chromaffin tissue which is found in the sympathetic nerve plexuses, the medulla of the suprarenal glands, and in the carotid glands. (co.ma)
  • Adrenal cortex has no cooperation with the sympathetic nervous system, on the flip side, the sympathetic nervous system functions with the adrenal medulla as an integrated system which is called as the sympatheticoadrenal system. (difference.wiki)
  • We provisionally categorized the adrenal gland as nerve tissue because of the presence of chromaffin cells in the medulla of the gland. (cdc.gov)
Tumor3
  • Se analizaron el tamaño ganglionar y del tumor primario en la TC, y su valoración cualitativa y semicuantitativa (SUVmáx) en la PET. (bvsalud.org)
  • This transformation depends on various factors related to the tumor (such as the over expression or not of N-myc, the presence or absence of Treks and their receptors), the host (the intervention of the immune system) and to other external factors. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Neuroblastoma is a neuroectodermal tumor that originates from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. (oncotarget.com)
Lacking the glucocorticoid receptor2
  • The concept of an essential role of glucocorticoid signalling for chromaffin cell development has been shaken by the observation that chromaffin cells in mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor develop largely normal. (huji.ac.il)
  • However, analysis of mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor gene had revealed that adrenal chromaffin cells develop mostly normally in these mice. (silverchair.com)
Neuroendocrine cells1
Progenitor1
  • In-vitro studies with isolated SA progenitor cells had suggested that chromaffin cell differentiation depends crucially on glucocorticoids provided by adrenal cortical cells. (silverchair.com)
Tissues2
  • The Formation of the Nerve Ganglia, the Chromaffin Tissues, and the Primitive Nerve Sheaths. (co.ma)
  • What tissues make up the endocrine system? (tomsk.ru)
Paraganglion1
  • Extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas develop in the paraganglion chromaffin tissue of the nervous system. (medscape.com)
Glomus2
  • In fact in some book they are referred as Glomus caroticum (carotid body) and Glomus aorticum (aortic body) be careful with this one no to mistake with para-aortic bodies which are chromaffin cell which manufacture catecholamine. (khanacademy.org)
  • the spleen and the glomus coccygeum, which are associated with the circulatory system. (co.ma)
Receptors3
  • This means that the alpha receptors it binds to are located in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than on the effector organ, which in this case is the heart. (proprofs.com)
  • These hormones are released by cells in one part of the body, enter the circulatory system to distribute throughout the body and bind specific receptors in other cells. (tomsk.ru)
  • Hormone receptors in the endocrine system often trigger changes in gene expression to alter the activities of key biochemical or physiological pathways. (tomsk.ru)
Sympathetic nerve1
  • The particularity of neuroblastoma lies in its development from cells whose embryological maturation into adult sympathetic nerve cells or chromaffin cells is incomplete. (lupinepublishers.com)
Ganglia of the sympathetic system1
  • The majority of ganglia of the sympathetic system belong to a network of sympathetic chain ganglia that runs alongside the vertebral column. (openstax.org)
Exocytosis1
  • As L-channels play a crucial role in the control of catecholamine release in chromaffin cells, the two opposite modulations mediated by G(i/o) proteins and cAMP may represent an effective way to broaden the dynamic range of Ca2+ signals controlling exocytosis. (unito.it)
Neuroblastoma1
  • Neuroblastoma is a relatively common pediatric pathology of the sympathetic nervous system. (lupinepublishers.com)
Autonomic nervou7
  • The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. (mcw.edu)
  • The nervous system can be divided into two functional parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. (openstax.org)
  • The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac and smooth muscle, as well as glandular tissue. (openstax.org)
  • The somatic nervous system is associated with voluntary responses (though many can happen without conscious awareness, like breathing), and the autonomic nervous system is associated with involuntary responses, such as those related to homeostasis. (openstax.org)
  • In addition to the endocrine system, the autonomic nervous system is instrumental in homeostatic mechanisms in the body. (openstax.org)
  • His body's reaction is the result of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causing system-wide changes as it prepares for extreme responses. (openstax.org)
  • The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system influences the various organ systems of the body through connections emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord. (openstax.org)
Cell3
  • There are two types of cells that originate from the neural crest and are related to the sympathetic nervous system (originate from a cell called sympathogonia): 1) Neuroblasts: These cells migrate, during the fourth to the fifth week of fetal development in humans, on both sides of the spinal cord toward the region just behind the dorsal aorta forming the two chains of sympathetic ganglia (Sympathetic chain). (wikipedia.org)
  • Extracellular miRNAs were observed in cell culture system ( 6 ), in blood plasma and serum ( 7 - 10 ), and in other biological fluids ( 11 ) including cerebrospinal fluid ( 12 ), saliva ( 13 ), breast milk, urine, and tears ( 14 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Other cell types are likely vertebrate-specific, like chromaffin cells. (biologists.com)
Adrenaline1
  • The secreted adrenaline and noradrenaline play an important role in the sympathetic nervous system response, commonly called the fight-or-flight response. (wikipedia.org)
Organ4
  • The largest extra-adrenal cluster of chromaffin cells in mammals is the organ of Zuckerkandl. (wikipedia.org)
  • In non-mammals, chromaffin cells are found in a variety of places, generally not organised as an individual organ, and may be without innervation, relying only on endocrine or paracrine signals for secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fact, the adrenals constitute the single largest source out of any organ system including the liver for circulating metanephrine. (hmdb.ca)
  • Glucocorticoids promote and inhibit gene transcription in many cells and organ systems. (msdmanuals.com)
Molecules3
  • There is an ongoing search for molecules selectively operating at the sites, where chromaffin cells develop. (huji.ac.il)
  • Information in the endocrine system is transmitted through several small molecules, peptides and proteins that function as hormones. (tomsk.ru)
  • The production of hormones in the endocrine system can be regulated by the concentration of certain molecules or ions (e.g. glucose, calcium) or by the nervous system which allows for integration of external stimuli or input from higher parts of the brain. (tomsk.ru)
Concentrations2
  • In lower concentrations, extra-adrenal chromaffin cells also reside in the bladder wall, prostate, and behind the liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peripheral chemoreceptors are extensions of the peripheral nervous system that respond to changes in blood molecule concentrations (such as oxygen or carbon dioxide) and help maintain cardiorespiratory homeostasis. (khanacademy.org)
Hormones4
  • The adrenal glands regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and even response to stress by synthesizing and secreting steroid hormones in the bloodstream. (anatomy.app)
  • These hormones affect metabolism, increase blood glucose levels, and take part in regulating the immune system. (anatomy.app)
  • The hypothalamus is a component of the central nervous system and regulates the release of hormones from cells in the pituitary. (tomsk.ru)
  • In both cases, the hormones released from the pituitary change key physiological parameters and/or alter system-wide behavior. (tomsk.ru)
Immune system1
Proteins1
  • By capturing the evolutionary dynamics of target biological systems, the comparative modeling framework is empowered to (i) identify the functional roles of poorly characterized proteins and interactions and (ii) further decipher the underlying regulatory mechanisms of complicated cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Signals2
  • During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. (jefferson.edu)
  • Using 'information' as signals and 'information webs' as signaling networks, all systems, as large as the world and as small as an intracellular organelle, function in the same fashion, from the distant past to the immediate present, and this will not change in the indefinite future. (rsc.org)
Nervous Systems2
  • Although the peripheral nervous systems of tunicate larvae have several sensory neuron subtypes 9 , none of them have been decisively linked to NCCs, either because they do not arise from the neural plate borders or because they more closely resemble non-NCC-derived sensory cells in vertebrates. (biologists.com)
  • The pituitary gland resides just outside the central nervous systems and comprises two anatomical and functional structures: anterior and posterior. (tomsk.ru)
Neural crest1
  • These cells are derivatives of the neural crest and are intimately associated with the sympathetic nervous system. (huji.ac.il)