AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and Occupations
SynapsesCholinergic FibersAcetylcholinesteraseAcetylcholineHemicholinium 3Synaptic TransmissionReceptors, CholinergicPhysostigmineParasympathetic Nervous SystemAplysiaReceptors, NicotinicNeurotransmitter AgentsCholinesterase InhibitorsNeuronsImmunological SynapsesAction PotentialsElectrophysiologyExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsPresynaptic TerminalsElectrical SynapsesNeuronal PlasticityHippocampusSynaptic VesiclesDendritesReceptors, AMPADendritic SpinesLong-Term PotentiationElectric StimulationPatch-Clamp TechniquesReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateNeural InhibitionNeuromuscular JunctionGlutamic AcidSynaptic Membranesgamma-Aminobutyric AcidNerve Tissue ProteinsLong-Term Synaptic DepressionAxonsInterneuronsExcitatory Amino Acid AntagonistsPurkinje CellsMossy Fibers, HippocampalModels, NeurologicalPyramidal CellsAnimals, NewbornRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, GlutamatePost-Synaptic DensitySynaptophysinVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1Synaptic PotentialsGuanylate KinaseMotor NeuronsCerebellumInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsCells, CulturedSynapsinsNerve FibersNeural PathwaysReceptors, Metabotropic GlutamateCell Adhesion Molecules, NeuronalCalciumGABA AntagonistsMicroscopy, ElectronPyridinium CompoundsCA1 Region, HippocampalMicroscopy, Electron, TransmissionReceptors, PresynapticOrgan Culture TechniquesEvoked PotentialsNerve NetMice, Inbred C57BLMice, KnockoutExcitatory Amino Acid AgentsRats, WistarGreen Fluorescent ProteinsMembrane ProteinsRetinal Bipolar CellsNeurons, AfferentCerebellar CortexExocytosisVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2Time FactorsReceptors, GABA-A6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneVesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerateExcitatory Amino Acid AgonistsGanglia, InvertebrateMicroscopy, ImmunoelectronNeocortexQuinoxalinesNeuropilBrain StemCerebral CortexMembrane PotentialsGoldfishalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic AcidMiniature Postsynaptic PotentialsMice, Transgenic
AcetylcholineNeuronsReceptorsNeurotransmissionNeurotransmitterSynapticGlutamatergic synapsesPostsynapticReleased in the vertebrateNicotinicGABAergicAdrenergicNeuronalPresynapticPathwaysNeuromuscularSerotonergicInputsTerminalsReceptorInhibitionDisruptionParasympatheticNeuronMammalianTransmissionDeficitsMorphologicalAccumulationNervousCircuitsOrganizationFunctionClinicalChemicalEffectsTypesCentralElectrical
Acetylcholine11
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit and a member of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast signal transmission at synapses. (nih.gov)
  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates nerve-impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. (proteopedia.org)
  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the enzyme that hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the cholinergic synapses. (tu-darmstadt.de)
  • 1 Organophosphates exert their toxicity by inhibiting cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes, resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses. (vin.com)
  • In studies of cholinergic synapses, we have identified components of a conserved Wnt-signaling pathway that regulates the translocation, and thus number, of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (utah.edu)
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibition causes acetylcholine to accumulate in synapses, producing continuous stimulation of cholinergic fibers throughout the nervous systems. (drugbank.com)
  • AChE is the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh), and inhibition leads to an overabundance of ACh at the neuronal synapses and the neuromuscular junction. (scielo.org.za)
  • The effects of two drugs exclusively interfering with cholinergic function on LTP were tested: the α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor agonist TC-1827 (chapter 4) and the acetylcholine esterase inhibitor donepezil (chapter 5). (uni-wuerzburg.de)
  • In this sense, previous studies identified cholinergic terminals within the mPFC, and stressful stimuli increased local acetylcholine release. (bvsalud.org)
  • When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nerve Chemical-Warfare Agents Nerve agents are chemical-warfare agents that act directly at nerve synapses, typically increasing the activity of acetylcholine. (msdmanuals.com)
Neurons7
  • Studies of __________ and __________ neurons offered the first compelling evidence for electrical synapses. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Consequently, the intrinsic properties and pairwise interactions of their constituent neurons can be characterized, including analyses of their communication via gap junctions, action potential-gated synapses or graded synapses. (degruyter.com)
  • Simultaneous in vivo studies of synapses, neurons, and learning and memory. (utah.edu)
  • Now, a team of scientists led by Associate Professor Nicola Allen has found one way that neurons and astrocytes work together to form healthy connections called synapses. (sciforums.com)
  • Synapses form critical connections between neurons, allowing neurons to send signals and information throughout the body. (sciforums.com)
  • Astrocyte cells play a role in synapse development by giving neurons directions, such as telling them when to start growing a synapse, when to stop, when to prune it back, and when to stabilize the connection. (sciforums.com)
  • The pathological hallmarks of AD, consistently demonstrated in brain tissue of patients, are extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein and a profound loss of mainly cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses and ultimatively neurons. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Receptors3
  • Cholinergic, adrenergic, and (inhibitory) gabaergic receptors. (muni.cz)
  • Chen X, Jia B, Araki Y , Liu B , Ye F, Huganir R , Zhang M. Arc weakens synapses by dispersing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic density via modulating PSD phase separation. (neurotree.org)
  • In studies of glutamatergic synapses, we have identified evolutionarily conserved auxiliary proteins that contribute to the function of ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs), leading to a new concept of an AMPAR signaling complex. (utah.edu)
Neurotransmission4
  • The biosynthesis and inactivation of neurotransmitters, neurotransmission across synapses. (muni.cz)
  • Despite these pieces of evidence, the specific role of cholinergic neurotransmission in different subregions of the mPFC controlling the cardiovascular responses to stress has never been systematically evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of cholinergic neurotransmission present within PL and IL in cardiovascular responses to an acute session of restraint stress in rats. (bvsalud.org)
  • Taken together, these results indicate functional differences of cholinergic neurotransmission within the PL and IL in control of cardiovascular and autonomic responses to stressful stimuli. (bvsalud.org)
Neurotransmitter4
  • Based on earlier work it had been hypothesized that the small electron-lucent vesicles observed by electron microscopy in cholinergic nerve terminals contained and released quantal packages of the neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results indicate that the pattern of cortical cholinergic and GABAergic neuroactivity during novel taste exposure is the opposite of that which occurs during familiar taste recognition and these differing neurotransmitter system states may enable different behavioral consequences. (jneurosci.org)
  • synapses use neurotransmitter to carry information from cell to cell. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • Rapidly accumulating physiological and genetic evidence establishes that the molecular diversity of synapses extends far beyond that envisioned by traditional classification schemes based solely on neurotransmitter identity. (sciforums.com)
Synaptic5
  • During later work he extended his studies to the isolation of synaptic vesicles from a source that allowed the analysis specifically of cholinergic synaptic vesicles, the electric organ of the ray Torpedo. (wikipedia.org)
  • This synaptic contact is probably one of the most studied synapses since it has relatively large size and easy accessibility for various experimental manipulations. (intechopen.com)
  • Our findings elucidate synaptic mechanisms by which cholinergic spinal interneurons modulate the final common pathway for motor output. (elifesciences.org)
  • Conversely, a systematic understanding of synapse diversity (i.e., the synaptome) is likely to provide valuable new perspectives on the organization of synaptic circuitry (i.e., the connectome), its development, plasticity and disorders. (sciforums.com)
  • It is easy to envision, for instance, that a potential catalog of molecular synapse types ( Grant, 2007 ) would help explorations of the synaptic basis of specific memory or disease processes to focus more fruitfully on specific synapse subpopulations. (sciforums.com)
Glutamatergic synapses1
  • As in AD patients a loss of mainly cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses is obvious, these validated forms of LTP were used to study drugs potentially being able to enhance cholinergic and/or glutamatergic neuronal functions. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Postsynaptic3
  • Next, we discuss the inhibitory effects of adenosine derivatives on presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes at cholinergic synapses. (northwestern.edu)
  • The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
  • The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)
Released in the vertebrate1
  • So, according to numerous studies, not only ACh (which by the way does not always lead to a contraction of the muscle fiber) is released in the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse, but also a number of other synaptically active molecules. (intechopen.com)
Nicotinic2
  • These small currents were linked to ACh release since anticholinesterases (neostigmine) increased their effects, while cholinergic receptor antagonist (tubocurarine, a nicotinic receptor blocker) blocked. (pharmacology2000.com)
  • The same effects like for the PDE9A inhibitor were observed for the α7 nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor partial agonist SSR180711 (chapter 4), which interferes with both, cholinergic and glutamatergic function. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
GABAergic2
  • This work demonstrates interactions between cortical cholinergic and GABAergic systems during taste learning and memory retrieval. (jneurosci.org)
  • These findings indicate that GABA inhibition modulates cholinergic transmission and that cholinergic-GABAergic system interactions are important during the transition from novel to familiar memory. (jneurosci.org)
Adrenergic1
  • This interpretation culminates in an analogy with adrenergic and cholinergic interactions at lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites, dependent on phasic sensory input and tonic reticular formation input. (bu.edu)
Neuronal2
  • Questions remain regarding which neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters trigger activation or suppression of cortical cholinergic activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • However, questions remain regarding which neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters trigger and/or accompany the activation and suppression of cortical cholinergic activity during novel and familiar stimulus recognition, respectively. (jneurosci.org)
Presynaptic1
  • develops when toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum spores irreversibly binds to a specific receptor (synaptotagmin II) on the presynaptic terminal cholinergic nerve endings. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathways2
  • Network analysis of disrupted genes with high brain expression identified significant enrichment in pathways of the cholinergic synapse, guanine-exchange factor activation and the mammalian target of rapamycin. (bmj.com)
  • Serotonergic and cholinergic synapse was identified as key pathways. (ijpsonline.com)
Neuromuscular2
Serotonergic1
  • The resistance response was unaffected by noradrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and histamine-2 blocking agents. (nih.gov)
Inputs2
  • Together, the present findings indicate a previously unrecognized source of reduced motoneuron drive after BoNT/A via blockade of central, excitatory cholinergic inputs. (jneurosci.org)
  • A small cluster of cholinergic interneurons, expressing the transcription factor Pitx2, modulates the intensity of muscle activation via 'C-bouton' inputs to motoneurons. (elifesciences.org)
Terminals2
  • Analysis of intoxicated terminals within the FN shows that BoNT/A is transcytosed preferentially into cholinergic synapses. (jneurosci.org)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that BoNT/A is transported to facial motoneurons, released, and internalized preferentially into cholinergic terminals impinging onto the motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)
Receptor1
  • Furthermore, after genetic ablation of cholinergic Pitx2 + interneurons, M2 receptor-dependent regulation of the intensity of locomotor output is lost. (elifesciences.org)
Inhibition1
  • Here, we evaluate how GABA inhibition modulates cholinergic transmission and its involvement during taste novelty processing and familiar taste memory retrieval. (jneurosci.org)
Disruption1
  • Acute exposures to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides inhibit ChE activities, causing accumulation of ACh at synapses, and their disruption in organisms. (cdc.gov)
Parasympathetic1
  • It is concluded that activation of the trigeminal system increases carotid blood flow by a pathway involving the seventh cranial nerve, the GSP and Vidian nerves, and a parasympathetic synapse employing an unconventional transmitter. (nih.gov)
Neuron1
Mammalian2
Transmission1
  • Although critical to cholinergic transmission in the brain, ChEs are also present in several other tissues, including blood. (cdc.gov)
Deficits1
  • AD is characterized by the presence of extracellular deposits of insoluble amyloidbeta (β) plaques, Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) and cholinergic deficits [ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Morphological2
  • The __________ __________ is the morphological correlate of an electrical synapse. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • On the bases of the distribution of __________ expression alone, it seems likely that electrical synapses occur in every major region of the __________, although compelling functional and morphological data have been collected for only a few years. (flashcardmachine.com)
Accumulation1
  • At the synapse, the membrane of the __________ element is slightly thickened, and there is often an accumulation of some electron dense material near the thickened membrane. (flashcardmachine.com)
Nervous1
  • Rapid communication in the nervous system takes place at the chemical synapse, which acts as a fundamental unit transmitting electrical impulses between nerves and their target cells, forming circuits and underpinning virtually all functions of the brain. (iucr.org)
Circuits1
  • From Synapses to Circuits and Behavior, satellite meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry 2015 Biennial Meeting, Cairns, Australia. (utah.edu)
Organization1
  • Engineered adhesion molecules drive synapse organization. (neurotree.org)
Function4
  • Electrical synapses are important where __________ activity among a group of cells are a major function. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • We have focused on the molecular machinery that contributes to the establishment and function of synapses in the model organism C. elegans . (utah.edu)
  • Excitatory Synapses and Brain Function, 2015 Gordon Research Conference. (utah.edu)
  • Thus, drugs facilitating glutamatergic function or both glutamatergic and cholinergic function seem to be more efficacious in enhancing LTP than drugs facilitating solely cholinergic function. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Clinical2
  • The initial presentation in the emergency department was a classic cholinergic toxidrome, and clinical resolution was achieved after provision of atropine. (scielo.org.za)
  • A clinical diagnosis of a cholinergic toxidrome secondary to OP/carbamate poisoning was made. (scielo.org.za)
Chemical3
Effects1
  • mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. (nature.com)
Types1
Central1
  • También se usan por sus efectos en el corazón y en el sistema nervioso central. (bvsalud.org)
Electrical2