Cholinergic receptor receptors cholinergic. Medical search. Frequent questions

On the basis of its ability to bind to nicotinic cholinergic receptors in electric tissue and at the neuromuscular junction, α-bungarotoxin has been widely used to identify central nicotinic receptors. (northwestern.edu)
However, the suitability of this ligand as a probe for nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the central nervous system has been questioned. (northwestern.edu)

Together, these data suggest that muscarinic receptor sites solubilized from rat brain retain their abilities to interact selectively with muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. (unboundmedicine.com)
At a cellular level it is found that cholinergic agonists generally negatively influence the immune response to pathogens. (europa.eu)
I have shown that cholinergic agonists induce a tolerant phenotype in innate immune cells, and increase microbe and particle uptake, whilst reducing inflammatory responses. (europa.eu)
Medications used in the treatment of insomnia include nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists, benzodiazepine receptor agonists, the selective melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon, and sedating antidepressants. (medscape.com)
Nonbenzodiazepine receptor agonists have a nonbenzodiazepine structure and bind more specifically to the alpha-1 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA A ) receptor, which is associated with sedation. (medscape.com)
Both eszopiclone and sustained-release zolpidem are effective for both sleep-onset and sleep-maintenance insomnia, with a reduced abuse potential and long-term efficacy of up to 6 months as compared with nonselective benzodiazepine receptor agonists. (medscape.com)
Short-acting (eg, triazolam) and intermediate-acting (eg, estazolam, temazepam) benzodiazepine receptor agonists are useful for sleep-onset insomnia. (medscape.com)
Selectivity is important on both counts: Non-specific muscarinic receptor agonists can produce side effects due to peripheral cholinergic effects including gastrointestinal disturbances, changes in blood pressure, and excessive sweating. (alzforum.org)

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) are acetylcholine receptors that form G proteinreceptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. (eaglebio.com)
Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, the basal forebrain, and brain stem complexes are also cholinergic, as are the receptor for the merocrine sweat glands. (wikipedia.org)
Thus it was proposed that degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the associated loss of cholinergic neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex and other areas contributed significantly to the deterioration in cognitive function seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease Further studies on the cholinergic system and AD demonstrated acetylcholine plays a role in learning and memory. (wikipedia.org)
The anti-parkinsonian effects of tropicamide were almost completely abolished in mutant lesioned mice that lack M4 mAChRs specifically in dopamine D1-receptor-expressing neurons, suggesting that postsynaptic M4 mAChRs expressed on direct MSNs mediate the antiakinetic action of tropicamide. (univ-amu.fr)
Superior specificity is achieved by combining Cre-mediated AAVR overexpression with whole-body knockout of endogenous Aavr , which is demonstrated in heart cardiomyocytes, liver hepatocytes and cholinergic neurons. (nature.com)
They show that treating cultured mouse neurons expressing human APP with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol increased the production of α-secretase cleavage products, but no such effect occurred in cells from M1 knockout mice. (alzforum.org)
In addition, Davis and coworkers show that treating neurons from M1 knockout mice with carbachol increased Aβ production, probably via stimulation of other non-M1 muscarinic receptor subtypes. (alzforum.org)

Although nicotine is an agonist of ionotropic acetylcholine receptors, we found that nicotine-induced polyspermy was neither mimicked by acetylcholine and carbachol nor inhibited by specific antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (mdpi.com)
Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (genome.jp)
Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is known to steer APP down the non-amyloidogenic, α-secretase pathway, but it has been difficult to pin the effect on a specific receptor subtype: There are five different muscarinic receptors (M1-M5) and knowing which one is involved is critical for making selective drugs and minimizing cholinergic side effects. (alzforum.org)
Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)

When the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, attaches to the portion of the nicotinic receptor outside of the cell wall, it induces a conformational change that selectively opens up the channel to sodium ions. (cdc.gov)
Cholinergic receptors are receptors on the surface of cells that get activated when they bind a type of neurotransmitter called acetylcholine . (osmosis.org)
A receptor is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
A general screening of neurotransmitter receptor systems on macrophages from several body compartments is achieved. (europa.eu)
Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
This produces a depolarization that may allow CALMH1 channels to open and release ATP, which serves as a neurotransmitter to activate closely associated nerve afferents expressing P2X2, P2X3 receptors and adjacent type III cells expressing P2Y4 receptors. (genome.jp)

Identify the key physiological effects that result from stimulation of nicotinic receptors by excessive amounts of acetylcholine. (cdc.gov)
Protection against ventricular fibrillation via cholinergic receptor stimulation and the generation of nitric oxide. (ox.ac.uk)
The anti-fibrillatory action of both carbamylcholine and sodium nitroprusside was ultimately dependent on muscarinic receptor stimulation as all effects were blocked by atropine. (ox.ac.uk)
These data demonstrate a protective effect of carbamylcholine on VFT that depends upon both muscarinic and nicotinic receptor stimulation, where the generation of NO is likely to be via a neuronal nNOS-sGC dependent pathway. (ox.ac.uk)
We investigated whether a stable analogue of acetylcholine could raise ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), and whether this was dependent on NO generation and/or muscarinic/nicotinic receptor stimulation. (ox.ac.uk)
Essentially, by providing excessive cholinergic stimulation throughout fetal life, nicotine discoordinates the numerous events in cell replication, differentiation and synaptic development that are necessary to the proper assembly of the mammalian brain. (nature.com)
The sense of smell is mediated through stimulation of the olfactory receptor cells by volatile chemicals. (medscape.com)
The tachycardia induced by the stimulation of A2A or A2B receptors has been suggested to be mediated by a reflex increase in sympathetic activity. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we have investigated the role of ß1 - and ß2 -adrenoceptors in mediating the different cardiovascular responses to selective A2A and A2B receptor stimulation. (bvsalud.org)

The present results show that altered cholinergic transmission via M1 and M4 mAChRs of the dorsal striatum plays a pivotal role in the occurrence of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. (univ-amu.fr)

The muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol competed for [3H]QNB and [3H]PZ binding with a Hill slope of less than 1 in cerebral cortex, but not in cerebellum. (unboundmedicine.com)
GTP did not alter the interactions of carbachol or oxotremorine with the solubilized receptor. (unboundmedicine.com)
Expressing M1 receptor in knockout cells restored carbachol-induced α-secretase processing. (alzforum.org)

To test the hypothesis that the putative muscarinic receptor subtypes in rat forebrain are interconvertible states of the same receptor, the selective antagonist pirenzepine (PZ) was used to protect muscarinic receptors from blockade by the irreversible muscarinic receptor antagonist propylbenzilylcholine mustard (PBCM). (aspetjournals.org)

The muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine, scopolamine and PZ inhibited the binding of [3H]QNB and [3H]PZ to solubilized receptors with Hill slopes of 1, as did the muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine. (unboundmedicine.com)

In the presence of a cholinesterase inhibitor to prevent hydrolysis and atropine to block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, [ 3 H]acetylcholine bound rapidly, reversibly, and with high affinity to rat brain membranes (K(D) = 12.3 ± 0.8 nM, B(max) = 4.6 ± 0.1 pmoles/g of tissue). (northwestern.edu)
The effect of CCh on VFT was abolished by a muscarinic (atropine, 0.1 μmol l(-1) , n = 6) or a nicotinic receptor antagonist (mecamylamine, 10 μmol l(-1) , n = 6). (ox.ac.uk)

Over the last decade, striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) have reemerged as key actors in the pathophysiology of basal-ganglia-related movement disorders. (univ-amu.fr)

Although it has been suggested by many investigators that subtypes of muscarinic cholinergic receptors exist, physical studies of solubilized receptors have indicated that only a single molecular species may exist. (aspetjournals.org)

In senescent rats, the binding ability of muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MCR) was markedly decreased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and the striatum compared with young adult rats. (elsevierpure.com)

The AChR M5 Antibody ELISA is designed for the determination of antibodies against the muscarinic cholinergic receptor 5 (M5) in serum. (eaglebio.com)

The Eagle Biosciences muscarinic cholinergic receptor 5 (M5) ELISA assay kit is an antibody screening test. (eaglebio.com)

The nicotinic receptors are cylindrically-shaped proteins imbedded in synaptic walls that act as chemically-controlled sodium channels (also called ligand-gated sodium channels) that penetrate through the cell walls of post-synaptic nerves and myocytes at the skeletal neuromuscular junctions. (cdc.gov)

Here we describe a model system, SELective Expression and Controlled Transduction In Vivo (SELECTIV), that enables efficient and specific expression of transgenes by coupling adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors with Cre-inducible overexpression of the multi-serotype AAV receptor, AAVR. (nature.com)
A2A and A2B adenosine receptors produce regionally selective regulation of vascular tone and elicit differing effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP), whilst inducing tachycardia. (bvsalud.org)

[ 1 , 2 ] Although the chief target of the autoimmune attack in most cases is the skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), other antigenic targets that are components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have also been implicated. (medscape.com)

By binding to specific subunits of GABA A receptor sites, these agents appear to potentiate the effects of GABA and facilitate inhibitory GABA neurotransmission by increasing the frequency of chloride channel opening. (medscape.com)
By itself, choline elicited nicotine-like actions commensurate with its promotion of cholinergic neurotransmission. (nature.com)

The autoimmune attack occurs when autoantibodies form against the nicotinic acetylcholine postsynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles (see the image below). (medscape.com)

Scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, was used to block cholinergic activity in young adults and induce memory impairments similar to those present in the elderly. (wikipedia.org)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) blockade by scopolamine produces similar anti-parkinsonian effects. (univ-amu.fr)

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding sites differentiated by their affinity for pirenzepine do not interconvert. (aspetjournals.org)

The anti-fibrillatory action of carbamylcholine was prevented by the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and can be mimicked by the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside. (ox.ac.uk)

Adults with AD presenting with dysfunction of the cholinergic system are not able to compensate for long-term and working memory deficits. (wikipedia.org)

For those interested in learning about the molecular physiology of nicotinic receptors, the subject is discussed as optional reading below. (cdc.gov)

Many current drug therapies for AD are centered on the cholinergic hypothesis, although not all have been effective. (wikipedia.org)
However, not all treatments based upon the cholinergic hypothesis have been successful in treating the symptoms or slowing the progression of AD. (wikipedia.org)

Acetylcarnitine, a naturally occurring compound found in high concentration in heart and skeletal muscle of vertebrates, bears structural resemblance to acetylcholine, and studies have shown that it has slight cholinergic properties. (nebraska.edu)

The parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine almost exclusively to send its messages, is said to be almost entirely cholinergic. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinomimetics or cholinergic drugs are those drugs that cause effects similar to those resulting from introduction of acetylcholine, or simulation of ganglions of the parasympathetic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)

that's where an axon releases neurotransmitters that bind to receptors present on the cell membrane of the dendrites or the cell body of the next neuron in the series. (osmosis.org)

Type II taste cells also secrete acetylcholine (ACh) that appears to stimulate muscarinic receptors, specifically M3, on the same or neighboring Type II cells. (genome.jp)
To stimulate the olfactory receptors, airborne molecules must pass through the nasal cavity with relatively turbulent air currents and contact the receptors. (medscape.com)

Our approach exploits the absolute dependence of AAV transduction on the expression of its receptor 22 , AAVR (also named KIAA0319L). (nature.com)

As a result, the chemical-gated nicotinic receptor Na+ channels are held in the open position, and a constant state of depolarization occurs. (cdc.gov)

Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine. (wikipedia.org)

The M3 receptor-mediated K(+) current (IKM3), a G(q) protein-coupled K(+) channel. (nih.gov)
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has been a target for AD therapies for decades, based first on the loss of acetylcholine in the disease and the role of M1 receptors in memory and cognition, and then on the finding that the receptors control the processing of amyloid precursor protein to Aβ peptides. (alzforum.org)

Expression profiling in mouse and human macrophages has indicated that cholinergic receptor expression varies amongst species. (europa.eu)

By directing AAV transduction through the regulated expression of its receptor, the approach provides precise control over which cells express the AAV-vectored transgene. (nature.com)
In vertebrates, taste stimuli are detected by taste receptor cells (TRCs). (genome.jp)

The use of [ 3 H]acetylcholine of high specific activity to measure cholinergic binding sites in rat is reported here. (northwestern.edu)

Describe where nicotinic receptors are found. (cdc.gov)
These studies partially explain the low cholinergic activity found for acetylcarnitine and the higher activity of (S)‐acetylcarnitine compared to the R‐isomer. (nebraska.edu)

Allan Levey and colleagues at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, have now used knockout mice to show that the M1 receptor is responsible for regulating APP processing in vivo. (alzforum.org)

It is a specialized pseudostratified neuroepithelium containing the primary olfactory receptors. (medscape.com)

Studies performed in the 1980s demonstrated significant impairment of cholinergic markers in Alzheimer's patients. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy26

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs85

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes19

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care1

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors2

Agonists8

Neurons7

Acetylcholine receptors5

Neurotransmitter6

Stimulation9

MAChRs1

Carbachol3

Muscarinic receptor subtypes1

Antagonists1

Atropine2

Basal1

Subtypes1

Rats1

AChR1

Biosciences1

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Selective2

NAChR1

Neurotransmission2

Neuromuscular junction1

Scopolamine2

Pirenzepine1

Antagonist1

Dysfunction1

Physiology1

Hypothesis2

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Bind1

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