Cholinergic activity. Medical search. Frequent questions

Previously, we have demonstrated that small networks of cultured hippocampal neurons exhibit persistent activity in response to brief stimuli applied to single cells [ 26 ], reminiscent of reverberatory activity in the hypothetical cell assembly proposed by Donald Hebb as a network basis of "online" working memory [ 27 ]. (springer.com)
Motor neurons have long been known to receive prominent "C bouton" cholinergic inputs from spinal interneurons, but the source and function of these synaptic inputs have remained obscure. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
We show here that the transcription factor Pitx2 marks a small cluster of spinal cholinergic interneurons, V0C neurons, that represents the sole source of C bouton inputs to motor neurons. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
Fig. 4: Population voltage imaging of spikes and subthreshold voltage activities in CA1 neurons. (nature.com)
Fast two-photon volumetric imaging of an improved voltage indicator reveals electrical activity in deeply located neurons in the awake brain. (nature.com)
We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in in vitro rat brain slices to investigate the effect of adenosine on identified cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata. (nih.gov)
These results demonstrate that, in the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and substantia innominata region of the basal forebrain, adenosine inhibits both cholinergic neurons and a subset of noncholinergic neurons. (nih.gov)
Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons contributes significantly to the cognitive deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and has been attributed to aberrant signaling through the neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75 NTR ). (plos.org)
Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) and their neurites is a major contributing factor to the cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). (plos.org)
Summary: The cholinergic basal forebrain neurons (CBFN), which innervate cortical, hippocampal and amygdaloid areas control learning and memory processes and are damaged in Alzheimer´s disease (AD). (atsbio.com)
Sweat gland extracts contain a cholinergic and peptidergic differentiation activity for cultured sympathetic neurons. (caltech.edu)
In this work the impact of two widely used anesthetics on the electrical activity of auditory brainstem neurons was studied during postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, the results of this study provide a framework to use injectable and volatile anesthetics for future studies to obtain functional information on the activity of medial superior olivary neurons in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
The irregular PRS and ECoG slow wave activity characteristic of antimuscarinics and spontaneous slow wave sleep, reflect the irregular 'idling' of the recurrent inhibitory phasing, due to insufficient synaptic pressure on thalamic relay neurons. (erowid.org)
In healthy individuals, enzyme activity in the striatonigral dopaminergic neurons shows variation with circadian rhythm and age. (medscape.com)
Considerable evidence suggests that central cholinergic neurons participate in either acquisition, storage or retrieval of information. (tmc.edu)
Researchers believe that the overexcitement of certain neurons in the brain triggers the abnormal brain activity associated with seizures. (medlineplus.gov)

In the basal forebrain, adenosine accumulates during wakefulness and, when locally applied, suppresses neuronal activity and promotes sleep. (nih.gov)
In mid-stage male APP L/S mice, LM11A-31 administered for 3 months starting at 6-8 months of age prevented and/or reversed atrophy of basal forebrain cholinergic neurites and cortical dystrophic neurites. (plos.org)
Importantly, a 1 month LM11A-31 treatment given to male APP L/S mice (12-13 months old) with late-stage pathology reversed the degeneration of cholinergic neurites in basal forebrain, ameliorated cortical dystrophic neurites, and normalized increased basal forebrain levels of p75 NTR . (plos.org)
Manuel I, Llorente A, Gonzalez de San Roman E, Merino L, Giralt M, Rodriguez-Puertas R (2014) Memory and cholinergic impairment using a new approach of bilateral lesion of rat cholinergic basal forebrain. (atsbio.com)

In certain cases, excessive autonomic activity from stimulation of nicotinic receptors will predominate in the syndrome and will manifest as fasciculations, hypertension, mydriasis, and tachycardia. (cdc.gov)
Dose-dependent effects of GAT107, a novel allosteric agonist-positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM) for the α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor: a BOLD phMRI and connectivity study on awake rats. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, the electrophysiological properties of cholinergic pathways that control cortical activity are examined. (novapublishers.com)

Therapeutic interventions in AD are largely focused upon AChE inhibitors designed essentially to prevent the loss of cholinergic function. (unboundmedicine.com)

Cholinergic urticaria is one of the physical urticarias brought on by a physical stimulus. (medscape.com)
The definition and diagnostic testing of cholinergic urticaria has been the subject of consensus panel recommendations. (medscape.com)
Autonomic functions are normal in cholinergic urticaria. (medscape.com)
In 1 study of cholinergic urticaria, muscarinic receptors were reduced, but binding was normal. (medscape.com)
Elevation of histamine levels can be detected at 5 minutes after exercise, reaching a peak of 25 ng/mL at 30 minutes in persons with cholinergic urticaria. (medscape.com)
The most reliable way to reproduce cholinergic urticaria is to cause the patient to sweat from a stimulus, such as during exercise (eg, walking or running on a treadmill). (medscape.com)
Cholinergic dermographism occurs in the form of localized distribution of typical tiny wheals that appear after stroking the skin of some patients with cholinergic urticaria. (medscape.com)
A localized form of cholinergic urticaria with a presentation with cold-induced urticarial lesions may occur. (medscape.com)
Cold urticaria and cold-induced cholinergic urticaria may be seen in about 1% of patients with cold urticaria. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, an intradermal injection of either 0.05 mL of 0.002% carbamylcholine chloride ( carbachol ) or 0.05 mL of 0.02% (0.01 mg) methacholine has been used to produce a flare-up of cholinergic urticaria containing characteristic wheals, often with satellites. (medscape.com)
Lesions of cholinergic urticaria have even been reproduced by curare derivatives such as D-tubocurarine . (medscape.com)
The demonstration of sweat-specific immunoglobulin E in cholinergic urticaria patients who are unable to provide sufficient sweat may be facilitated by use of iontophoresis with pilocarpine nitrate. (medscape.com)
Mast cells seem to be critically involved in cholinergic urticaria. (medscape.com)
In fact, cholinergic urticaria has been used to study mast cell activity. (medscape.com)
Although mast cell release seems to be involved in cholinergic urticaria, less eosinophilic major basic protein is present than in many other forms of urticaria. (medscape.com)
Several factors, including an increased incidence in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), a marked sensitivity in some patients with anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions, and an immediate reactivity in some patients, suggest an allergic basis for cholinergic urticaria. (medscape.com)
Cholinergic urticaria is a type of hives (urticaria) that is triggered by an increase in body temperature, such as during exercise, sweating, or exposure to heat. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinergic urticaria can be painful and uncomfortable and may interfere with daily activities. (wikipedia.org)
Cholinergic urticaria typically presents with a number of small, short-lasting hives but may also involve cutaneous inflammation (wheals) and pain which develops usually in response to exercise, bathing, staying in a heated environment, or emotional stress. (wikipedia.org)
Although the symptoms subside rapidly, commonly within 1 hour, cholinergic urticaria may significantly impair quality of life, especially in relation to sporting activities. (wikipedia.org)
The answer is A: cholinergic urticaria. (aafp.org)
The diagnosis of cholinergic urticaria is clinical, based on history and physical examination findings. (aafp.org)

Cholinergic dermographism can be reproduced by stroking the skin, by using methyl acetylcholine, or by using other stimuli that cause sweating. (medscape.com)
How disrupting cholinergic synaptic transmission could produce chronic illness is unclear, but recent research indicates that acetylcholine also mediates communication between axons and oligodendrocytes. (cdc.gov)
Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is known to steer APP down the non-amyloidogenic, α-secretase pathway, but it has been difficult to pin the effect on a specific receptor subtype: There are five different muscarinic receptors (M1-M5) and knowing which one is involved is critical for making selective drugs and minimizing cholinergic side effects. (alzforum.org)
Clidinium bromide is an effective anticholinergic agent with activity approximating that of atropine sulfate against acetylcholine-induced spasms in isolated intestinal strips. (nih.gov)
Irreversible impairment in central cholinergic function was achieved by central administration of the cholinergic-specific neurotoxins, N-ethyl-choline aziridinium (ECA) and N-ethyl-acetylcholine aziridinium (EACA). (tmc.edu)
Nerve Chemical-Warfare Agents Nerve agents are chemical-warfare agents that act directly at nerve synapses, typically increasing the activity of acetylcholine. (msdmanuals.com)

The cholinergic receptor antagonists, atropine and methylatropine were used to reversibly inhibit cholinergic transmission. (tmc.edu)

Botulinum neurotoxins induce blockage of voluntary motor and autonomic cholinergic neuromuscular junctions, which prevents motor fiber stimulation. (cdc.gov)

The wheals, hypohidrosis, and pain seems to result from the low expression levels of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 3 (CHRM3) in the eccrine gland epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
Selectivity is important on both counts: Non-specific muscarinic receptor agonists can produce side effects due to peripheral cholinergic effects including gastrointestinal disturbances, changes in blood pressure, and excessive sweating. (alzforum.org)
Organophosphate Poisoning and Carbamate Poisoning Organophosphates and carbamates are common insecticide ingredients that inhibit cholinesterase activity, causing acute muscarinic manifestations (eg, salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)

Intraventricular administration of ECA or EACA produced persistent reduction in hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity. (tmc.edu)

Heightens activity in cholinergic pathways throughout your brain. (howstuffworks.com)

The AChE activity and AChE+ neuron density were analyzed by staining reaction. (atsbio.com)
Several chemoinformatics approaches were used in this study, reporting four multi-target inhibitors: MCULE-7149246649-0-1, MCULE-6730554226-0-4, MCULE-1176268617-0-6 and MCULE-8592892575-0-1 with high binding energies that indicate better AChE inhibitory activity. (unboundmedicine.com)
TEF (2.3 mg/kg) alone and in combination with CAF (40 mg/kg), reduced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain at comparable levels. (aaem.pl)
The interaction of TEF and CAF with the cholinergic system, resulting in a decrease in AChE activity in the brain, is not responsible for the effect observed in the rotarod. (aaem.pl)

Here, we evaluate how GABA inhibition modulates cholinergic transmission and its involvement during taste novelty processing and familiar taste memory retrieval. (jneurosci.org)
These findings indicate that GABA inhibition modulates cholinergic transmission and that cholinergic-GABAergic system interactions are important during the transition from novel to familiar memory. (jneurosci.org)

The centrally active cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine also caused significant impairment in radial arm maze behavior, while equivalent doses of methylatropine were without effect. (tmc.edu)

Together, the present findings indicate a previously unrecognized source of reduced motoneuron drive after BoNT/A via blockade of central, excitatory cholinergic inputs. (jneurosci.org)
The interaction of a variety of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal systems influence the activity of the PMC, which by default attempts to trigger the voiding reflex. (medscape.com)

Mice treated with either ECA or EACA showed behavioral deficits associated with cholinergic dysfunction. (tmc.edu)

galantamine increases and anticholinergic/sedative combos decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. (medscape.com)
Other systemic symptoms may include mydriasis, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and tachycardia due to unopposed sympathetic nervous system activity (anticholinergic syndrome). (msdmanuals.com)

galantamine increases and aclidinium decreases cholinergic effects/transmission. (medscape.com)

2 The patient had the classic history findings of raised lesions occurring after passive warming of the skin during exercise or activity. (aafp.org)

It is not necessary to assume 2 functionally opposed cholinergic systems to explain the action of antimuscarinic drugs on PRS and human a-activity. (erowid.org)
Indirectly acting cholinergic drugs : Synthesis and Drug Profile - A. Reversible blockers i. (pharmacy180.com)
These are exemplified in the course with antiviral drugs, antibiotics, cancer drugs, drugs acting on the nerve system (adrenergic, cholinergic, and opiate receptors), and ulcer drugs. (lu.se)

Extracts from tabby mice (which lack sweat glands) and noradrenergic sympathetic targets have significantly reduced cholinergic differentiation activity. (caltech.edu)

Cholinergic mechanisms are important in the control of peripheral skin perfusion and, in part, are regulated by endothelial cells. (meresearch.org.uk)
This coordinated activity is regulated by the central and peripheral nervous systems. (medscape.com)

At a cellular level it is found that cholinergic agonists generally negatively influence the immune response to pathogens. (europa.eu)
I have shown that cholinergic agonists induce a tolerant phenotype in innate immune cells, and increase microbe and particle uptake, whilst reducing inflammatory responses. (europa.eu)

The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)

In cell culture, DFP also decreased oligodendrocyte survival through a non-cholinergic mechanism. (cdc.gov)
A new interpretation of the cholinergic mechanism in PRS and human alpha activity is proposed. (erowid.org)

Analysis of intoxicated terminals within the FN shows that BoNT/A is transcytosed preferentially into cholinergic synapses. (jneurosci.org)

Previous work found that a lead p75 NTR ligand, LM11A-31, prevents degeneration of cholinergic neurites when given to an AD mouse model in the early stages of disease pathology. (plos.org)
To extend its potential clinical applications, we sought to determine whether LM11A-31 could reverse cholinergic neurite atrophy when treatment begins in AD mouse models having mid- to late stages of pathology. (plos.org)

We have investigated the possible role of CDF (cholinergic differentiation factor from skeletal muscle), CDF/LIF CNTF, and MANS in mediating the target directed noradrenergic to cholinergic switch that characterizes sweat gland innervation. (caltech.edu)
The possible relationship between CNTF, LlF and sweat gland cholinergic differentiation factor(s) is discussed. (caltech.edu)

Accordingly, cortical activity during taste memory acquisition differs from that which occurs during memory retrieval, supporting the notion that ACh may facilitate cortical plasticity during memory formation. (jneurosci.org)

We have compared the immunological, biochemical, and biological properties of three previously described cholinergic factors, cholinergic differentiation factor/Leukemia inhibitory factor (CDF/UF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and membrane-associatedneurotransmitter-inducing substance (MANS). (caltech.edu)

Experiments were designed to evaluate information processing in mice following either reversible or irreversible impairment in central cholinergic activity. (tmc.edu)

However, understanding exactly how such molecular and cellular actions of ACh translate into modulation of the network activity of neuronal ensembles in vivo has been challenging, in part due to the vast complexity of native circuits. (springer.com)
The activity of these cholinergic interneurons is tightly phase locked with motor neuron bursting during fictive locomotor activity, suggesting a role in the modulation of motor neuron firing frequency. (st-andrews.ac.uk)

Further, antibodies generated against the N-terminal sequence of CDF/LIF do not precipitate cholinergic activity from sciatic nerve (CNTF) or spinal cord (MANS) preparations indicating that CDF/UF is a distinct molecule. (caltech.edu)
develops when toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum spores irreversibly binds to a specific receptor (synaptotagmin II) on the presynaptic terminal cholinergic nerve endings. (msdmanuals.com)
Efferent cholinergic nerve activity regulating airway smooth muscle was unaffected by COV exposure. (cdc.gov)

Thus, V0C interneurons represent a defined class of spinal cholinergic interneurons with an intrinsic neuromodulatory role in the control of locomotor behavior. (st-andrews.ac.uk)

Also, a spontaneous slackening of tonus of the cholinergic component of ARAS and/or blockade of its facilitatory influences on input to the thalamic relay nuclei and cortex, do not explain the suppression of the PRS and human a-activity. (erowid.org)

However, many of the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome, such as temperature sensitivity, gastrointestinal difficulties, problems with sleep, and orthostatic intolerance, are consistent with altered cholinergic activity, and the findings might have important implications for features of chronic fatigue syndrome that involve vascular integrity. (meresearch.org.uk)
It consists of a cholinergic syndrome of excess respiratory and oral secretions, diarrhea and vomiting, diaphoresis, convulsions, altered mental status, miosis, bradycardia, and generalized weakness that can progress to paralysis, respiratory arrest and death (1-3). (cdc.gov)

Although different factors are taken into account to choose the type of anesthetic, few studies have addressed its potential effects on in vivo spontaneous neuronal activity. (frontiersin.org)
Potent cholinergic ganglionic blocking effects (vagal) were produced with intravenous usage in anesthetized dogs. (nih.gov)
amifampridine and galantamine both increase cholinergic effects/transmission. (medscape.com)
bethanechol and galantamine both increase cholinergic effects/transmission. (medscape.com)

Nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. (medscape.com)

Questions remain regarding which neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters trigger activation or suppression of cortical cholinergic activity. (jneurosci.org)
However, questions remain regarding which neuronal circuits and neurotransmitters trigger and/or accompany the activation and suppression of cortical cholinergic activity during novel and familiar stimulus recognition, respectively. (jneurosci.org)

however, the reference intervals for cholinesterase activity are wide, which makes interpretation of these values difficult without a baseline measurement or repeat measurements over time. (cdc.gov)

Therefore, dopamine activity in striatonigral terminals, which already is reduced in patients with DRD, declines further during the course of the day (as well as with increasing age), exacerbating symptoms toward evening and with increasing age. (medscape.com)

Expression profiling in mouse and human macrophages has indicated that cholinergic receptor expression varies amongst species. (europa.eu)
Expression of the differentiation activity in footpads occurs at a time period appropriate for a role for this factor(s) in vivo. (caltech.edu)

Progression in this neurodegenerative disorder causes deficit in the cholinergic activity that leads towards cognitive decline. (unboundmedicine.com)

Management of the condition includes activity and behavioral modification, such as avoiding hot water or exercise in hot weather. (aafp.org)

In this study, we demonstrate that BoNT/A is transported to facial motoneurons, released, and internalized preferentially into cholinergic terminals impinging onto the motoneurons. (jneurosci.org)

However, their other biological activities, such as memory-improving properties, have not yet been explored. (mdpi.com)
Relationships between chemical structure and biological activity are central in the course. (lu.se)

This mutation, at the Gln 381 Lys locus in the tyrosine gene, results in TH activity that is only 15% of normal,[7] with a resultant decrease in dopamine production. (medscape.com)

Currently, the specific targets of BoNT/A central activity remain unclear. (jneurosci.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs10

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science2

Neurons17

Basal4

Nicotinic2

Properties of cholinergic1

Loss of cholinergic1

Urticaria22

Acetylcholine6

Antagonists1

Neuromuscular Junctions1

Muscarinic3

Hippocampal1

Pathways1

AchE4

Modulates2

Atropine1

Excitatory2

Deficits associated1

Anticholinergic2

Decreases1

Lesions1

Drugs3

Significantly1

Peripheral2

Agonists2

Postsynaptic2

Mechanism2

Synapses1

Pathology2

Sweat2

Plasticity1

Membrane1

Impairment1

Modulation2

Nerve3

Spinal1

Blockade1

Syndrome2

Effects4

Intrinsic1

Suppression2

Cholinesterase activity1

Symptoms1

Expression2

Cognitive1

Behavioral1

Terminals1

Biological2

Gene1

Unclear1