OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and Drugs
Choline DehydrogenaseBetaineBetaine-Aldehyde DehydrogenaseCholineHalomonasCholine KinaseCholine O-AcetyltransferaseCholine DeficiencyL-Lactate DehydrogenaseLipotropic AgentsAlcohol Dehydrogenase
AldehydeGlycineOxidaseEnzymeDietary CholineGenesOsmoprotectantMitochondriaMetabolismMethioninePutativeAlcoholAcetylcholineSugar beetsLecithinMethyl donorTransporterOxidationCharacterizationNutrientsSynthaseEnzymesOsmoticSequenceCompoundsLiver and kidneyWidely distributedPostnatalConcentrationsIntakeEnzymaticNaturallyHumansFoundActivityHighCells under stressFoodsCompatibleHuman
Aldehyde20
  • Glycine betaine aldehyde, often simply called betaine aldehyde, is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) stimulates the transformation of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Betaine aldehyde is a substrate for choline dehydrogenase (mitochondrial). (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycine betaine aldehyde is a short chain aldehyde and quaternary ammonium compound. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycine betaine aldehyde is a component of glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Betaine aldehyde Archived 2007-11-24 at the Wayback Machine, Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank Yilmaz JL, Bülow L. (December 2002). (wikipedia.org)
  • Choline dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine via betaine aldehyde in glycine betaine biosynthesis. (scialert.net)
  • betaine biosynthesis is catalyzed by choline monooxygenase in combination with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. (scialert.net)
  • However, this enzyme also catalyses the second step, the dehydrogenation of betaine aldehyde to betaine ( Landfald and Strom, 1986 ). (scialert.net)
  • In many bacteria, plants and animals, the osmoprotectant betaine is synthesized using different enzymes to catalyze the conversion of (1) choline into betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde into betaine. (expasy.org)
  • Aldehyde dehydrogenase domain [InterProScan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • First, choline is oxidized to betaine aldehyde by the enzyme choline dehydrogenase. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Betaine aldehyde is then oxidized to C19H38N2O3 by the NAD + -dependent enzyme betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase both in mitochondria and in the cytosol ( 37 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Choline dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of exogenously supplied choline into the intermediate glycine betaine aldehyde, as part of a two-step oxidative reaction leading to the formation of osmoprotectant betaine. (unl.edu)
  • As in Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus xylosus , and Sinorhizobium meliloti, this enzyme is found associated in a transciptionally co-induced gene cluster with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, the second catalytic enzyme in this reaction. (unl.edu)
  • Purification and characterization of osmoregulatory betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. (rhea-db.org)
  • The osmoregulatory NAD-dependent betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (betaine aldehyde:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.8), of Escherichia coli, was purified to apparent homogeneity from an over-producing strain carrying the structural gene for the enzyme (betB) on the plasmid vector pBR322. (rhea-db.org)
  • The dehydrogenase was highly specific for betaine aldehyde. (rhea-db.org)
  • Choline is first oxidised to betaine aldehyde, a reaction catalysed by the mitochondrial choline oxidase (choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). (chemeurope.com)
  • In a subsequent step, betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria or cytoplasm to betaine by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8). (chemeurope.com)
Glycine10
  • Glycine betaine is a compatible solute, able to restore and maintain osmotic balance of living cells under stress. (scialert.net)
  • In this study, choline dehydrogenase ( betA ) gene encoding for glycine betaine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli isolated from salted shark ( Scoliodon sp. (scialert.net)
  • In E . coli , the biosynthetic pathway for the production of glycine betaine from choline has been well characterized at the genetic level ( Landfald and Strom, 1986 ). (scialert.net)
  • Recently, bacterial glycine betaine synthesizing enzymes have become a major target in developing stress tolerant crop plants of economic interest. (scialert.net)
  • Choline dehydrogenase ( betA ) of E . coli catalyses the first step in glycine betaine biosynthesis, the oxidation of choline. (scialert.net)
  • Betaine is a zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compound that is also known as trimethylglycine, glycine betaine, lycine, and oxyneurine. (qitchemicals.com)
  • This substance is often called ''glycine betaine'' to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in biology. (chemeurope.com)
  • Betaine hydrochloride is merely glycine betaine with a chloride counterion and is usually the first crystallised form obtained after extraction from beets. (chemeurope.com)
  • Glycine betaine is a byproduct of the sugar industry. (chemeurope.com)
  • However, vegetation use multiple mechanisms to increase their tolerance to freezing temps, such as accumulation of compatible osmolytes (soluble sugars, glycine betaine, and proline) and improved levels of antioxidants and soluble proteins in cell cytoplasm [2]C[3]. (researchensemble.com)
Oxidase1
Enzyme1
  • This enzyme is a member of the GMC oxidoreductase family (pfam00732 and pfam05199), sharing a common evoluntionary origin and enzymatic reaction with alcohol dehydrogenase. (unl.edu)
Dietary Choline2
  • The remainder of dietary choline is used to make acetylcholine and phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine. (qitchemicals.com)
  • June 2, 2022 About half the dietary choline consumed in the United States is in the form of phosphatidylcholine [8,9]. (appyuntamiento.es)
Genes3
  • These effects of choline are correlated with modifications in histone and DNA methylation in brain, and with alterations in the expression of genes that encode proteins important for learning and memory processing, suggesting a possible epigenomic mechanism of action. (mdpi.com)
  • Outgrouping from this model, Caulobacter crescentus shares sequence homology with choline dehydrogenase, yet other genes participating in this enzymatic reaction have not currently been identified [Cellular processes, Adaptations to atypical conditions]. (unl.edu)
  • Choline, Its Potential Role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and the Case for Human and Bacterial Genes. (appyuntamiento.es)
Osmoprotectant1
  • Numerous in vitro experiments have indicated that betaine acts as an osmoprotectant by stabilizing both the quaternary structure of proteins and cellular membrane against the adverse effects of high salinity and extreme temperatures ( Gorham, 1995 ). (scialert.net)
Mitochondria3
  • Exposure to drought, high salinity, or temperature stress triggers betaine synthesis in mitochondria, which results in its accumulation in the cells. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Salmon liver mitochondria actively take up betaine when exposed to osmotic stress, and metabolic activity would be reduced to a much greater extent if betaine were not present ( 13 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Choline dehydrogenase activity occurs in the mitochondria, on the matrix side of the inner membrane ( 34 - 36 ). (qitchemicals.com)
Metabolism1
  • We give a mechanistic understanding of observed concentration differences in one-carbon metabolism and explain why women have lower S-andenosylmethionine, lower homocysteine, and higher choline and betaine. (biomedcentral.com)
Methionine2
  • As a methyl donor, betaine provides the one-carbon units that can spare the amount of dietary methionine and choline required for optimal nutrition. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Finally, it serves as a methyl donor in the betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) reaction which converts homocysteine to methionine. (chemeurope.com)
Putative1
  • protein_coding" "AGT25156","N559_3508","Klebsiella pneumoniae","putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Alcohol2
  • High choline intake during gestation and early postnatal development in rat and mouse models improves cognitive function in adulthood, prevents age-related memory decline, and protects the brain from the neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and neurological damage associated with epilepsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, and inherited conditions such as Down and Rett syndromes. (mdpi.com)
  • By expressing a bacterial pyruvate decarboxylase ( pdc ) and alcohol dehydrogenase ( adh ) from the bacterium Z. mobilis in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. (biomedcentral.com)
Acetylcholine2
  • It is a precursor of membrane phospholipids (e.g., phosphatidylcholine (PC)), the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and via betaine, the methyl group donor S -adenosylmethionine. (mdpi.com)
  • Every time a muscle moves within the body, choline is needed to activate the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which sends chemical signals to muscles and makes them mobile. (appyuntamiento.es)
Sugar beets5
  • Betaine is found in microorganisms, plants, and animals and is a significant component of many foods ( 1 - 10 ), including wheat, shellfish, spinach, and sugar beets. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Betaine was first discovered in the juice of sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ) in the 19th century and was subsequently found in several other organisms. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Trimethylglycine (also commonly known as TMG, is an organic compound described by the formula (CH 3 ) 3 N + CH 2 CO 2 H. Trimethylglycine was originally named betaine after its discovery in sugar beets ( Beta vulgaris ) in the 19th century. (chemeurope.com)
  • Food items with the highest content of betaine are wheat, spinach, shellfish, and sugar beets. (chemeurope.com)
  • Betaine HCl has an acidic taste whereas anhydrous TMG ("anhydrous betaine") tastes sweet with a metallic aftertaste and is usually produced from sugar beets (as is betaine hydrochloride). (chemeurope.com)
Lecithin2
  • Neurological disorders Its also worth noting that choline can be found in soy products, especially soy lecithin. (appyuntamiento.es)
  • Yates C. M. Effects of choline and lecithin on CSF choline levels and on cognitive functioning in patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type. (appyuntamiento.es)
Methyl donor1
  • After giving off a methyl group TMG becomes dimethylglycine (DMG), a naturally formed feedback inhibitor of Betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, although it is a methyl donor in its own right. (chemeurope.com)
Transporter1
  • betaine/carnitine/choline family transporter, BCCT transporter family [InterProScan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Oxidation1
  • The principle metabolic fate of choline is via irreversible oxidation to C19H38N2O3 in the liver and kidney ( 28 - 32 ) via a two-step process. (qitchemicals.com)
Characterization2
Nutrients1
  • The following 12 foods provide high levels of choline naturally, in addition to many other nutrients. (appyuntamiento.es)
Synthase1
  • It binds to the D subunit of ATP synthase and NADH dehydrogenase . (mdwiki.org)
Enzymes1
  • Betaine is a compatible osmolyte that increases the water retention of cells, replaces inorganic salts, and protects intracellular enzymes against osmotically induced or temperature-induced inactivation ( 11 , 14 - 19 ). (qitchemicals.com)
Osmotic1
  • The principle role for betaine in plants and microorganisms is to protect cells against osmotic inactivation ( 13 ). (qitchemicals.com)
Sequence1
  • Moreover, the sequence analysis of choline dehydrogenase from our isolate shows several base substitutions with that of reported sequences in GenBank, resulting in the altered amino acid sequences of the translated proteins. (scialert.net)
Compounds2
  • Humans obtain C19H38N2O3 from foods that contain either C19H38N2O3 or choline-containing compounds. (qitchemicals.com)
  • Betaine is obtained by humans from foods, either as betaine or choline-containing compounds. (chemeurope.com)
Liver and kidney1
Widely distributed1
  • CDP-Choline or its labelled metabolites are widely distributed, the cerebral radioactivity evolving in a different way from the blood which would confirm the inclusion of the product in the pool of phospholipids. (europa.eu)
Postnatal1
Concentrations1
  • However, other research found no relationship between plasma choline concentrations during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring [23]. (appyuntamiento.es)
Intake2
  • Some examples of food with high betaine content are shown in, and we estimate (SAS Craig, Danisco USA Inc, unpublished observations, 2004) that dietary intake of C19H38N2O3 ranges from an average of 1 g/d to a high of 2.5 g/d (for a diet high in whole wheat and seafood). (qitchemicals.com)
  • Estimates of betaine intake are from 0.1 to 1 g/day and as high as 2.5 g/day for a diet high in whole wheat and seafood. (chemeurope.com)
Enzymatic1
  • CDP-choline was prepared by the Radiochemical Center of Amercham by an enzymatic process from phosphoryl (14C-methyl) choline and cytidine 5'-triphosphate. (europa.eu)
Naturally1
  • These are potent types of choline that produce the most benefits in the body, according to some sources, because they closely mimic the way that choline is found naturally in food sources. (appyuntamiento.es)
Humans1
  • Choline is an essential nutrient for humans. (mdpi.com)
Found1
  • The dehydrogenase was found to be a tetramer with identical 55 kDa subunits. (rhea-db.org)
Activity1
  • Choline may also be helpful in improving energy levels, your mood, sleep cycles and recovery time following strenuous activity. (appyuntamiento.es)
High1
  • Betaine is added to farmed fish feed as an osmolyte to protect fish from the stress of moving from low to high salinity. (qitchemicals.com)
Cells under stress1
  • The physiologic function of betaine is either as an organic osmolyte to protect cells under stress or as a catabolic source of methyl groups via transmethylation for use in many biochemical pathways ( 12 ). (qitchemicals.com)
Foods3
  • A diet of normal foods is estimated to deliver 1 g choline/d ( 38 ). (qitchemicals.com)
  • As you can see, there are plenty of other sources of choline that offer many more health benefits without the risks, including wild salmon, cage-free eggs and even certain vegetables, so why not obtain most of your choline from these foods? (appyuntamiento.es)
  • However, it was noted that TMAO blood levels were not measured in this study, only choline from foods reported in diet questionnaires. (appyuntamiento.es)
Compatible1
Human2