• Cholesterol-related disorders have been associated with sEH, which plays an important role in the metabolism of cholesterol precursors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, this review focused on the metabolism of cholesterol and its association with AD. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cholesterol metabolism in the brain is independent of peripheral tissues due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that impairs the entrance of the protein-bound lipid into the central nervous system (CNS). (frontiersin.org)
  • Brain tissues contain large amounts of cholesterol, up to 25% of the body's cholesterol content ( Dietschy, 2009 ) whose metabolism and complex homeostasis regulation in the CNS remain unclear ( Zhang and Liu, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, we discuss cholesterol metabolism and its implication in AD. (frontiersin.org)
  • Genes downregulated during ketosis included several associated with cholesterol metabolism, growth hormone signaling, proton transport, and fatty acid desaturation. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Out of the three isoforms present (SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c and SREBP-2), SREBP-2 has been implicated more directly in the synthesis of cholesterol during metabolism. (novusbio.com)
  • Concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are strongly correlated in the adipocyte, but little is known about mechanisms regulating cholesterol metabolism in fat cells. (jci.org)
  • While the physiological role of adipose tissue in cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism remains to be established, the induction of OLR1 is a potential means by which PPARγ ligands regulate lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Disorders of cholesterol metabolism and their unanticipated convergent mechanisms of disease. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 1] Pfrieger FW, Ungerer N. Cholesterol metabolism in neurons and astrocytes[J]. Prog Lipid Res, 2011, 50(4):357-371. (magtech.com.cn)
  • Brain cholesterol metabolism and its defects:Linkage to neurodegenerative diseases and synaptic dysfunction[J]. Acta Naturae, 2016, 8(1):58-73. (magtech.com.cn)
  • Our Cholesterol & Blood Lipids Regulator is a carefully developed functional blend with choline for normal fat metabolism, zinc for normal fatty acid metabolism and chromium for normal metabolism of macronutrients. (geurti.best)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in cholesterol metabolism during the perimenopausal transition that could increase the long-term risk of neurodegenerative disease in women, particularly Alzheimer's disease. (gremjournal.com)
  • Brain and serum cholesterol metabolism during chronological and endocrine aging were evaluated in rat models recapitulating the main characteristics of human perimenopause. (gremjournal.com)
  • Analysis of brain proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism showed export and clearance defects during endocrine aging and a decline in mobilization during post-menopausal chronological aging. (gremjournal.com)
  • We demonstrate tumoral expression of cholesterol uptake genes as well as the spectrum of steroidogenic enzymes necessary for androgen biosynthesis from cholesterol. (harvard.edu)
  • 4 Evidence has shown that resistant cancer continues to rely on androgen biosynthesis, its binding to the receptor and consequent uptake in order to progress. (touchoncology.com)
  • Through de novo lipogenesis (DNL), these are then turned back into triglycerides in enterocytes, combining cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons, which are triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. (biocrates.com)
  • Degrees of cholesterol in the cell are preserved through de synthesis in the ER novo, and uptake of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) produced from eating cholesterol. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Whether apoB-containing lipoproteins, which can also serve as cholesterol acceptors to facilitate RCT depending on the gradient, also enter peripheral tissues and drain into the lymph to regulate RCT remains to be investigated. (skanestugan.se)
  • In cynomolgus monkeys, Rosuvastatin decreases plasma cholesterol levels by 22% [2] Rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg/day) administration for 2 weeks, significantly reduces very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) in diabetes mellitus rats induced by Streptozocin. (bioservuk.com)
  • Cholesterol plays a key role in many cellular processes, and is generated by cells through de novo biosynthesis or acquired from exogenous sources through the uptake of low-density lipoproteins. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Lipoproteins contain apolipoproteins, triacylglycerols, free and esterified cholesterol, and phospholipids, all of which are susceptible to oxidative stress when high levels of oxygen and nitrogen free radicals are present. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many pathogens that absence the capability for de novo sterol synthesis make use of cholesterol because of their success and replication by either raising web host lipid biosynthesis or redirecting cholesterol transportation pathways (Coppens et al. (cancercurehere.com)
  • therefore, host lipids and their biosynthesis pathways have emerged as critical regulators of intracellular replication for vacuolar pathogens both as organelle membrane building blocks as well as nutrients [8] [9] . (microbialcell.com)
  • We also provide a compilation of sEH distribution and expression in the human brain and deepen the discussion on the enzyme's N-terminal phosphatase activity and its involvement in the synthesis of cholesterol. (frontiersin.org)
  • This interaction prevents the cleavage of SREBP-2, which results in the synthesis of cholesterol and uptake of LDL despite high levels of present sterols. (novusbio.com)
  • An important regulator of cellular cholesterol content is the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) pathway, which controls, by transcriptional regulation, the uptake of cholesterol via LDL-receptor and several steps in the de novo synthesis of cholesterol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Up to now, de novo synthesis of cholesterol (Souza et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed downregulation of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, protein ubiquitination, and ubiquinone biosynthesis with ketosis. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Other molecular adaptations included upregulation of genes and nuclear receptors associated with cytokine signaling, fatty acid uptake/transport, and fatty acid oxidation. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) compose a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of various genes required for the synthesis of phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol. (novusbio.com)
  • These include genes of proteins that are involved in the uptake, biosynthesis, disposition, and cellular efflux of cholesterol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • stream endstream MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis. (skanestugan.se)
  • Inherited defects in genes encoding cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes or other regulators of cholesterol homeostasis result in severe metabolic diseases, many of which are rare in the general population and currently without effective therapy. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the present study, the expression of the genes encoding 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase ( HMGCR ) and low-density lipoprotein receptor ( LDL-R ), both of which are crucial enhancing factors for cholesterol biosynthesis, were examined in HepG2 cell lines for demonstrating the hypocholesterolaemic activities of PN and Ya-Hom Navakot. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In rodent brain, chronological aging, particularly before perimenopause, was associated with an up-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, efflux, and export. (gremjournal.com)
  • Finally, we established that both neurons and astroglia preferentially use the Bloch sterol biosynthesis pathway, where desmosterol is the immediate precursor to cholesterol. (nebraska.edu)
  • Considering the abundance of cholesterol in the CNS, it is important to further investigate the role of sEH in the brain cholesterol pathway. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cholesterol accumulation in membranes of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) results in a down-regulation of the SREBP pathway and subsequently in the repression of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA-reductase (Hmgcr), the rate limiting enzyme of the de novo cholesterol biosynthesis [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the subcellular level, cholesterol comes after an elaborate pathway in cells (Ikonen, 2008). (cancercurehere.com)
  • Exogenously attained LDL destined to LDL receptor is certainly internalized on the plasma membrane (PM) and it is carried through the endocytic pathway towards the past due endosomesClysosomes, where cholesterol esters inside the LDL primary are hydrolyzed by acidity lipases. (cancercurehere.com)
  • 5-7 Figure 1 presents a simplified disease progression pathway illustrating the conversion of cholesterol to androgen and testosterone. (touchoncology.com)
  • Cholesterol biosynthesis is a complex, multienzyme-catalyzed pathway involving a series of sequentially acting enzymes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The normal human diet consists not only of cholesterol, but also xenosterols, such as plant sterols, but the mammalian body uses a number of different mechanisms to protect itself against the entry and effect of dietary xenosterols. (uc.edu)
  • Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast, which is a green and safe production route for these valuable steroidal compounds. (springeropen.com)
  • In this review, we summarize the metabolic engineering strategies developed and employed for improving the de novo biosynthesis of sterols and steroids in yeast based on the regulation mechanisms, and introduce the recent progresses in de novo synthesis of some typical sterols and steroids in yeast. (springeropen.com)
  • Besides, non-conventional yeast like Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris have also been engineered to produce some sterols and steroids, like pregnenolone and cholesterol (Hirz et al. (springeropen.com)
  • In the present review, we will focus on the regulatory principles and metabolic engineering strategies for improving the de novo production of sterols and steroids in yeast, and introduce the recent progresses in de novo biosynthesis of typical sterols and steroids. (springeropen.com)
  • Rosuvastatin selectively and competitively binds to and inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a precursor of cholesterol. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Rosuvastatin is a member of the drug class of statins, used in combination with exercise, diet, and weight-loss to treat high cholesterol and related conditions and to prevent cardiovascular disease. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Rosuvastatin belongs to a class of medications called statins and is used to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease. (illnesshacker.com)
  • Rosuvastatin is a selective and competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A to mevalonate, a precursor of cholesterol. (illnesshacker.com)
  • In vivo studies in animals, and in vitro studies in cultured animal and human cells have shown rosuvastatin to have a high uptake into, and selectivity for, action in the liver, the target organ for cholesterol lowering. (illnesshacker.com)
  • its uptake is mediated by the liver-specific organic anion transporter OATP-C. Rosuvastatin is a high-affinity substrate for OATP-C with apparent association constant of 8.5 μM. (bioservuk.com)
  • 1] Rosuvastatin inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver isolated hepatocytes with IC50 of 1.12 nM. (bioservuk.com)
  • Rosuvastatin (3 mg/kg) daily administration for 14 days decreases plasma cholesterol levels by 26% in male beagle dogs with normal cholesterol levels. (bioservuk.com)
  • Bolus intravenous doses (5 mg/kg) of radiolabeled rosuvastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin were administered to rats, and initial uptake clearance (CL uptake ) in various tissues was calculated. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, adrenal CL uptake of simvastatin (1.55 ml/min/g tissue) was larger than hepatic CL uptake , and simvastatin was distributed to other tissues more easily than rosuvastatin. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Rosuvastatin (Crestor), calcium bis[(+)-(3 R ,5 S ,6 E )-7-[4-( p -fluorophenyl)-6-isopropyl-2-( N -methylmethanesulfonamido)-5-pyrimidinyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoate], is a new and highly effective inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA 1 ) reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis). (aspetjournals.org)
  • endobj The high concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. (skanestugan.se)
  • High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. (skanestugan.se)
  • The clinical manifestations of this syndrome may include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and abdominal obesity. (medscape.com)
  • Cholesterol and fatty acids (as triglycerides) are exported from the liver as VLDL, to distribute triglycerides and cholesterol-fatty acid esters to all peripheral tissues that require these lipids for membrane synthesis, or for storage in the adipose tissue, with the resulting LDL particles being taken up again mainly by the liver. (fatsoflife.com)
  • First, it increases the number of hepatic LDL receptors on the cell-surface to enhance uptake and catabolism of LDL. (illnesshacker.com)
  • stream Reductions in the expression levels of these receptors resulted in decreased cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and HDL.163 Further, consistent with other studies,165-169 it was found that diabetes mellitus enhanced both atherosclerosis progression and impaired regression and that global deletion of RAGE overcame these defects by restoration of ABCA1 and ABCG1, promoting macrophage CEC despite ongoing hyperglycemia.163,170. (skanestugan.se)
  • LDL levels provide an indication of the excess energy obtained from dietary intake that has been converted to fatty acids and cholesterol by the liver. (fatsoflife.com)
  • On the other hand, the metabolic conditions, including inhibition of glucose absorption, enhancement of glucose and fat uptake by muscle and heart tissues, suppression of fat, cholesterol and glucose biosynthesis by the liver, reduction of the number of adipocytes, and promotion of thermo genesis, have been shown to prevent and treat the development of diabetes[1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT): process whereby cholesterol of peripheral cells is ultimately disposed into the feces via passage through plasma, liver, and biliary tract. (skanestugan.se)
  • therefore liver-selective uptake of this drug is a desirable property. (aspetjournals.org)
  • We found that developing cortical neurons rely on endogenous cholesterol synthesis and utilize ApoE-complexed cholesterol and sterol precursors from their surroundings. (nebraska.edu)
  • Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol or its sterol precursors, and may be closely related to brain function. (magtech.com.cn)
  • This receptor is found within the membranes of cells facing the circulation, and promotes the endocytotic internalization and uptake of LDL lipid cargo into tissues. (fatsoflife.com)
  • Both developing neurons and astrocytes release cholesterol into their local environment. (nebraska.edu)
  • Our studies also uncovered that developing neurons produced significantly higher amounts of cholesterol per cell than the astrocytes. (nebraska.edu)
  • Cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake in developing neurons[J]. ACS Chem Neurosci, 2019, 10(8):3671-3681. (magtech.com.cn)
  • Maternal-fetal cholesterol transfer in human term pregnancies[J]. Placenta, 2019, 87:23-29. (magtech.com.cn)
  • Cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol metabolite serum levels of FH and of healthy, gender/age matched control subjects were measured by combined gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Statin therapy achieves reductions in LDL-cholesterol levels through inhibition of the endogenous de novo biosynthesis of cholesterol. (fatsoflife.com)
  • The use of Ya-Hom Navakot or PN may provide an alternative treatment to lower cholesterol through HMGCR gene inhibition and LDL-R gene enhancement. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This effect, in turn, results in the upregulation of SREBP-2 , which drives HMGCR nascent transcription and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to the increase of cholesterol accumulation. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, we show that circulating cholesterol levels are directly correlated with tumoral expression of CYP17A, the critical enzyme required for de novo synthesis of androgens from cholesterol (R = 0.4073, p = 0.025) Since hypercholesterolemia does not raise circulating androgen levels and the adrenal gland of the mouse synthesizes minimal androgens, this study provides evidence that hypercholesterolemia increases intratumoral de novo steroidogenesis. (harvard.edu)
  • Similar to SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, SREBP-2 acts by first binding to sterol regulatory DNA sequences, and subsequently up-regulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. (novusbio.com)
  • First, epidemiological results show that the serum FSH levels are positively correlated with the serum total cholesterol levels, even after adjustment by considering the effects of serum estrogen. (nature.com)
  • A gestational increase in the concentration of triacylglycerols (TGs) of 300% and 25-50% for total cholesterol (TC) as well as variations in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels have been described. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unesterified or free of charge cholesterol translocates through the lysosomal cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) to various other cellular sites like the PM as well as the ER. (cancercurehere.com)
  • Moreover, blocking FSH signaling by anti-FSHβ antibody or ablating the FSH receptor ( FSHR ) gene could effectively prevent hypercholesterolemia induced by FSH injection or high-cholesterol diet feeding. (nature.com)
  • Although LDL particle levels or LDL-cholesterol estimations in the circulation are increasingly considered a non-causal yet predictive biomarker of cardiovascular disease, interventions that achieve decreases in LDL appear to generally produce a favorable change in the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (fatsoflife.com)
  • Pygeum extract decreases prolactin and cholesterol levels in the prostate, which in turn decreases uptake and reduces the number of binding sites for testosterone in the prostate. (peyronies-disease-help.com)
  • Correlation of maternal cholesterol and oxysterols during pregnancy with cognitive development in the offspring[J]. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 2021, 29(4): 349-351. (magtech.com.cn)
  • The conditions that cause enhancement of intestinal glucose absorption, reduction of glucose and fat uptake by muscles and the heart, stimulation of lipid synthesis and storage in adipose tissue, increase in the number of adipocytes (fat cells), and suppression of thermo genesis are known to promote diabetes [1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • With rapid development of synthetic biology, de novo biosynthesis of steroids from simple carbon sources like glucose using engineered microbial cell factories has emerged as a promising alternative approach. (springeropen.com)
  • Population studies have found that the serum/plasma cholesterol levels of pregnant women are correlated with the risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders in offspring, but the research evidence needs to be improved. (magtech.com.cn)
  • Elevated plasma cholesterol promotes the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in which monocyte-derived lipid-laden macrophages are frequently found. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel in vivo method for measuring cholesterol mass flux in peripheral macrophages. (skanestugan.se)
  • stream To circumvent this, macrophage-specific RCT might be better quantified using techniques in which macrophages are trapped into the site of injection using semipermeable hollow fibers or Matrigel plugs, and these implants are removed so that cholesterol mass content may be determined at the end of the assay.125,126 More recently, Cuchel et al127 adapted the conventional RCT method to allow for quantification of RCT in humans. (skanestugan.se)
  • Conversely, bacterial growth within cholesterol-leaden macrophages was enhanced. (microbialcell.com)
  • Collectively, we provide experimental evidence that cellular cholesterol promotes L. pneumophila replication within a membrane bound organelle in infected macrophages. (microbialcell.com)
  • Theories underlying the development of CRPC include androgen receptor (AR) mutation allowing for promiscuous activation by non-androgens, AR amplification and overexpression leading to hypersensitivity to low androgen levels, and/or tumoral uptake and conversion of adrenally derived androgens. (harvard.edu)
  • Functional validation of monocyte scavenger receptor activities were done by binding assays and dose/time dependent uptake analysis using native and oxidized LDL. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In healthy individuals cells ingest cholesterol by endocytosis of LDL bound to the LDL-receptor (LDLR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dallas, TX 75231 Farnesoid X receptor activation increases reverse cholesterol transport by modulating bile acid composition and cholesterol absorption in mice. (skanestugan.se)
  • Manufacturing steroids from natural substrates with the basic steroidal nucleus, like cholesterol, phytosterols and tigogenin, by semi-synthetic modification has also been realized (Ohta et al. (springeropen.com)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively employed as the chassis organism for steroids biosynthesis since it is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) feature, well-studied genetic background and readily available manipulation tools. (springeropen.com)
  • Using this same model we now demonstrate that circulating cholesterol levels are significantly associated with tumor size (R = 0.3957, p = 0.0049) and intratumoral levels of testosterone (R = 0.41, p = 0.0023) in LNCaP tumors grown in hormonally intact mice. (harvard.edu)
  • Increased OLR1 expression, resulting either from TZD treatment or adenoviral gene delivery, significantly augments adipocyte cholesterol content and enhances fatty acid uptake. (jci.org)
  • Consistently, the results indicate that FSH, independent of estrogen, increases the serum cholesterol level in this mouse model. (nature.com)
  • An increased uptake of oxidized as well as of native LDL by FH monocytes combined with a down-regulation of NPC1 and ABCA1 explains the lipid accumulation observed in these cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1) is a late-endosomal membrane protein involved in trafficking of LDL-derived cholesterol, Niemann-Pick disease type C, and Ebola virus infection. (duke.edu)
  • We propose a model for NPC1 function in cholesterol sensing and transport. (duke.edu)
  • Decades of research and pharmaceutical development have been dedicated to achieving the lowering of the cholesterol content associated with LDL, in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (fatsoflife.com)
  • TZDs markedly stimulate the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into adipocytes, and this requires OLR1. (jci.org)
  • Although present also in other key regulatory proteins of cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, and signaling, the structure and mechanism of action of the SSD are unknown. (duke.edu)
  • Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that cholesterol-fueled intratumoral androgen synthesis may accelerate the growth of prostate tumors, and suggest that treatment of CRPC may be optimized by inclusion of cholesterol reduction therapies in conjunction with therapies targeting androgen synthesis and the AR. (harvard.edu)
  • Until lately, Rabbit Polyclonal to HNRPLL cholesterol has mainly been accepted with an impact on immunity during pathological circumstances such as for example in atherosclerosis (Fessler, 2016). (cancercurehere.com)
  • The reverse situation is also recognized: people with gain-of-function PCSK9 mutations have a marked increase in blood cholesterol levels and an increased coronary heart disease incidence. (fatsoflife.com)
  • From within a unique ER-derived vacuole L. pneumophila promotes host lipogenesis and experimental evidence indicates that cholesterol production might be one facet of this response. (microbialcell.com)
  • However, statin therapy also leads to increased PCSK9 levels, which reduce LDL uptake and hepatic clearance - an effect that counteracts its intended pharmacodynamic action. (fatsoflife.com)
  • 11] Jayalekshmi VS, Ramachandran S. Maternal cholesterol levels during gestation:boon or bane for the offspring? (magtech.com.cn)
  • A prospective birth cohort study on maternal cholesterol levels and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:New insight on sex differences[J]. Brain Sci, 2017, 8(1):3. (magtech.com.cn)
  • Microscopy analyses indicate that cholesterol regulates a step in L. pneumophila intracellular lifecycle that occurs after bacteria begin to replicate within an established intracellular niche. (microbialcell.com)
  • Our functional premium blend contains choline, chromium and zinc to support cholesterol and blood lipid regulation, developed in close collaboration with cardiologist and nutrient expert, Dr Manuela Hanke. (geurti.best)