Cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. Medical search. Frequent questions

5' AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK or 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.11.31) that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis, largely to activate glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation when cellular energy is low. (wikipedia.org)
In response to binding AMP and ADP, the net effect of AMPK activation is stimulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, stimulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipogenesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis, and modulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. (wikipedia.org)
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is responsible for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA, producing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. (proprofs.com)
The synthesised fatty acids are also used for energy production through β-oxidation and lipid modification of proteins. (allclearmister.com)
What is the end product of fatty acid oxidation? (allclearmister.com)
Because malonyl CoA inhibits transport of fatty acid into the mitochondrion, beta-oxidation of fatty acids for energy to support the hypoglycemic cells does not occur. (medscape.com)

Serum lipids profiles, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ (apoA-Ⅰ), apolipoprotein B (apoB) and clinicopathologic data were analyzed. (researchsquare.com)
Dietary fatty acids (FA) are components of the lipids, which contribute to membrane structure, energy input, and biological functions related to cellular signaling and transcriptome regulation. (nature.com)
Fatty acids are the main compound of lipids, which are a class of molecules present in animals and vegetal cell types. (nature.com)
Lipase breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol. (mindbodygreen.com)
Highly proliferating cancer cells need to synthesise fatty acids de novo to continually provide lipids for membrane production. (allclearmister.com)
Blood samples were collected at months 0, 4, and 8 to look at insulin, lipids (e.g., triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acid and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and brain-gut peptides (including GLP-1, neuropeptide Y, and orexin A). Gene sequencing was used to detect any changes to the gut microbiota. (restorativemedicine.org)
Triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol contribute most to disease, although all lipids are physiologically important. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathway defects in lipoprotein synthesis, processing, and clearance can lead to accumulation of atherogenic lipids in plasma and endothelium. (msdmanuals.com)

Acetate, the ionized form of acetic acid, is a critical metabolite in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Acetate is generated from the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and ethanol. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Therefore, insulin's long-term effects include increasing the synthesis of these enzymes, which play important roles in glucose metabolism and energy production. (proprofs.com)
In the study, glucose is shown to stimulate the activity of the Liver X Receptors (LXR) a and b, The LXRs act as sensors of dietary components, orchestrating the body's response to nutrients such as oxysterols (short-lived derivatives of cholesterol) and controlling gene expression linked to cholesterol and fat metabolism. (scripps.edu)
Despite enhanced lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis, Insig1 KO mice had similar systemic metabolism and insulin sensitivity to Het/WT littermates. (nih.gov)
Shifting to fatty acid metabolism for energy can be difficult. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Out of the three isoforms present (SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c and SREBP-2), SREBP-2 has been implicated more directly in the synthesis of cholesterol during metabolism. (novusbio.com)
The combination of pea protein and rice protein achieves an amino acid score of 100% and supports protein metabolism and healthy body composition. (healthyplanetcanada.com)
Which fatty acid metabolism pathways are controlled by insulin? (allclearmister.com)
#High fibre plant protein-rich diet ] - The plant protein-rich version had the strongest effect on acetate , the short chain fatty acid most beneficially associated with glucose metabolism and cardiovascular health. (metabiom.org)

In this study, we find that blocking FSH reduces serum cholesterol via inhibiting hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. (nature.com)
This effect, in turn, results in the upregulation of SREBP-2 , which drives HMGCR nascent transcription and de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, leading to the increase of cholesterol accumulation. (nature.com)
Similar to SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c, SREBP-2 acts by first binding to sterol regulatory DNA sequences, and subsequently up-regulating the synthesis of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis. (novusbio.com)
The rate-limiting reaction in fatty acid biosynthesis is that of acetyl-CoA carboxylase that catalyzes the reaction of acetyl-CoA to malonylCoA in two steps shown in Fig. 9.45. (allclearmister.com)

like oleic acid found in olive oil and polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, seeds, and fish. (180degreehealth.com)
Here, we investigated the effects of oleic acid (OA) and hydroxytyrosol (HTyr), two important extra virgin olive. (zeyton.pt)
VOO is rich in oleic acid, displaying health-promoting properties, but also contains minor bioactive components, especially phenolic compounds. (zeyton.pt)

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) compose a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of various genes required for the synthesis of phospholipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol. (novusbio.com)
SREBPs adjust the expression of many enzymes involved in synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids. (biomedcentral.com)

Human SREBP2 protein (amino acids 48-403). (novusbio.com)
Protein is required for cell and tissue repair, hormone and enzyme synthesis, and a variety of metabolic functions. (healthyplanetcanada.com)
Recombinant fusion protein containing a sequence corresponding to amino acids 367-606 of human ACSS2 (NP_001229322.1). (prosci-inc.com)
It acts as a catalyst in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, and plays a part in protein, carbohydrate, and fat production. (drclarkstore.com)
An example is the synthesis of complex biomolecules from simple units, e.g. of protein from amino acids. (allclearmister.com)
In adipocytes, the sterol regulatory element binding protein pathway is increased, resulting in increases in levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
Because levels of transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, and lipoprotein lipase are also increased, lipid transport into cells and fatty acid synthesis within cells is increased ( 8 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
C-reactive protein level had a significant association with body mass index (r = 0.18), adiposity (r = 0.23), smoking (r = 0.20), carbohydrate intake (r = 0.19) and saturated fatty acid (r = 0.20). (who.int)
The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)

For patients with CHD, a total of 1 gram daily of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), had been suggested, through the consumption of oily fish and/or supplements. (atlantichealth.org)
Seafood prawns and seafood contain some cholesterol, but they are low in saturated fat and also contain healthy omega-3 fatty acids. (healthycholesterolclub.com)

Oxysterols are metabolites of cholesterol and intermediates in pathways for primary bile acid synthesis that regulate homeostasis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and glucose. (harvard.edu)
Transcriptomic analysis of liver biopsies in patients with NASH revealed that NASH progression is associated with rewiring of metabolic pathways, including upregulation of de novo lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid remodelling. (nih.gov)
Because of the variable and limited antiviral effects obtained with statins so far, we sought to investigate the antiviral potency of an upstream regulator of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolic pathways. (cp-673451inhibitor.com)

SREBF1/2 regulate the expression of enzymes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. (bvsalud.org)

Soluble or viscous fiber found in oats, barley, flax, psyllium, beans, peas, and nuts can modestly lower LDL-C levels by increasing short-chain fatty acid synthesis, thus reducing endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and by increasing bile acid production. (atlantichealth.org)
Several studies have shown that berberine may modulate the gut microbiota through enriching short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and reducing microbial diversity. (restorativemedicine.org)
1.13 ] [ #Neuromyelitis optica ] [ #Short Chain Fatty Acid ] - lower faecal SCFA levels in these patients, and a negative correlation between acetate and #Butyrate levels and disease severity. (metabiom.org)

The goal is not to be ketogenic all the time, but to be able to metabolize ketones and free fatty acids routinely and easily. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Severe hypoglycemia stimulates epinephrine secretion, which activates lipoprotein lipase and the release of free fatty acids. (medscape.com)

regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively. (nih.gov)
Paradoxically, even in the face of hypoglycemia, patients with glycogen-storage disease I do not develop significant ketosis because the abundance of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) derived from glycolysis activates the acetyl CoA carboxylase enzyme that produces malonyl CoA in the first step of fatty acid synthesis. (medscape.com)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and can result in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
Since acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate are water soluble, they can circulate from the liver to other tissues, where both compounds are reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce energy through the citric acid cycle. (medscape.com)
Essential FA, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), may modulate gene expression in diverse biological processes thought regulating transcription factors (TF), including peroxisome proliferator receptors (PPAR) , liver X receptors (LXR) , and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins ( SREBP ) 3 . (nature.com)
Many studies have shown that inulin acts in the liver to stop fatty acid synthesis and at the same time reduce production of bad LDL cholesterol. (wellbeing.com.au)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a silent pandemic associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and also increases cardiovascular- and cirrhosis-related morbidity and mortality. (nih.gov)
Background: The rise in paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is particularly alarming. (zeyton.pt)
Insulin stimulates fatty acid synthesis in white and brown fat cells as well as in liver and mammary tissue. (allclearmister.com)
Hormones that increase cellular cyclic AMP concentrations inhibit fatty acid synthesis, at least in white adipose tissue and liver. (allclearmister.com)
The liver and intestinal mucosa are the main sites of cholesterol synthesis. (allclearmister.com)
Up to 70-80% of cholesterol in humans is synthesized de novo by the liver, and 10% is synthesized de novo by the small intestine. (allclearmister.com)
Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the liver and in adipose cells. (allclearmister.com)
SCFA levels were observed to be decreased in non-obese #Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . (metabiom.org)
It is sometimes called "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
HDL particles collect extra cholesterol from around the body and carry it back to the liver to be eliminated from the body if we dont need it. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
LDL particles carry extra cholesterol made in the liver out to the rest of the cells in the body. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
These fatty acids are transported to the liver, where they are used for triglyceride synthesis and are exported as very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), which is elevated in these patients. (medscape.com)
Cholesterol-rich chylomicron remnants then circulate back to the liver, where they are cleared in a process mediated by apoprotein E (apo E). (msdmanuals.com)
Lipoproteins synthesized by the liver transport endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol. (msdmanuals.com)
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) contain apoprotein B-100 (apo B), are synthesized in the liver, and transport TGs and cholesterol to peripheral tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

that is, upregulating genes that affect hepatic cholesterol uptake and downregulating genes that affect fatty acid synthesis. (healthyplanetcanada.com)
Expression of this gene is regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, transcription factors that activate genes required for the synthesis of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids. (prosci-inc.com)
and, on the other, it decreases fat development by down-regulating genes that are involved in fatty acid synthesis. (nutraceuticalbusinessreview.com)

The organelle responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones is called smooth endoplasmic Reticulum. (allclearmister.com)

Thus, de novo lipogenesis is the synthesis of fatty acids, beginning with acetyl-CoA. (allclearmister.com)

Acetyl-CoA is a precursor to fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and an important starting compound for the citric acid cycle. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Acetyl-CoA also serves as a precursor for the synthesis of acetylcholine and as the donor for acetyl groups for post-translational acetylation reactions of histone and non-histone proteins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Acetyl-CoA is also a precursor of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, or it can enter the citric acid cycle to be oxidized to CO 2 and H 2 O and generate energy. (medscape.com)
De novo DNA synthesis refers to the synthetic creation of DNA rather than assembly or modification of natural precursor template DNA sequences. (allclearmister.com)

Moreover, their plasma lipid profiles revealed that berberine could effectively decrease elevated low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels, and trends of improved insulin resistance and decreased endogenous glucose production were observed. (restorativemedicine.org)

In the capillaries of adipose and muscle tissue, apoprotein C-II (apo C-II) on the chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert 90% of chylomicron triglyceride to fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes and muscle cells for energy use or storage. (msdmanuals.com)

This interaction prevents the cleavage of SREBP-2, which results in the synthesis of cholesterol and uptake of LDL despite high levels of present sterols. (novusbio.com)

Cholesterol is a ubiquitous constituent of cell membranes, steroids, bile acids, and signaling molecules. (msdmanuals.com)

Over the course of the last century, human tissues as well as breast milk have accumulated a massive amount of polyunsaturated linoleic acid (omega 6). (180degreehealth.com)
This is due to a massive rise in the consumption of vegetable oils, peanut butter, and eating the fat of pigs and poultry (and eggs) fed mostly soy and corn (what cows are fed has little impact on the total linoleic acid content of their meat and milk). (180degreehealth.com)
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on insulin sensitivity, measured via euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique and insulin pathway expression molecules in muscle biopsies of children with obesity. (medscape.com)
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of isomers of linoleic acid, which are synthesized in the cud of ruminant animals by fermentative bacteria. (medscape.com)
The most common CLA isomer contained in these products is cis -9, trans -11, which can be commercially synthesized from linoleic acid-rich oils and prepared as a 50% mixture with the trans -10, cis -12 isomer. (medscape.com)

15] found that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in serum was higher in ovarian cancer patients than in control subjects, but total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) showed no such association. (researchsquare.com)
The lipid abnormalities, which include hypercholesterolemia (decreased high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol and increased low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol), together with the characteristic hypertriglyceridemia do not cause premature atherosclerotic lesions in affected individuals. (medscape.com)

Most of the acetyl-CoA which is converted into fatty acids is derived from carbohydrates via the glycolytic pathway. (allclearmister.com)

Long-term effects: insulin induces the synthesis of _____ and pyruvate kinase. (proprofs.com)
Insulin induces the synthesis of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase. (proprofs.com)
The fact that our study demonstrates that LXR does both-it binds to glucose and it induces fatty acid synthesis-is significant and makes LXR a potential target for diabetes and obesity treatments. (scripps.edu)

What is de novo cholesterol synthesis? (allclearmister.com)

These metabolites are generated throughout the body, either enzymatically or from oxidative stress, and are detectable in circulation at concentrations much lower than total cholesterol. (harvard.edu)
and 4) high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, suggesting increased chain elongation. (180degreehealth.com)

Two decades later, the prostaglandins were deduced to be a family of related compounds that contain 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring, as depicted below. (medscape.com)
By 1964, after recognition of this basic structure, Bergstrom and colleagues successfully synthesized series 2 prostaglandins from arachidonic acid using sheep seminal fluid. (medscape.com)

Interluekin-6 concentration was significantly correlated with dietary carbohydrate (r = 0.15), saturated fatty acid (r = 0.15) and glycaemic load (r = 0.15). (who.int)

[ 9 ] Additionally, CLA purportedly reduces fatty acid synthesis in adipocytes, suggesting that this supplement decreases fat deposition, directly contributing to an improvement in body composition in adults and children. (medscape.com)

LRP1 Controls Intracellular Cholesterol Storage and Fatty Acid Synthesis through Modulation of Wnt Signaling. (igbmc.fr)
4 , 5 For example, through modulation of the gut microbiota berberine has been reported to have antidiabetic effects, and to prevent hypercholesterolemia by both decreasing cholesterol absorption from the intestine and stimulating bile acid synthesis. (restorativemedicine.org)

Proteases -such as trypsin, pepsin, and fruit proteases bromelain (from pineapple) and papain (from papaya)-break down proteins into amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. (mindbodygreen.com)

Some foods are high in cholesterol but are fine to eat in moderation, as long as your overall diet is low in saturated fats. (healthycholesterolclub.com)

When the rate of synthesis of acetoacetate and other ketone bodies exceeds the rate of utilization, their concentration in blood increases, a phenomenon known as ketonemia. (medscape.com)

In mammals, cholesterol is either absorbed from dietary sources or synthesized de novo. (allclearmister.com)
Dietary cholesterol esters are de-esterified into free cholesterol by these same mechanisms. (msdmanuals.com)
Chylomicrons transport dietary TGs and cholesterol from within enterocytes through lymphatics into the circulation. (msdmanuals.com)

Glutamine The conditionally essential amino acid glutamine is important for replenishing amino acid stores, especially after exercise or stress. (healthyplanetcanada.com)

First, epidemiological results show that the serum FSH levels are positively correlated with the serum total cholesterol levels, even after adjustment by considering the effects of serum estrogen. (nature.com)
Elevated levels of pathogenic cholesterols, also known to bind LXR, are a primary risk for development of atherosclerosis. (scripps.edu)
These same foods are also high in cholesterol and promote high levels of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. (180degreehealth.com)
A six-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (n = 130) revealed that 1.5 g/d of chitin-glucan significantly supported subjects' LDL cholesterol at levels already within normal range, and 4.5 g/d significantly supported subjects' natural antioxidant systems and oxidative balance of LDL cholesterol. (healthyplanetcanada.com)
Besides lowering body weight and BMI (body mass index), Glavonoid may also optimise cholesterol and blood glucose levels. (nutraceuticalbusinessreview.com)
Serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were found to be comparable between both groups. (restorativemedicine.org)
Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that are widely used in human to lower cholesterol levels (Carroll et al. (cp-673451inhibitor.com)
What we eat has an impact on our cholesterol levels and can help reduce our risk of disease. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
However, reducing egg intake is probably not important for healthy people with normal blood cholesterol levels. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
When you get your cholesterol levels checked, you will see numbers for HDL and LDL, as well as triglycerides. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
It is typically thought of as good cholesterol so higher HDL levels are considered a good sign. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
We used to think of LDL as bad cholesterol so lower levels of LDL were considered a good sign. (healthycholesterolclub.com)
However, in animals and adults in the United States, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were paradoxically reduced, despite the obesity ( 1 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Factors that stimulate hepatic lipoprotein synthesis generally lead to elevated plasma cholesterol and TG levels. (msdmanuals.com)

The immense increase in the intracellular phosphorylated intermediate compounds of glycolysis concurrently inhibits rephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides, activating the nucleic acid degradation pathway and resulting in increased uric acid, the end product. (medscape.com)

What synthesizes fatty acids and steroids? (allclearmister.com)

Oleuropein is the ester of elenolic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (HT). (zeyton.pt)

This gene encodes a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the activation of acetate for use in lipid synthesis and energy generation. (prosci-inc.com)

How does insulin regulate fatty acid synthesis? (allclearmister.com)

Therefore, COX - also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), fatty acid COX, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase, and EC 1.14.99.1 - is implicated in the production of fever, inflammation, and pain. (medscape.com)
Their distinct biosynthetic activity includes an endoperoxidase synthase reaction that oxygenates and cyclizes polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors (eg, arachidonic acid) to form prostaglandin G 2 (PGG2), and a peroxidase reaction that converts PGG2 to prostaglandin H 2 (PGH2), as shown below. (medscape.com)

Monoglycerides, FFAs, and free cholesterol are then solubilized in the intestine by bile acid micelles, which shuttle them to intestinal villi for absorption. (msdmanuals.com)

Consistently, the results indicate that FSH, independent of estrogen, increases the serum cholesterol level in this mouse model. (nature.com)
14] reported that women with a higher serum cholesterol level had an increased risk of ovarian cancer. (researchsquare.com)

Why is de novo fatty acid synthesis important? (allclearmister.com)
Furthermore, using sequence analysis of human genomic DNA, researchers concluded that the amino acids important for catalysis by COX-1 are conserved and are equally important for catalysis by COX-2. (medscape.com)

The substance 1,3-Butylene diacetate is a diester of 1,3-Butylene glycol and Acetic acid and meets the definition of a mono-constituent substance based on the analytical characterization. (europa.eu)
the alcohol component Ethylene glycol and Acetic acid (ECHA, 2008). (europa.eu)
The respective molecular weights of 1,3-Butylene glycol (90.12 g/mol) and Acetic acid (60.05 g/mol) do favour absorption, as well. (europa.eu)

FSH, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone, is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, and is widely considered to function in the regulation of sex hormone synthesis in the gonads. (nature.com)

Under physiologic conditions, only the myocardium uses fatty acids preferentially for energy supply, and most other tissues metabolize glucose to meet their energy demands. (medscape.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms10

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs168

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes42

Technology, Industry, Agriculture8

Information Science4

Health Care1

Oxidation6

Lipids8

Metabolism10

Biosynthesis4

Oleic Acid3

Phospholipids2

Protein9

Omega-3 fat2

Pathways3

Enzymes involved1

Short-chai3

Free fatty2

Acetyl-CoA carboxy2

Liver22

Genes3

Steroid Hormones1

Lipogenesis1

Precursor4

Endogenous1

Glycerol1

Uptake1

Bile Acids1

Linoleic acid5

High-density lip2

Carbohydrates1

Induces3

Novo cholesterol1

Concentrations2

Prostaglandins2

Carbohydrate1

Adipocytes1

Modulation2

Proteins1

Fats1

Ketone1

Dietary3

Amino acid1

Levels14

Nucleic1

Steroids1

Ethanol1

Acetate1

Insulin1

Synthase2

Intestinal1

Serum cholesterol level2

Important2

Acetic3

Hormone1

Physiologic1