OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaHealth CareGeographicals
Paratyphoid FeverTyphoid-Paratyphoid VaccinesTyphoid FeverSalmonella paratyphi ASalmonella typhiSalmonella paratyphi BSalmonella paratyphi CUSSRCholeraVaccinesCholera ToxinTravelVaccines, InactivatedViral VaccinesCholera VaccinesSalmonellaBacterial VaccinesVaccines, DNAVaccines, SyntheticVaccines, CombinedAIDS VaccinesVaccines, ConjugateVaccinationVaccines, Subunit
Countries where typhoidEndemicVaccinationProtection against typhoid feverConjugateSimultaneous administration of choleraPreventable diseasesHepatitisYellow feverDiseasesEnteric feverFaecal-oralMonths to 45 yearsImmunizationInternational Vaccine InstitutePneumococcal VaccineRotavirusIllnessSalmonellaComplicationsShigellosisTravelersDosesDosePlagueInfectionsGloballyFever causedDiarrhoea2000OralInfantsSustainableDiagnosisBurdenImmunityCasesAntigenFoodClinicalDehydrationOnsetBoosterPakistanMillionIncidenceImmune
Countries where typhoid2
  • Prevention of enteric fever includes both vaccination and undertaking food and water precautions whilst travelling in developing countries where typhoid is endemic. (edu.au)
  • Prevention is focused on ensuring safe food and water, particularly in countries where typhoid is more common. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
Endemic3
  • 1) the risks of acquiring yellow fever associated with travel to endemic areas, 2) the precautions necessary for vaccination of special groups (immunosuppressed individuals, infants, pregnant women), and 3) simultaneous administration of cholera vaccine and other vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • The experience gained during the surveillance will be useful for future vaccine trials as well as for the understanding of endemic disease rates in urban slums in the region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typhoid fever vaccines have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2008 for use in areas where typhoid fever is endemic (local transmission) or occurs in recurrent outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination10
  • Travelers visiting friends and relatives are at increased risk because they might be less careful with food and water while abroad than other travelers and might not seek pretravel health consultation or typhoid vaccination (see Sec. 9, Ch. 9, Visiting Friends & Relatives: VFR Travel ). (cdc.gov)
  • When considering vaccination under time restraints consider that the yellow fever vaccine and documentation are required for certain countries and is strongly recommended for those travelers to infected areas. (cdc.gov)
  • It is not routinely recommended for travelers, except those traveling to any of the two countries requiring a Certificate of Vaccination against cholera. (cdc.gov)
  • A single dose of vaccine will meet the country requirement and should be documented on a Certificate of Vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • The complete vaccination schedule includes 2 doses of vaccine spaced 1 to 4 or more weeks apart. (cdc.gov)
  • No specific information on the safety of cholera vaccine and pregnancy is available, therefore vaccination should be avoided. (cdc.gov)
  • Les résultats suggèrent un besoin d'interventions spécifiques en matière d'assainissement de l'environnement, ainsi que l'amélioration des programmes de vaccination des enfants, en particulier dans les gouvernorats à haut risque. (who.int)
  • Over the past decade, significant progress in the development of TCVs has presented an opportunity to control and potentially eliminate typhoid in high burden settings, yet there is limited understanding of the long-term persistence of immune response and protection against typhoid fever following vaccination using single dose of the new-generation TCVs. (ivi.int)
  • Typhoid fever can be prevented by vaccination, access to safe water and adequate sanitation, health education, and appropriate hygiene among food handlers. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2018, they distributed around two million doses of the vaccine Cervarix in Zimbabwe in support of its multi-age cohort vaccination program to protect over 800,000 girls against human papillomavirus and have also supported Gavi pilots of our Cervarix vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) in 12 countries since 2012. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Protection against typhoid fever1
  • The findings from this study newly published online in npj Vaccines support the use of TCV booster doses to confer long-term protection against typhoid fever in young children. (ivi.int)
Conjugate2
  • New breakthroughs in vaccine development, early clinical trials for the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, noroviruses and conjugate typhoid vaccines, and updates on the implementation of rotavirus, cholera and typhoid vaccines were reported. (usuhs.edu)
  • January 27, 2022 - SEOUL, Republic of Korea - A new study shows that late booster dosing with Vi polysaccharide conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (Vi-DT), one of the typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs), at 27.5 months post-first dose is safe and elicits robust immune responses in children aged 6-23 months. (ivi.int)
Simultaneous administration of cholera1
  • Data indicates that simultaneous administration of cholera and yellow fever vaccines produces a less-than-normal antibody response. (cdc.gov)
Preventable diseases3
  • It brings information about vaccine preventable diseases: a FAQ from the disease and another from its vaccine, photos, videos, case histories, recommendations, references and links. (bvsalud.org)
  • Case reports, personal testimonies, newspaper and journal articles about people who have suffered or died from vaccine-preventable diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The 15 diseases with the highest incidence were food and waterborne diseases (5 diseases), vaccine-preventable diseases (7 diseases) and others, e.g. hepatitis C infection. (who.int)
Hepatitis3
  • The safety and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine, DPT, and OPV or of hepatitis B and yellow fever administered simultaneously is similar to separate administrations of the vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • There are two vaccines that combine typhoid with hepatitis A for convenience: Hepatyrix and ViATIM. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
  • All travelers to India should be up-to-date with routine immunizations and are advised to consider hepatitis B vaccine. (unboundmedicine.com)
Yellow fever6
  • Recent studies show that antibody response is decreased when yellow fever and cholera are administered within three weeks as compared to longer intervals. (cdc.gov)
  • However, in cholera and yellow fever the antibody response can be lower if administered simultaneously or within 3 weeks. (cdc.gov)
  • Note that IG does not interfere with either OPV or yellow fever vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • A 3 week minimum interval between cholera and yellow fever vaccines is recommended except in those cases where both vaccines are required and time constraints exist. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccines - Including the vaccines for typhoid and paratyphoid A and B, measles, yellow fever and cholera. (vopifymarketing.com)
  • These revised Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommendations on yellow fever vaccine update previous recommendations (MMWR 1984;32:679-88). (cdc.gov)
Diseases6
  • The UMSOM Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit (VTEU) is part of the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC) that investigated the mix-and-match boosters. (umaryland.edu)
  • The institute has a unique mandate to work exclusively on vaccine development and introduction specifically for people in developing countries, with a focus on neglected diseases affecting these regions. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] IVI's first major initiative, Diseases of the Most Impoverished (DOMI), was a program of research and technical assistance to accelerate the introduction of new vaccines against typhoid fever, cholera, and shigellosis into public health programs for the poor in developing countries. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the conclusion of the DOMI program, IVI synthesized the diverse epidemiological, clinical, economic, and behavioral findings of these studies in order to facilitate informed decision-making by policymakers at the national level on the use of vaccines against the diseases targeted by DOMI. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 6th Vaccines for Enteric Diseases Symposium was held in Cannes, France, on 14-16 September 2011, drawing approximately 200 vaccine developers, academics and public health experts globally. (usuhs.edu)
  • CDC's Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases site has additional information about typhoid fever . (cdc.gov)
Enteric fever2
  • Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C cause potentially severe and occasionally life-threatening bacteremic illnesses referred to as typhoid fever (for Typhi serotype) and paratyphoid fever (for Paratyphi serotypes), and collectively as enteric fever. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are bacterial infections, collectively known as enteric fever and are caused by the bacterias Salmonella enterica subspecies serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. Enteric fever is different to the gastroenteritis that can be caused by Salmonella . (edu.au)
Faecal-oral2
  • Typhoid fever is transmitted via the faecal-oral route and via contaminated food and water sources, most commonly in developing countries with untreated drinking water and poorer sanitation and food handling practices. (edu.au)
  • The disease is caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B or C. Typhoid is transmitted by food and drink that has been contaminated with human faeces or urine (faecal-oral route). (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
Months to 45 years1
  • A pivotal Phase III study conducted by IVI in collaboration with SK bioscience involving four hospitals in Kathmandu, Dhulikhel, Dharan, and Nepalgunj in Nepal has shown that the Vi-DT test vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and non-inferior to the WHO prequalified Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (Vi-TT) Typbar TCV vaccine in individuals aged 6 months to 45 years. (ivi.int)
Immunization4
  • Encourage innovation while safeguarding affordable, sustainable vaccine and immunization market dynamics. (globalhealthprogress.org)
  • Gavi's five-year (2021-2025) strategy ('Gavi 5.0') envisions to 'leave no-one behind with immunization' and aims to save lives and protect people's health by increasing equitable and sustainable use of vaccines. (globalhealthprogress.org)
  • Health system and immunization strengthening - Strong health and immunization systems are vital to delivering vaccines to all the children who need them. (globalhealthprogress.org)
  • Sustainable immunization - Gavi support aims to ensure that countries can independently sustain high immunization coverage and equal access to life-saving vaccines. (globalhealthprogress.org)
International Vaccine Institute4
  • The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is an independent, nonprofit, international organization founded on the belief that the health of children in developing countries can be dramatically improved by the use of new and improved vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Based on the results of Shin's feasibility study, in 1993 the UNDP adopted a formal proposal to establish the International Vaccine Institute (IVI). (wikipedia.org)
  • This publication, co-authored by Drs. Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse and Maria Rosario Capeding, reports the results from the Phase II clinical trial of Vi-DT conducted by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) in collaboration with the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Manila, the Philippines and SK bioscience in South Korea. (ivi.int)
  • The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is a nonprofit inter-governmental organization established in 1997 at the initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (ivi.int)
Pneumococcal Vaccine2
  • They have committed to deliver 720 million doses of their pneumococcal vaccine, Synflorix, to Gavi through the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) at a discounted price up to 2024. (globalhealthprogress.org)
  • Eight Gavi countries are now using their new four-dose vial presentation of the Synflorix pneumococcal vaccine, designed to reduce cold chain challenges in countries. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Rotavirus2
Illness5
  • Disease Specific Menu Cholera Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by VIBRIO CHOLERA O-group I. The current vaccines have shown a 50% effectiveness in reducing clinical illness for 3-6 months after administration, with the greatest effectiveness in the first 2 months. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid fever is a serious illness caused by the Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi ( S. Typhi) bacterium that spreads through contaminated water or food. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Seafood Investigation Report (Section 5 of COVIS, CDC OMB 0920-0728): This form should be used to report seafood investigations associated with Cholera and Vibrio illness. (ca.gov)
  • Whilst not as prevalent in Australia, typhoid fever is a common infective illness in many parts of the world, especially Asia, southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. (edu.au)
  • Typhoid illness causes systemic infection which may present as fever, headache, confusion and vague abdominal pain. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
Salmonella1
  • Typhoid fever is an invasive water-borne bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) presenting with mild to severe symptoms and even resulting in death. (ivi.int)
Complications2
  • The average annual cases of typhoid fever are estimated to be 15 million worldwide, with infants and children especially exposed to the risk of mortality and morbidity from complications of typhoid fever. (ivi.int)
  • Typhoid fever presents more commonly than paratyphoid fever and is associated with higher rates of severe complications and poorer outcomes. (edu.au)
Shigellosis3
  • In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study from August 2001 to July 2003 in an impoverished area of North Jakarta to assess the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The impact of shigellosis is exacerbated by the threat of antimicrobial resistance, whereas that of cholera is aggravated by its severe manifestations. (biomedcentral.com)
Travelers3
  • [4] The oral cholera vaccine , while effective for cholera , is of questionable use for travelers' diarrhea . (wikipedia.org)
  • Polio vaccine is no longer recommended for US travelers to India. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • However, all travelers (residents and nationals) coming from countries reporting cases of polio should check to see if there is a requirement for a dose of polio vaccine prior to entry into India. (unboundmedicine.com)
Doses3
  • Kirsten E. Lyke, MD , Professor of Medicine at UMSOM, is Co-Chair and site Principal Investigator for the study and presented data to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) expert vaccine panel in October that led to the recommendation for mix-and-match booster doses following completion of Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) regimens. (umaryland.edu)
  • GSK is the leading vaccines company - they deliver over two million vaccine doses per day and more than 945 million vaccine doses since 2010 to people living in 158 countries. (globalhealthprogress.org)
  • In 2018, they delivered over 120 million doses of vaccines to Gavi. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Dose4
  • The newly published study found that for adults who previously received a full regimen of any COVID-19 vaccine granted EUA or approved by the FDA, an additional booster dose of any of these vaccines was safe and prompted an immune response. (umaryland.edu)
  • The vaccine is a freeze-dried supernate of centrifuged embryo homogenate, packaged in 1-dose and 5-dose vials for domestic use. (cdc.gov)
  • This study is a critical step in the ongoing efforts to understand vaccine efficacy, effectiveness, and long-term immunogenicity enabled by a Vi-DT booster dose. (ivi.int)
  • A single dose of injectable vaccine protects for three years, but will not protect against para-typhoid fever. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
Plague1
  • However, when vaccines commonly associated with local side effects(such as cholera, typhoid, and plague vaccines) are given simultaneously, the side effects can be accentuated. (cdc.gov)
Infections1
  • The incubation period of both typhoid and paratyphoid infections is 6-30 days. (cdc.gov)
Globally2
  • The vaccine will be submitted to the WHO for prequalification review after the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approves SK bioscience's Marketing Authorization request, responding to the need for sufficient and sustainable supply of TCVs to prevent and control typhoid fever globally. (ivi.int)
  • In 2019, over 9 million typhoid fever cases occurred globally, causing over 110,000 deaths . (cdc.gov)
Fever caused2
  • paratyphoid fever caused by Paratyphi B and Paratyphi C is rarely reported. (cdc.gov)
  • It can be harder to treat people with typhoid fever caused by a multi-drug resistant or XDR strain of the bacterium because there are fewer antibiotic options that may be hard to access. (cdc.gov)
Diarrhoea2
  • Bloody diarrhoea and typhoid had the high incidence for 2006-2013. (who.int)
  • Infants had the highest incidences of diarrhoea (759/1 000/year) and cholera (4/1 000/year). (biomedcentral.com)
20001
  • Created in 2000, Gavi is the global vaccine alliance, bringing together public and private sectors with the shared goal of creating equal access to new and underused vaccines for children living in the world's poorest countries. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Oral3
  • There is no specific vaccine for paratyphoid fever however there is some evidence to suggest that administration of the oral typhoid fever vaccine can provide some cross protection against paratyphoid fever. (edu.au)
  • If a patient is taking both Vivotif® oral and the oral cholera vaccine (Dukoral®), these should be administered 8 hours apart due to the risk of components of the cholera vaccine impacting how the typhoid vaccine is absorbed in the gut. (edu.au)
  • Various vaccines that protect against typhoid are available: Typherix, Typhim Vi and and an oral preparation (3 capsules) called Vivotif. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
Infants1
  • We are confident that with these results, we are close to achieving our goal of developing a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine with long-lasting immunogenicity to protect individuals, especially infants and children, against typhoid fever," said Dr. Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Associate Director General at IVI and Director of the Typhoid Program. (ivi.int)
Sustainable1
  • Working in collaboration with the international scientific community, public health organizations, governments, and industry, IVI is involved in all areas of the vaccine spectrum - from new vaccine design in the laboratory to vaccine development and evaluation in the field to facilitating sustainable introduction of vaccines in countries where they are most needed. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis1
  • The Vidal test is for the diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid disease. (pasteurlab.ir)
Burden1
  • Figures for burden of disease vary due to this difficulty, however the World Health Organization estimates that 128,000-161,000 people die every year from typhoid fever with 11-21 million annual cases. (ivi.int)
Immunity2
  • If IG needs to be administered because of imminent exposure to disease, live virus vaccines may be administered simultaneously with IG recognizing that vaccine-induced immunity may be compromised. (cdc.gov)
  • Booster vaccines may enhance waning immunity and expand the breadth of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. (umaryland.edu)
Cases2
Antigen1
  • If the patient's serum head is 1.80 in the somatic antigen and at least 1:40 in the case of the anti-HG-1, it is suspected to be typhoid or parathyroid. (pasteurlab.ir)
Food4
  • Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are acquired through consumption of water or food contaminated by feces of an acutely infected or convalescent person, or a person with chronic, asymptomatic carriage. (cdc.gov)
  • Typhoid is most often contracted through ingestion of food or drink contaminated by bacteria shed by infected people. (ivi.int)
  • Typhoid can be found throughout the world but it is more common in countries where water or food supplies are liable to be contaminated with human excreta especially in Africa, the Indian Sub-continent, South East Asia and South America. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
  • Individuals should consider being vaccinated if they are travelling to a country where typhoid fever is more common and where they will be unable to take sufficient care with food and drink. (centraltravelclinic.co.uk)
Clinical1
  • The preliminary clinical trial results, reported today in The New England Journal of Medicine , found that is safe and effective to receive boosters that are the same or a different one from the person's primary vaccine(s). (umaryland.edu)
Dehydration1
  • dehydration is a serious consequence of cholera, and may trigger serious sequelae -including, in rare instances, death-as rapidly as 24 hours after onset if not addressed promptly. (wikipedia.org)
Onset1
  • Blood or mucus in the diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, or high fever suggests a more serious cause, such as cholera , characterized by a rapid onset of weakness and torrents of watery diarrhea with flecks of mucus (described as "rice water" stools). (wikipedia.org)
Booster3
  • A University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) , Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD ), expert is co-leading an ongoing study that was pivotal in recommending adults and teens receive booster COVID-19 shots of their choosing starting in fall 2021. (umaryland.edu)
  • The ability to use vaccines for boosting that are different from those used for the primary series - mix and matching - can simplify vaccine booster administration. (umaryland.edu)
  • For a given primary EUA COVID-19 vaccine, administering a different vaccine as a booster elicited similar or higher serologic responses as compared to their respective homologous booster response. (umaryland.edu)
Pakistan1
  • A young woman receives a typhoid vaccine in Pakistan, 2019. (cdc.gov)
Million1
Incidence3
  • We found an overall incidence of cholera of 0.5/1 000/year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cholera was most common in children, with the highest incidence at 4/1 000/year in those less than 1 year of age. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To plan trials for the evaluation of vaccine candidates it is essential to understand the disease incidence in the study area. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune2
  • There is little interaction between inactivated vaccines and Immune Globulin. (cdc.gov)
  • This study was pivotal in contributing knowledge about the safety and immune responses of mixing and matching primary vaccines and boosters," said Dr. Lyke, who is also the Director of CVD's Malaria Vaccine and Challenge Unit . (umaryland.edu)