Cholera toxin protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen and sometimes abbreviated to CTX, Ctx or CT) is an AB5 multimeric protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (wikipedia.org)
In Vibrio cholerae , infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. (nature.com)
Cholera is an intestinal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae (see the images below). (medscape.com)
Electron microscopic image of Vibrio cholera. (medscape.com)
The cholera toxin is a protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (embs.org)
Vibrio cholerae infects human hosts following ingestion of contaminated meals or water, ensuing within the extreme diarrheal illness cholera. (genomeboy.com)
Vibrio cholerae is the causal agent of cholera and is most commonly spread by unknowingly drinking contaminated water. (technologynetworks.com)
Following the consumption of contaminated water, Vibrio cholera e expands and produces cholera toxin (CT) in the human intestinal tract. (technologynetworks.com)
The pathogenic agent of cholera is Vibrio cholerae , a Gram-negative, curved-rod shaped bacterium (Figure 1). (kenyon.edu)
Cholera is an acute infection of the small bowel by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae , which secretes a toxin that causes copious watery diarrhea, leading to dehydration, oliguria, and circulatory collapse. (msdmanuals.com)
Cholera toxin (CTX, produced by Vibrio cholerae ) is responsible for the infectious gastro-enteritis known as cholera. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Enterotoxins, generated by some bacteria (ie, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera ) act directly on secretory mechanisms and produce a typical, copious watery (rice water) diarrhea. (medscape.com)

The A subunit of cholera toxin activates adenylate cyclase, causing increased Cl - secretion by intestinal crypt cells and decreased NaCl-coupled absorption by villus cells and resulting in a net movement of electrolytes (and water) into the lumen of the intestine ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
The ability of the B-subunit of cholera toxin to bind GM1 has been exploited to visualize membrane rafts by confocal microscopy in patching and capping experiments. (upenn.edu)
Methods and Results-A peptide comprising amino acids 3136 to 3155 of apoB-100 (p210) was fused to the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB), which binds to a ganglioside on mucosal epithelia. (lu.se)

Its manifestations result almost entirely from action of cholera toxin, a protein enterotoxin excreted by the bacterial cell. (cdc.gov)
The causative organism, V. cholerae serogroups O1 and O139, is a short, curved, motile, aerobic, gram-negative bacillus that produces enterotoxin, a protein that induces hypersecretion of an isotonic electrolyte solution by the small-bowel mucosa. (msdmanuals.com)

This process is responsible for the toxicity of some bacterial toxins (e.g., cholera and pertussis toxins). (embl.de)
They include both the hydrolysis resistant GTP analogs, GTP-γ-S and GDP-β-S, that hold the Gα subunit in active and inactive conformations, respectively, and various bacterial toxins. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The research strategy is to develop process-monitoring tools for the quantification of contaminating compounds (e.g. bacterial toxins, viral markers) at extremely low levels. (lu.se)

Subunit B binds while subunit A activates the G protein which activates adenylate cyclase. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the surface of target cells. (wikipedia.org)
If a cell lacks GM1, the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and Lewis X, attached to proteins instead of lipids. (wikipedia.org)
A mutant cholera toxin B subunit that binds GM1- ganglioside but lacks immunomodulatory or toxic activity. (expasy.org)
The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. (curehunter.com)
In addition, cAMP binds to and regulates the function of ion channels such as the HCN channels and a few other cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins such as Epac1 and RAPGEF2 . (wikipedia.org)
Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to phosphorylate substrate proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin B (CTB) binds the GM 1 receptor and administration of CTB-SAP causes ablation of the specific cells expressing the receptor. (atsbio.com)

The pertussis toxin (also an AB5 protein) produced by Bordetella pertussis acts in a similar manner with the exception that it ADP-ribosylates the Gαi subunit, rendering it unable to inhibit cAMP production. (wikipedia.org)
Procedures -Isolated thyroid cell membranes were treated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and activation of G protein was quantified by measurement of the binding of guanosine triphosphate γ labeled with sulfur 35 (GTPγ 35 S). The separate effects of G-protein inhibitory (G i ) and G-protein stimulatory (G s ) proteins were determined by the use of pertussis toxin and cholera toxin, respectively. (avma.org)
Pertussis toxin (PTX, produced by Bordetella pertussis ) irreversibly inactivates most members of the Gα i family by uncoupling them from their cognate receptors. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The reaction catalyzed by pertussis toxin revealed a 41 kd substrate in the crude and basolateral fractions and a 40 kd substrate in the apical fraction. (elsevierpure.com)

The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer. (wikipedia.org)
Both vaccines use whole killed V. cholerae cells however, Dukoral also contains recombinant cholera toxin β (rCTB). (wikipedia.org)
We demonstrate that bacteriophage genomes encoding toxin genes with homology to those found in pathogenic V. cholerae are integrated in V. coralliilyticus genomes. (nature.com)
In V. cholerae , CTXφ prophage transmits toxin genes among the bacteria that express the TCP prophage receptor. (nature.com)
Although not the first description, the discovery of the cholera organism is credited to German bacteriologist Robert Koch, who independently identified V cholerae in 1883 during an outbreak in Egypt. (medscape.com)
A new strain of cholera, V cholerae serogroup O139 (Bengal) emerged in the fall of 1992 and caused outbreaks in Bangladesh and India in 1993. (medscape.com)
Although more than 200 serogroups of V cholerae have been identified, V cholerae O1 and V cholerae O139 are the principal ones associated with epidemic cholera. (medscape.com)
The seminal works by De, in Calcutta, India, during 1950-1960, breached several doubts pertaining to the enteric toxin produced by bacteria, including V.cholerae and Escherichia coli. (embs.org)
Lastly, but most important, is De's discovery of cholera toxin in 1959 in the cell-free culture filtrate of V. cholerae that stimulates a specific cellular response. (embs.org)
Since oral cholera vaccines formulated from killed V. cholerae are already available in some countries, in future clinical studies, it might be necessary to include a head-to-head comparison between the currently available bacteria-based vaccines and MucoRice-CTB. (technologynetworks.com)
As it is caused by this aquatic pathogen, cholera is most commonly spread by water supplies contaminated with stools infected with V. cholerae . (kenyon.edu)
However, those that survive travel to the small intestine where they begin to produce cholera toxin (CT), which is the main virulence factor of V. cholerae . (kenyon.edu)

CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. (wikipedia.org)
The watery diarrhea that's attribute of the illness is immediately brought on by manufacturing of cholera toxin (CT). (genomeboy.com)

The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. (curehunter.com)
Preincubation of human B cells with either toxin, but not their inactive subunits, for 3 h blocked these PAF-induced responses in two B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. (jci.org)
The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific serine or threonine residues of protein substrates. (wikipedia.org)
The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
Protoxins are the subunits of crystals which, when treated with a trypsin-like protease, release the active toxin. (scielo.br)
Heterotrimeric G proteins, comprising α, β and γ subunits, respond to extracellular signals generated by activated seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors by modulating intracellular effector proteins such as enzymes and ion channels. (sigmaaldrich.com)

This signaling pathway is inhibited in the presence of pertussis (PT) or cholera toxin (CT). (jci.org)
G proteins were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresis after adenosine diphosphate ribosylation in the presence of pertussis or cholera toxins. (elsevierpure.com)

CT is composed of an A subunit (CTA) associated with toxicity and a B subunit (CTB), which is a non-toxic protein and is essential for binding to epithelial cells for the induction of severe diarrhea. (technologynetworks.com)
These findings suggest selective sorting of the G proteins to regional domains in the plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. (elsevierpure.com)

strains O1 and O139, which do not produce cholera toxin. (msdmanuals.com)

Pathogenic isolates colonize the tiny intestine and secrete cholera toxin (CT), an A-B-type toxin, to trigger the profuse secretory diarrhea feature of cholera (44). (careersfromscience.org)
After penetrating the mucus layer, these organisms colonize the epithelial lining of the gut and secrete cholera toxin. (msdmanuals.com)

The data obtained in the present study confirm that the Cry1Ac protoxin is a potent immunogen able to induce a specific immune response in the mucosal tissue, which has not been observed in response to most other proteins. (scielo.br)
Recently, we demonstrated that recombinant Cry1Ac protoxin (pCry1Ac) administered to mice by the intraperitoneal ( ip ) or intragastric ( ig ) route induces systemic and mucosal antibody responses similar to those obtained with cholera toxin (6). (scielo.br)
The objective of this study was to develop an atheroprotective vaccine by targeting a peptide of the LDL protein constituent apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) to the nasal mucosa to induce a protective mucosal immune response. (lu.se)
We prepared GBS capsular polysaccharide (CPS) - recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (rCTB) conjugate vaccines by different methods and evaluated their systemic and mucosal immunogenicity in mice. (gu.se)
A novel mucosal immunization was examined using biocompatible and biodegradable alginate microspheres containing a conjugate of polysaccharide antigen and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). (korea.ac.kr)

[1] Adenylate cyclase is activated by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G ( G s )-protein-coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Adenylate cyclase is inhibited by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G ( G i )-protein-coupled receptors. (wikipedia.org)

may be the etiologic agent from the diarrheal disease cholera. (careersfromscience.org)
He made significant contributions to the understanding of cholera and related diarrheal diseases. (embs.org)
Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease with ancient origins, with Sanskrit accounts of the disease from the Indian subcontinent dating to the fifth century B.C. (1). (kenyon.edu)

Here, we used a genomics/proteomics approach (including immunoblot experiments from pigs infected with T. suis ) to prioritize putative immunogenic excretory/secretory (E/S) proteins conserved across and specific to several gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic nematode species. (frontiersin.org)

KR: How does the MucoRice-CTB vaccine differ from other available vaccines for cholera? (technologynetworks.com)
The oral vaccine is available for individuals travelling to countries where cholera is endemic, and has recently started to be used during outbreaks of the disease. (kenyon.edu)

1). However, other medical conditions such as co-infection with parasites and Vitamin A deficiency increase susceptibility to cholera infection. (kenyon.edu)
Although the mechanism of cholera infection has been well-studied, it remains a problem, especially in developing countries. (kenyon.edu)
Cholera is spread by ingestion of water, shellfish, or other foods contaminated by the excrement of people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. (msdmanuals.com)
Household contacts of patients with cholera are at high risk of infection, which probably occurs through shared sources of contaminated food and water. (msdmanuals.com)
Microorganisms may produce toxins that facilitate infection. (medscape.com)

CTB-SAP is a chemical conjugate of cholera toxin B-subunit and the ribosome-inactivating protein, saporin. (atsbio.com)

The ongoing seventh pandemic of cholera, which started in 1961, is certainly due to the Este Tor biotype. (careersfromscience.org)

Gb 3 glycosphingolipids are the specific receptors for bacterial Shiga toxin. (springer.com)

Elastin-like polypeptide switches: A design strategy to detect multimeric proteins. (choleratox.com)

his was an independent discovery for studying cholera in a rabbit model demonstrating the association of some strains of E. coli with diarrhea. (embs.org)
These heightened cAMP levels cause the diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera. (kenyon.edu)
Cholera can be subclinical, a mild and uncomplicated episode of diarrhea, or a fulminant, potentially lethal disease. (msdmanuals.com)

The B subunit portion of cholera toxin (CTB) is a safe and effective oral immunizing agent in humans, affording protection against both cholera and diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli producing heat-labile toxin (LT) (Clemens et al. (curehunter.com)

This procedure yielded a consistent raft product that was enriched in cholesterol, gangliosides sphingo-myelin and membrane raft protein markers including lck and lat 1. (upenn.edu)

Throughout history, populations all over the world have sporadically been affected by devastating outbreaks of cholera. (medscape.com)

There are currently two vaccines for cholera: Dukoral and Shanchol. (wikipedia.org)

Definitive diagnosis is not a prerequisite for the treatment of patients with cholera. (medscape.com)

VCP identifies ubiquitylated substrates through numerous dedicated adaptor proteins and unfolds substrates by threading them through a central pore in the hexamer ( Figure 1 ). (portlandpress.com)
VCP interacts with adaptor proteins to identify ubiquitylated substrates for degradation by the proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
Adenosine dlphosphate ribosylatton catalyzed by cholera toxins revealed two major substrates of molecular weights 47 and 43 kd in only the crude and basolateral fractions. (elsevierpure.com)

In recent time, vegetables have also been identified as safe and economic expression system for producing the recombinant proteins including the vaccines against many infectious diseases like hepatitis B, malaria, rotavirus, HIV, Helicobacter pylori , pestedes petits ruminants etc. (scialert.net)

Treatment of cultured rodent neural stem cells with cholera toxin induces changes in the localization of the transcription factor Hes3 and increases their numbers. (wikipedia.org)
Protein crowding induces membrane curvatures through an entropic mechanism. (portlandpress.com)

CT serves as a model for AB type toxins that act by ADP-ribosylation of an intracellular G-protein in the target cell. (mdpi.com)
Further, the toxins did not appear to act through elevation of intracellular levels of cAMP. (jci.org)
It is known that GSLs interact with both intracellular as well as exogenous proteins and are critical for membrane organisation, signalling, and recognition events. (springer.com)

The bacterium responsible for cholera was isolated in pure culture by Robert Koch in 1850. (kenyon.edu)

A cocktail of five recombinant proteins optimized for conserved GI nematode targets was used immunize pigs and test for active antibody responses in both the serum and intestinal ileal fluid of immunized pigs. (frontiersin.org)

During sporulation, bacterial cells synthesize insecticidal inclusion bodies consisting of proteins (Cry proteins) active against larvae of invertebrates species (1). (scielo.br)

Cholera toxin was discovered in 1959 by Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De. (wikipedia.org)

The chemical modification of proteins has been developed to a core discipline in chemical biology with diverse applications in all areas of the life sciences, including pharmacology, biophysics, biotechnology and cell biology [1-4] . (beilstein-journals.org)

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910), German physician and microbiologist, founder of modern bacteriology, identified the specific causative agents of TB, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease basing such discoveries on animal and human experimentation (Figure 1). (embs.org)

Existing cholera vaccines are a formulation of whole bacteria (e.g., killed) and generally require refrigerated storage (or cold chain). (technologynetworks.com)

Vegetable is an immense store of active chemical compounds and considered as the cheapest and most easily available sources of carbohydrate, fiber, proteins, vitamins, minerals and amino acids. (scialert.net)

The A1 chain is then unfolded and delivered to the membrane, where Ero1 triggers the release of the A1 protein by oxidation of protein disulfide isomerase complex. (wikipedia.org)
Crowding of asymmetric proteins results in an asymmetric lateral pressure across the membrane which can be used by cells in a number of biological processes involving membrane remodeling. (portlandpress.com)
Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
Being typically a minor component of the cell membrane, they are of utmost importance for biological functions that rely on lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions (Schnaar and Kinoshita 2015 ). (springer.com)
2018 ). Here, we will solely focus on the less recognized globosides and in particular the globoside Gb 3 , which is the membrane receptor for vero toxins. (springer.com)
With the use of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy we found a population of highly mobile vesicular structures near the cellular membrane containing both mTRPA1-mCherry and the lipid raft marker cholera toxin B ( Figure 1A and B , Video 1 ), as well as static areas where both fluorescent probes were colocalized at the membrane. (elifesciences.org)

The search specifically identifies the DNA of the gene that produces the ricin protein. (cdc.gov)

The genes encoding cholera toxin (and sp. (careersfromscience.org)
The primary area encodes CT as well as the genes involved with phage morphogenesis, which includes genes that are believed to encode the main and minimal phage layer proteins (Psh, Cep, OrfU, and Ace) and a proteins necessary for CTX set up (Zot) (48). (careersfromscience.org)

In 1992, a recognized serogroup newly, O139, surfaced and led to cholera epidemics in Southeast Asia (14). (careersfromscience.org)

Global pandemic spread of cholera from its ancestral home in Bengal was first documented in 1817 ( 1 ), the beginning of what has been designated as the first pandemic. (cdc.gov)
Cholera can be endemic, epidemic, or pandemic. (medscape.com)

These active PKA then phosphorylate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel proteins, which leads to ATP-mediated efflux of chloride ions and leads to secretion of H2O, Na+, K+, and HCO3− into the intestinal lumen. (wikipedia.org)

Co-localization of the C subunit of cytolethal distending toxin to rafts was determined using patching techniques. (upenn.edu)
Pamukcu, R , Spiegel, AM & Chang, EB 1993, ' Biochemical and immunochemical localization of GTP-binding proteins in the rat ileal enterocyte ', The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine , vol. 121, no. 5, pp. 689-696. (elsevierpure.com)

The complete toxin is a hexamer made up of a single copy of the A subunit (part A, enzymatic, P01555), and five copies of the B subunit (part B, receptor binding, P01556), denoted as AB5. (wikipedia.org)
A single ligand occupied receptor is able to activate several G protein molecules during the lifetime of a single αGTP complex. (sigmaaldrich.com)

More notably, cholera has survived the transition from ancient to modern world, with the establishment of endemic foci in virtually every continent. (cdc.gov)
Cholera is endemic in 50 nations around the world (1). (kenyon.edu)
Cholera is endemic in portions of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, South and Central America, and the Gulf Coast of the US. (msdmanuals.com)

Cholera has affected humans for at least a millennium and persists as a major cause of illness and death worldwide, with recent epidemics in Zimbabwe (2008-2009) and Haiti (2010). (cdc.gov)
Changes in the CTB sequences play an important role in the global epidemics of cholera. (mdpi.com)

Further, our data showed that MucoRice-CTB can be stored for a prolonged period (approximately three years) without any refrigeration while maintaining immunogenicity for the induction of the toxin-specific antibody responses with neutralizing activity. (technologynetworks.com)

CT plays an important role in the induction of protective immunity against cholera. (mdpi.com)
Screening the array with sera and ileal fluid samples from immunized pigs suggested cross-reactivity among homologous proteins and a general activation of immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins that activated immunity are potential antigens for immunization and the multi-omics phylum-spanning prioritization database that was created is a valuable resource for identifying target proteins in a wide array of different parasitic nematodes. (frontiersin.org)

The traditional biotype is thought to possess provided rise to the initial six cholera pandemics (2). (careersfromscience.org)

Since 1817, seven cholera pandemics have already been described. (careersfromscience.org)
Since 1817, 7 cholera pandemics have occurred. (medscape.com)

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -Ligand-stimulated activation of G proteins was the same in thyroid cell membranes obtained from hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats. (avma.org)
This study characterizes the distribution of various guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins (G proteins) in rat intestinal epithelial membranes. (elsevierpure.com)

b) Toxoid: A modified bacterial toxin that has been made nontoxic, but retains the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin. (cdc.gov)

Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. (wikipedia.org)
2010 ) as well as Shiga toxin are known to specifically bind to Gb 3 . (springer.com)

The combined effects result in rapid fluid loss from the intestine, up to 2 liters per hour, leading to severe dehydration and other factors associated with cholera, including a rice-water stool. (wikipedia.org)
Although the disease may be asymptomatic or mild, severe cholera can cause dehydration and death within hours of onset. (medscape.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms9

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Health Care2

Geographicals2

Vibrio12

Subunit of cholera toxin3

Enterotoxin2

Bacterial Toxins3

Binds8

Pertussis toxin4

Cholerae12

Watery diarrhea2

Subunits6

Presence of pertussis2

Epithelial cells2

Produce cholera toxin1

Secrete cholera toxin2

Mucosal5

Adenylate2

Diarrheal3

Secretory1

Vaccine2

Infection5

Conjugate1

Seventh pandemic of cholera1

Receptors1

Multimeric1

Diarrhea3

Enterotoxigenic Esch1

Gangliosides1

Outbreaks1

Vaccines for cholera1

Patients with cholera1

Substrates3

Diseases1

Induces2

Intracellular3

Bacterium1

Recombinant proteins1

Species1

19591

Life Sciences1

Infectious1

Bacteria1

Compounds1

Membrane6

Gene1

Genes2

O1391

Pandemic2

Secretion1

Localization2

Receptor2

Endemic3

Epidemics2

Antibody responses1

Immunity3

Biotype1

18172

Membranes2

Nontoxic1

Bind2

Dehydration2