CatalyticMammalianProteinVibrioBacterial ToxinsProteinsSubunitPertussisARFsGeneSecretionContrastHumanVirulenceInteractionRoleSpeciesIdentificationCellSignalPertussis toxinCatalyzes ADP ribosylationDiphtheria toxinBacterialActivatorStimulator of adenylate cyclaseShigaMammalian cellsAlpha-subunitsARF1SubstratesAntibodiesTransferaseCytosolicHomoEndocytosis1.47NicotinamideMonoDirectsHigh affinityConsistGenesRegulatory mechanismIntestinalMembraneGeneticStructuralStructureGolgiActivityFamilyCellsAsthmaMice
Catalytic1
- ARF6 is an allosteric activator of cholera toxin catalytic subunit, an ADP-ribosyltransferase. (antibodyguide.com)
Mammalian3
- It was also recognized by antibodies specific for a common GTP-binding site of mammalian a subunits or a carboxy-terminal ADP-ribosylation site of mammalian inhibitory G protein (G i ) α subunits. (elsevierpure.com)
- The 39-kDa α subunit shared the common GTP-binding site of mammalian G protein a subunits and the PTX-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation site of mammalian G i α subunits as expected from the immunoreactivity. (elsevierpure.com)
- The position-sensitive iterative database search program PSI-BLAST connected the mammalian ARTs with most known bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins. (indexindex.com)
Protein9
- ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 4A, ARL4A. (prospecbio.com)
- ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 (ARF6) is a GTP-binding protein that functions as a regulator of cytoskeleton remodeling and endocytic recycling. (antibodyguide.com)
- The 39-kDa α subunit of starfish G protein was also ADP-ribosylated by cholera toxin only when 1-MA was added to the membranes. (elsevierpure.com)
- These results indicate that in starfish oocyte membranes, 1-MA receptors are functionally coupled with the 39-kDa PTX-substrate G protein that transduces the signal into the formation of a cytoplasmic factor (MPF) and eventually into the reinitiation of meiosis. (elsevierpure.com)
- Cholera toxin (CT) has been considered an important protein in several medical research and technology advancements. (mdpi.com)
- CT serves as a model for AB type toxins that act by ADP-ribosylation of an intracellular G-protein in the target cell. (mdpi.com)
- Interestingly, these organisms also lack genes for ADP-ribosylhydrolases, the enzymes that reverse protein ADP-ribosylation. (indexindex.com)
- Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
- Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
Vibrio1
- ADP-ribosyltransferases including toxins secreted by Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas aerurginosa, and other pathogenic bacteria inactivate the function of human target proteins by attaching ADP-ribose onto a critical amino acid residue. (indexindex.com)
Bacterial Toxins3
- Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
- Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
- This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)
Proteins6
- ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a member of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- The ARF genes encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. The product of this gene is localized to the plasma membrane, and regulates vesicular trafficking, remodelling of membrane lipids, and signaling pathways that lead to actin remodeling. (wikipedia.org)
- The family members encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking as activators of phospholipase D. The gene products, including 6 ARF proteins and 11 ARF-like proteins, constitute a family of the RAS superfamily. (thermofisher.com)
- The ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family comprises a group of structurally and functionally conserved proteins, which are members of the Ras superfamily of regulatory GTP-binding proteins. (nsjbio.com)
- ARF has a number of disparate activities including maintenance of organelle integrity, assembly of coat proteins, as a co-factor for cholera toxin and as an activator of phospholipase D. (nsjbio.com)
- This gene is a member of the human ARF gene family whose members encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimulate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and play a role in vesicular trafficking and as activators of phospholipase D. The gene products include 5 ARF proteins and 11 ARF-like proteins and constitute one family of the RAS superfamily. (creative-biolabs.com)
Subunit1
- The a subunit contained a site for ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by PTX. (elsevierpure.com)
Pertussis1
- Microinjection of pertussis toxin (PTX) inhibited 1-MA-induced GVBD in Asterina pectinifera and Asterina (Patiria) miniata. (elsevierpure.com)
ARFs2
- However, unlike ARFs, ARL4 does not activate the cholera toxin ADP-ribosyltranferase. (prospecbio.com)
- ADP-ribosylation factor family members (Arfs) in mice possess GTPase activities, and some members have been found to function in meiosis. (appliedbioinfo.com)
Gene2
- ADP-ribosylation factor 1 is a member of the human ARF gene family. (thermofisher.com)
- This suggests that the two enzyme families that catalyze reversible mono-ADP-ribosylation either were lost from the genomes of these nonchordata eucaryotes or were subject to horizontal gene transfer between kingdoms. (indexindex.com)
Secretion1
- Genome content analysis revealed that general classes of putative host-microbe interaction functions, such as secretion systems and toxin classes, were identified in all bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Contrast1
- In contrast, we observed diversity of individual genes within families (e.g. non-ribosomal peptide synthetase clusters and insecticidal toxin components), indicating the specific molecules secreted by each strain can vary. (biomedcentral.com)
Human1
- Two human and four mouse ARTs contain the active site motif (R-S-EXE) typical of arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferases and exhibit the predicted enzyme activities. (indexindex.com)
Virulence1
- Once in the insect blood cavity, the nematodes and bacteria produce virulence factors and kill the insect host. (biomedcentral.com)
Interaction2
- Xenorhabdus strains (members of a single species) can display wide variation in host-interaction phenotypes and genetic potential indicating that strains may differ in their encoded symbiosis factors, including secreted metabolites. (biomedcentral.com)
- Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)
Role2
Species2
- Cross-species polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and database mining identified the orthologs of these ADP-ribosylating toxins in humans and the mouse. (indexindex.com)
- Specifically, CMO NPs with a certain concentration reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression, and upregulated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression in macrophages. (bvsalud.org)
Identification1
- To discern strain-level variation among symbiosis factors, and facilitate the identification of novel compounds, we performed a comparative analysis of the genomes of 10 Xenorhabdus bovienii bacterial strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell1
- The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Signal1
- The signal of 1-MA is transduced into cytoplasmic formation of maturation-promoting factor (MPF) that eventually induces a germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). (elsevierpure.com)
Pertussis toxin9
- Block of light responses of salamander rods by pertussis toxin and reversal by nicotinamide. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin of the A-B class produced by Bordetella pertussis. (nih.gov)
- The crystal structure of pertussis toxin has been determined at 2.9 A resolution. (nih.gov)
- Two peripheral domains that are unique to the pertussis toxin B-oligomer show unexpected structural homology with a calcium-dependent eukaryotic lectin, and reveal possible receptor-binding sites. (nih.gov)
- The structure provides insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of pertussis toxin and the evolution of bacterial toxins. (nih.gov)
- Pertussis toxin substrates of 40-41 kd were tentatively identified as Gi alpha-subunits. (mdc-berlin.de)
- In dibutyryl-cAMP-differentiated HL-60 cells, histamine H1 and formyl peptide receptors mediate increases in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) via pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of the Gi family. (uni-regensburg.de)
- The effects of CPH on [Ca2+]i, phospholipase D, and superoxide anion formation were inhibited by pertussis toxin. (uni-regensburg.de)
- Procedures -Isolated thyroid cell membranes were treated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and activation of G protein was quantified by measurement of the binding of guanosine triphosphate γ labeled with sulfur 35 (GTPγ 35 S). The separate effects of G-protein inhibitory (G i ) and G-protein stimulatory (G s ) proteins were determined by the use of pertussis toxin and cholera toxin, respectively. (avma.org)
Catalyzes ADP ribosylation1
- CTA1 catalyzes ADP ribosylation of Gs alpha, which results in persistent activation of Gs alpha. (nih.gov)
Diphtheria toxin2
- Cholix toxin (ChxA) is a recently discovered exotoxin in Vibrio cholerae which has been characterized as a third member of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins, in addition to exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. (nih.gov)
- The mechanism of ADP- ribosylation of elongation factor 2 catalyzed by fragment A from diphtheria toxin. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Bacterial2
- Many bacterial toxins have the ability to enter target cells, most often by using physiological endocytosis pathways, and to modify a specific intracellular target ( Table 3 ). (medscape.com)
- Early in his career, Dr. Moss and collaborators discovered that the bacterial toxin, cholera toxin, exerted its effects on mammalian cells by ADP-ribosylation, the transfer of an ADP-ribose group from NAD to an acceptor molecule. (nih.gov)
Activator1
- Biological Activity： Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate (Guanosine 5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate) trisodium is a non-hydrolysable GTP analogue, an activator of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and a potent stimulator of adenylate cyclase. (epigenetics-modulation-frontier.com)
Stimulator of adenylate cyclase1
- The name ADP-ribosylation factor derives from the discovery, in 1984, of the factor that confers sensitivity of the stimulator of adenylate cyclase (Gs) to cholera toxin, an ADP-ribosyltransferase (4). (nih.gov)
Shiga1
- ST, Shiga toxin. (rupress.org)
Mammalian cells3
- To reach their targets in the cytosol of mammalian cells the toxins apparently go one step further and cross the ER membrane. (rupress.org)
- He later discovered that mammalian cells contain endogenous enzymes with activities that mimic the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) activity of cholera toxin. (nih.gov)
- Subsequently, in trying to determine why the ADP-ribosyltransferase activities of mammalian cells are not toxic, Dr. Moss identified ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases (ARHs), enzymes that release the ADP-ribose moiety from its acceptor. (nih.gov)
Alpha-subunits2
- Cholera toxin substrates of 42 and 45 kd were identified that apparently correlated to Gs alpha-subunits. (mdc-berlin.de)
- They also enhanced binding of guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate and GTP azidoanilide to, and cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of, Gi protein alpha subunits. (uni-regensburg.de)
ARF11
- ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is a member of the human ARF gene family. (cancerindex.org)
Substrates1
- The in vivo effects of nicotinamide on developing M. xanthus cells correlate with its in vitro effects on ADP-ribosylation and the developmental profile of putative ADP-ribosylation substrates. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antibodies1
- Procedure -Expression of G i and G s was quantified in enriched membrane preparations of thyroid gland tissue, using immunoblotting with G i and G s antibodies and toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. (avma.org)
Transferase1
- Activation of a cytosolic ADP- ribosvl transferase by nitric oxide generating agents. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cytosolic1
- We learned this from in vitro assays of membrane traffic, including those for intra-Golgi transport and nuclear vesicle and endosome fusion, which are inhibited by GTPgS and require the addition of cytosol or a cytosolic factor (7,8). (nih.gov)
Homo1
- Homo sapiens ADP ribosylation factor 5 (ARF5), mRNA. (genscript.com)
Endocytosis1
- BRAG2/GEP100/IQSec1 interacts with clathrin and regulates ?5?1 integrin endocytosis through activation of ADP ribosylation factor 5 (Arf5). (genscript.com)
1.471
- Íntervienen en el tráfico de vesículas y en la activación de la FOSFOLIPASA D. Esta enzima fue clasificada antiguamente como EC 3.6.1.47. (bvsalud.org)
Nicotinamide1
- Adenosine and nicotinamide inhibited ADP-ribosylation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Mono3
- Stimulation of mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation by reduced extracellular calcium levels in human fibroblasts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Alkylation-induced mono(ADP-ribosyl)-histones H1 and H2B. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- PROTEÍNAS MONOMÉRICAS DE UNIÓN AL GTP que inicialmente fueron reconocidas como activadores alostéricos de la MONO(ADP-RIBOSA) TRANSFERASA de la subunidad catalítica de la TOXINA DEL CÓLERA. (bvsalud.org)
Directs1
- GM1 directs the toxin into lipid rafts, which facilitates toxin entry into noncoated vesicles, but also into clathrin-coated vesicles. (medscape.com)
High affinity1
- Cholera toxin, via the B-subunits, binds with high affinity to GM1 gangliosideM1 which is distributed in the detergent-resistant membrane fraction of enterocytes. (medscape.com)
Consist1
- These toxins consist of three characteristic domains for receptor binding, translocation, and catalysis. (nih.gov)
Genes2
- Genes coding for the reversible ADP- ribosylation system of dinitrogenase reductase from Rhodospirillum rubrum. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- He and his team are studying multiple mouse models of disease involving ADP- ribosylation-related genetic knockouts to further elucidate the role of these genes in health and disease. (nih.gov)
Regulatory mechanism2
- Reversible ADP- ribosylation is demonstrated to be a regulatory mechanism in prokaryotes by heterologous expression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Exquisite control by ARTs and ARHs makes physiological ADP-ribosylation an effective cellular regulatory mechanism with diverse functions. (nih.gov)
Intestinal3
- Intracellularly active toxins usually display a unique enzymatic activity, but they can stimulate several cell signaling pathways, which often results in intestinal cell necrosis, leading to a mid-to-severe inflammatory response. (medscape.com)
- The inflammatory process, which can also be triggered by other toxin-induced cell signaling, contributes to the damage of the intestinal mucosa. (medscape.com)
- In cholera, the toxin-generated level of intestinal cyclic AMP system activation is significantly greater than normally observed. (nih.gov)
Membrane1
- BACKGROUND: The resistance of a Culex quinquefasciatus strain to the binary (Bin) larvicidal toxin from Lysinibacillus sphaericus is due to the lack of expression of the toxin's receptors, the membrane-bound Cqm1 α-glucosidases. (bvsalud.org)
Genetic2
- Previously, it has been found that both genetic and epigenetic factors may play critical roles in its etiology and prognosis. (cancerindex.org)
- Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are a large group of small genetic modules found in prokaryotes and their mobile genetic elements. (bvsalud.org)
Structural1
- The structural similarity is all the more surprising given that there is almost no sequence homology between B-subunits of the different toxins. (nih.gov)
Structure1
- The structure of rat ADP-ribosylation factor-1 (ARF-1) complexed to GDP determined from two different crystal forms. (embl.de)
Golgi1
- The Golgi apparatus is a highly reactive organelle that exhibits functional and morphological perturbations in response to molecular-level and contextual factors. (molcells.org)
Activity2
- Dr. Moss and colleagues demonstrated that ADP-ribosylation neutralizes the activity of defensin HNP-1, a key effector of the innate immune system that is secreted by neutrophils to kill microorganisms. (nih.gov)
- Migration inhibitory factor activity was not detected in cultures of splenic leukocytes from ts 1 survivors of CVB3(m)-inoculated ts 1 survivors, but it was readily detected in cultures of splenic leukocytes from CVB3(m)-inoculated normal adolescent mice. (nih.gov)
Family1
- Other members of the cholera toxin family are the E. coli heat-labile enterotoxins (LT)-I and-II. (medscape.com)
Cells1
- The capacity for production of migration inhibitory factor was assessed by the agarose droplet cell migration inhibition assay, using peritoneal exudate cells and a CVB3(m) cell lysate or KCl extracted antigens from heart tissues of CVB3(m)-inoculated mice. (nih.gov)
Asthma1
- ADP-ribosylated HNP-1 was identified in the airways of patients with pulmonary disease (e.g. asthma, pulmonary fibrosis) but not in healthy individuals. (nih.gov)
Mice2
- Dr. Moss and his colleagues showed that in mice lacking the opposing ARH, ARH1, the effects of cholera toxin were demonstrably amplified. (nih.gov)
- More recently, Dr. Moss's laboratory has shown that mice lacking ARH1 spontaneously develop multiple tumor types, indicating a role for ADP-ribosylation in cancer. (nih.gov)