Cholera toxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

The complete toxin is a hexamer made up of a single copy of the A subunit (part A, enzymatic, P01555), and five copies of the B subunit (part B, receptor binding, P01556), denoted as AB5. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the surface of target cells. (wikipedia.org)
The pertussis toxin (also an AB5 protein) produced by Bordetella pertussis acts in a similar manner with the exception that it ADP-ribosylates the Gαi subunit, rendering it unable to inhibit cAMP production. (wikipedia.org)
Cholera toxin (CT) treatment (50 micrograms/ml) was used to down regulate the alpha subunit of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gs alpha) in pineal glands in organ culture, as has been seen in non-neural tissue. (nih.gov)
We increase our understanding of augmenting a cellular immune response, by using an HIV-1 protease-derived epitope (PR75 − 84), and variants thereof, coupled to the C-terminal, of the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). (diva-portal.org)
In order to investigate whether cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) is transported by unmyelinated primary afferents following nerve injury, we transected the sciatic nerves of six rats, and injected the transected nerves (and in three cases also the intact contralateral nerves) with CTb, 2 weeks later. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Shehab, SAS , Spike, RC & Todd, AJ 2003, ' Evidence against cholera toxin B subunit as a reliable tracer for sprouting of primary afferents following peripheral nerve injury ', Brain Research , vol. 964, no. 2, pp. 218-227. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Several plant and bacterial toxins, the AB toxins, share a common structural organization that consists of a catalytic A subunit and a cell-binding B subunit. (usda.gov)

Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen and sometimes abbreviated to CTX, Ctx or CT) is an AB5 multimeric protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. (wikipedia.org)
Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, requires two coordinately regulated factors for full virulence: cholera toxin (CT), a potent enterotoxin, and toxin-coregulated pili (TCP), surface organelles required for intestinal colonization. (nih.gov)
Vibrio cholerae -specific and functional antibodies among participants in a serologic study conducted before a cholera outbreak in Haiti, 2022. (cdc.gov)
Some types of Vibrio cholerae bacteria cause serious diarrheal illness called cholera , and others cause illness that's typically less serious. (cdc.gov)
This page describes infections involving Vibrio cholerae that do not cause cholera. (cdc.gov)
What's the difference between Vibrio cholerae that cause cholera and those that don't? (cdc.gov)
Two serogroups (O1 and O139) or types of Vibrio cholerae bacteria can produce cholera toxin that causes the disease we call cholera. (cdc.gov)
About 1 in 10 people infected with cholera toxin-producing O1 or O139 Vibrio cholerae experience severe, life-threatening illness, and both serogroups can cause widespread epidemics. (cdc.gov)
All other Vibrio cholerae types are known as "non-cholera Vibrio cholerae . (cdc.gov)
These include strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 that do not produce cholera toxin. (cdc.gov)
Like Vibrio species that cause vibriosis , non-cholera Vibrio cholerae bacteria naturally live in coastal waters and are present in higher concentrations when water temperatures are warmer. (cdc.gov)
Infection is diagnosed when Vibrio cholerae bacteria that do not produce cholera toxin are found in a sample of the stool, in a wound, or in the blood of the patient. (cdc.gov)
Most people with non-cholera Vibrio cholerae infection recover without antibiotic treatment within a few days. (cdc.gov)
Non-cholera Vibrio cholerae are the third most commonly reported group of Vibrio bacteria causing infection in the United States , with about 100 cases reported each year. (cdc.gov)
It is caused by strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that produce the cholera toxin. (medscape.com)
However, an effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Vibrio cholerae O1 is excreted. (medscape.com)
In Vibrio cholerae , infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. (nature.com)
AB toxins include Shiga toxin (ST) from Escherichia coli strains such as O157:H7, cholera toxin (CT) from Vibrio cholerae, heat-labile toxin (LT) from enterotoxigenic E. coli, diphtheria toxin (DT) from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, exotoxin A (ETA) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ricin from the plant Ricinus communis. (usda.gov)
Cholera is an acute infection of the small bowel by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae , which secretes a toxin that causes copious watery diarrhea, leading to dehydration, oliguria, and circulatory collapse. (msdmanuals.com)
Vibrio cholerae species can be divided into 2 major groups: cholera-causing strains of the serogroups O1 and O139, and non-O1 V. cholerae (NOVC) [1]. (who.int)
Vibrio cholerae infects human hosts following ingestion of contaminated meals or water, ensuing within the extreme diarrheal illness cholera. (genomeboy.com)

Cholera is caused by V. cholerae serogroup O1 strains that produce cholera toxin. (cdc.gov)
strains O1 and O139, which do not produce cholera toxin. (msdmanuals.com)

Some strains of the cholera bacterium live naturally in the warm and brackish waters along the Gulf Coast. (medscape.com)
10 Other genetically modified S typhi strains are currently being evaluated in humans 11 , 12 and similar attenuation strategies have been used to construct live attenuated shigella and cholera vaccines. (bmj.com)
It is also antigenically distinct from the V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains, which cause epidemic cholera in many countries. (who.int)
An unknown number of summer acute diarrhoeas may actually be caused by various strains of cholera, yet no systematic bacteriological surveillance has been initiated to this day in the country. (who.int)

Bagley K.C., Abdelwahab S.F., Tuskan R.G., Fouts T.R., Lewis G.K., Cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin activate human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and dominantly inhibit cytokine production through a cyclic AMP-dependent pathway, Infect. (vetres.org)

Mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin requires Th17 cells and protects against inhalation anthrax. (nih.gov)
He later discovered that mammalian cells contain endogenous enzymes with activities that mimic the ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) activity of cholera toxin. (nih.gov)

The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into V. cholerae by horizontal gene transfer. (wikipedia.org)
Both vaccines use whole killed V. cholerae cells however, Dukoral also contains recombinant cholera toxin β (rCTB). (wikipedia.org)
Cholera is diagnosed by isolation of toxigenic V. cholerae serotype O1 from feces. (cdc.gov)
Other serogroups of V. cholerae, and nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1, may be isolated from stools of patients with diarrhea, but these bacteria are not associated with epidemic cholera. (cdc.gov)
We demonstrate that bacteriophage genomes encoding toxin genes with homology to those found in pathogenic V. cholerae are integrated in V. coralliilyticus genomes. (nature.com)
In V. cholerae , CTXφ prophage transmits toxin genes among the bacteria that express the TCP prophage receptor. (nature.com)
Non-O1 V. cholerae (NOVC) typically does not elaborate cholera toxin. (who.int)

Early in his career, Dr. Moss and collaborators discovered that the bacterial toxin, cholera toxin, exerted its effects on mammalian cells by ADP-ribosylation, the transfer of an ADP-ribose group from NAD to an acceptor molecule. (nih.gov)
They also showed that these synthetic mucins could effectively neutralize the bacterial toxin that causes cholera. (nih.gov)

CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. (wikipedia.org)
Within 12 to 24 hours after swallowing contaminated water or food, the toxin causes an acute, profuse watery diarrhea that quickly leads to profound loss of fluid and electrolytes, acidosis, and shock. (medscape.com)
Cholera should be suspected in a patient with severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. (cdc.gov)
The watery diarrhea that's attribute of the illness is immediately brought on by manufacturing of cholera toxin (CT). (genomeboy.com)

In developing nations, cholera transmission can be prevented through improved water, sanitation, and hygiene services and the use of oral cholera vaccines (OCVs). (mdpi.com)

There are currently two vaccines for cholera: Dukoral and Shanchol. (wikipedia.org)
The only other existing cholera-prevention vaccines require 2 doses, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (medscape.com)
NIAID supports university-based and pharmaceutical and biotechnology researchers who are working to develop new cholera treatments and vaccines to prevent infection. (nih.gov)
NIAID efforts to develop a preventive cholera vaccine have targeted two distinct but overlapping approaches: live and "killed" vaccines. (nih.gov)
Vaccines are usually evaluated in field studies by comparing the incidence of disease (in this case, cholera) in a vaccinated population to an unvaccinated placebo control population. (nih.gov)
Killed" or inactivated vaccines are those that contain cholera bacteria that have been made harmless so as not to infect the vaccinated recipient. (nih.gov)
Currently, two of these types of cholera vaccines are available and both are administered orally as opposed to injection. (nih.gov)
If used on a broader scale, the vaccines could reduce global cholera rates, especially if antimicrobial and oral rehydration therapies are also available, and sanitation programs are supported by community education. (nih.gov)

Treatment of cultured rodent neural stem cells with cholera toxin induces changes in the localization of the transcription factor Hes3 and increases their numbers. (wikipedia.org)
Gagliardi M.C., Sallusto F., Marinaro M., Langenkamp A., Lanzavecchia A., De Magistris M.T., Cholera toxin induces maturation of human dendritic cells and licences them for Th2 priming, Eur. (vetres.org)

At a time when global travel is on the rise, cases of cholera will likely be imported into the United States from countries such as Haiti and Cameroon, where outbreaks have occurred and where medical and relief personnel are travelling back and forth. (medscape.com)
The World Health Organization estimates that 3-5 million cases of cholera occur annually, with 100,000-120,000 deaths. (medscape.com)
In the United States, 1-8 cases of cholera are diagnosed each year among people returning or coming from cholera-affected areas. (medscape.com)
In addition, approximately two cases of cholera are reported each year among travelers returning to the United States from non-Western Hemisphere countries. (cdc.gov)
Because of the considerable travel between Latin America and the United States, and because of the presence of the Gulf Coast strain, additional cases of cholera may occur. (cdc.gov)

Phage transfer: a new player turns up in cholera infection. (nih.gov)
a public health official will talk to the patient about how they may have acquired the infection, and a sanitarian will visit the home to make sure sanitary conditions will prevent further spread of cholera. (medscape.com)
Molina, NC & Peterson, JW 1980, ' Cholera toxin-like toxin released by Salmonella species in the presence of mitomycin C ', Infection and immunity , vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 224-230. (utmb.edu)
The conclusion drawn was that vaccination reduced the amount of cholera in the environment, and therefore, the risk of infection to everyone in the community. (nih.gov)
Cholera is spread by ingestion of water, shellfish, or other foods contaminated by the excrement of people with symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. (msdmanuals.com)
Household contacts of patients with cholera are at high risk of infection, which probably occurs through shared sources of contaminated food and water. (msdmanuals.com)

Cassel D., Selinger Z., Mechanism of adenylate cyclase activation by cholera toxin: inhibition of GTP hydrolysis at the regulatory site, Proc. (vetres.org)

Epidemic cholera appeared in Peru in January 1991 and subsequently spread to Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, and Guatemala (Table 1) (1-3). (cdc.gov)
Clinical suspicion should be increased for persons returning from areas known to have epidemic cholera or for persons with a recent history of ingestion of raw or undercooked shellfish. (cdc.gov)

Monoclonal antibodies can be used for the delivery of anticancer payloads such as radionucleotides, toxins and chemotherapeutic agents to the tumors. (researchandmarkets.com)

Short-chain fatty acids inhibit fluid and electrolyte loss induced by cholera toxin in proximal colon of rabbit in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
It is therefore difficult to inhibit multiple AB toxins with a single agent for inactivation. (usda.gov)

If a cell lacks GM1, the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and Lewis X, attached to proteins instead of lipids. (wikipedia.org)

Toxins are substances created by plants and animals that are poisonous (toxic) to humans. (medlineplus.gov)
Most toxins that cause problems in humans come from germs such as bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)

The development of a vaccine containing live cholera involves reducing the bacteria's virulence and ability to cause diarrhea while preserving its ability to induce an immune response. (nih.gov)
Cholera can be subclinical, a mild and uncomplicated episode of diarrhea, or a fulminant, potentially lethal disease. (msdmanuals.com)

Dive into the research topics of 'Cholera toxin-like toxin released by Salmonella species in the presence of mitomycin C'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (utmb.edu)

Travelers to cholera-affected regions should receive a cholera vaccine. (medscape.com)
The cholera vaccine Vaxchora is the only one approved by the FDA for cholera prevention. (medscape.com)
It is a live, weakened vaccine administered as a single, oral liquid dose of about three fluid ounces at least 10 days before travel to a cholera-affected region. (medscape.com)
A single-dose vaccine is especially beneficial to a person who needs to travel to a cholera-affected region on short notice. (medscape.com)
An important re-analysis of a large study involving a vaccine containing inactivated cholera found that the incidence of cholera among the placebo recipients varied inversely with the level of vaccination in the community. (nih.gov)
In the case of cholera, one epidemiological model in Bangladesh showed that because of community immunity, a vaccine containing inactivated cholera conferring relatively short-lived immunity could eliminate cholera entirely if 70 percent of the population was vaccinated. (nih.gov)
The technology used to create Dukoral was later transferred to Vietnam and India, where a modified killed cholera vaccine is being produced as OCV-Vax in Vietnam and as Shanchol in India. (nih.gov)
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through grant SAF2010-21224, the Spanish AIDS network "Red Temática Cooperativa de Investigación en SIDA" (RD06/0006), "Gala contra la sida: Barcelona 2011," and the Catalan HIV Vaccine Development Program (HIVACAT). (plos.org)

After having increased the GM1 cell content (65-fold) by incubation with the various ganglioside species, the cells were incubated with cholera toxin and the time course of cyclic AMP accumulation was monitored. (unimib.it)
Moreover, the amount of cyclic AMP accumulated after a given time of incubation with cholera toxin was significantly higher when the C18:1-GM1 species was present than with native GM1. (unimib.it)

Once bound, the entire toxin complex is endocytosed by the cell and the reduction of a disulfide bridge releases the cholera toxin A1 (CTA1) chain. (wikipedia.org)
Yet the extract did not affect toxin transport from the cell surface to the ER or the dissociation of CTA1 from its holotoxin. (usda.gov)

The incubation period for cholera is 1 to 3 days. (msdmanuals.com)

Filter-sterilized culture supernatants containing the toxin caused elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells, which could be blocked by heating the supernatants at 100°C for 15 min or by adding mixed gangliosides or monospecific cholera antitoxin. (utmb.edu)

The combined effects result in rapid fluid loss from the intestine, up to 2 liters per hour, leading to severe dehydration and other factors associated with cholera, including a rice-water stool. (wikipedia.org)

We have studied the effects of SCFA on fluid and electrolyte absorption during cholera toxin (CT) -induced colonic secretion in rabbit , using a steady- state perfusion technique with marker (PEG) dilution . (bvsalud.org)

[ 1 ] On October 23, 2010, an outbreak of cholera was reported about 700 miles off the coast of Florida in the Caribbean nation of Haiti -- a country that has long lacked clean, safe water. (medscape.com)
It is thought to be the largest, fastest-spreading cholera outbreak in modern history. (msdmanuals.com)

These toxins are released into the extracellular milieu, but they act upon targets within the eukaryotic (mammalian) cytosol. (usda.gov)

In cholera, the toxin-generated level of intestinal cyclic AMP system activation is significantly greater than normally observed. (nih.gov)

Cyclic AMP accumulation in HeLa cells induced by cholera toxin. (unimib.it)

In developed nations, cholera is rare, and cases are typically imported from endemic areas by returning travellers. (mdpi.com)

Antimicrobial therapy for cholera is an adjunct to fluid therapy and is not an essential therapeutic component. (medscape.com)
If antimicrobial therapy is to be initiated, it should be given when the patient is first seen and cholera is suspected. (medscape.com)

Several serotypes of Salmonella were shown to release increased amounts of a cholera toxin-like toxin during culture in vitro with mitomycin C (MTC). (utmb.edu)
When MTC was not added to the Salmonella cultures, little or no toxin was detected in crude, unconcentrated culture supernatants. (utmb.edu)

At present, World Health Organization ORS packets (WHO-ORS,* Jianas Brothers, St. Louis), RicelyteTM (Mead Johnson), and RehydralyteR (Ross Laboratories) are the only oral solutions available in the United States that contain the proper balance of electrolytes for treating cholera. (cdc.gov)
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT), or the administration of an oral solution containing glucose and electrolytes, is currently the predominant treatment for cholera worldwide. (nih.gov)

Action of cholera endotoxins on the organism. (nih.gov)

With clinical awareness of signs and symptoms of cholera, and knowledge of appropriate treatment, cholera should not pose a major risk to health in the United States. (cdc.gov)
For example, the symptoms of cholera are caused by a toxin made by cholera bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)

Expression of cell fate determinants and plastic changes after neurotoxic lesion of adult mice spinal cord by cholera toxin-B saporin. (atsbio.com)

Despite the general similarities in their host interactions, each AB toxin utilizes a distinct subset of surface receptors, intracellular trafficking/translocation mechanisms and cytosolic targets. (usda.gov)

This report provides an update on cholera in the Western Hemisphere and provides recommendations on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cholera in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Proper treatment of sewage and drinking water in the United States should prevent transmission of cholera by these routes within the United States. (cdc.gov)
No other drugs besides antibiotics should be used in the treatment of cholera. (medscape.com)

Some AB toxins, such as DT, access the cytosol from acidified endosomes. (usda.gov)
Other AB toxins such as ST and CT move from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before passage into the cytosol through a mechanism involving the quality control system of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). (usda.gov)

Toxins may also include some medicines that are helpful in small doses, but poisonous in large amounts. (medlineplus.gov)

Patients suspected of having cholera should be treated aggressively while awaiting culture results. (cdc.gov)

However, cholera may still have limited niches of low endemicity, especially in Northern Lebanon, where sub-clinical cases may occur. (who.int)

Since the emergence of cholera in Haiti, 33 cholera cases have been identified in the United States among people who had travelled to Hispaniola or consumed seafood brought back from Hispaniola to the United States. (medscape.com)

Anatomy9

Organisms8

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

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Subunit8

Vibrio21

Produce cholera toxin2

Strains4

Heat-labile ente1

Activity of cholera toxin2

Cholerae7

Bacterial toxin2

Watery4

Oral cholera vaccines1

Vaccines8

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Cases of cholera5

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Epidemic cholera2

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Humans2

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CTA12

Incubation1

Gangliosides1

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Mammalian1

Intestinal1

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Antimicrobial2

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Haiti1