Chloroquine resistance mutations. Medical search. Frequent questions

The NIAID group reported that small changes in the pfcrt gene of chromosome 7 of P. falciparum associate completely with chloroquine resistance in parasite lines from Asia, Africa and South America. (sciencedaily.com)
Our clinical data strongly support that this pfcrt mutant is responsible for chloroquine resistance," states Dr. Djimde, "but the level of resistance may be modulated by other factors or other genes. (sciencedaily.com)
From the sequence and laboratory evidence it's utterly parsimonious and consistent with all the data-especially including the extreme rarity of the origin of chloroquine resistance-to think that a first, required mutation to PfCRT is strongly deleterious while the second may partially rescue the normal, required function of the protein, plus confer low chloroquine transport activity. (blogspot.com)
The K76T mutation on the pfcrt gene has been identified as a marker of CQ resistance and the SVMNT haplotype in codons 72-76 on the same gene has been associated with resistance to amodiaquine (AQ). (biomedcentral.com)
To explain clinical resistance to these anti-malarial drugs, molecular studies have been conducted and have identified mutations on several genes such as the pfcrt gene which encodes a membrane transporter protein located on the parasitic digestive vacuole in P. falciparum [ 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
By contrast, the pfcrt D/N75E mutation was strongly associated with the in vitro chloroquine resistance in Cambodian isolates. (pasteur.fr)
CQ resistance is associated with mutations in the CQ resistance transporter (PfCRT), a membrane protein of the digestive vacuole that allows the efflux of the drug form its site of action. (gla.ac.uk)
However, PfCRT mutations alone cannot explain the full array of phenotypes found in resistant parasites. (gla.ac.uk)
The findings of this study suggest that in parasites bearing mutant PfCRT, GSH is transported into the digestive vacuole where it is able to contribute to resistance by degrading heme, before the tripeptide itself is degraded by peptidases inside the vacuole, consistent with the overall reduction of GSH levels in CQ resistant parasites. (gla.ac.uk)
Mutations in the PfK13 gene, for example, are primarily responsible for artemisinin-resistance, while mutations in the Pfcrt gene lead to chloroquine-resistance. (sciencenordic.com)
The discovery of pfcrt as the determinant of chloroquine resistance, reported in Molecular Cell in 2000 and Science in 2002, yielded a rapid DNA typing method that revealed the global extent of resistance and shifted the worldwide malaria treatment and control strategy away from chloroquine. (advance.org)
2000. Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. . (cornell.edu)
Engineering and purification of a thermostable, high-yield, variant of PfCRT, the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter. (astx.com)
Resistance has been attributed to the Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT), an integral membrane protein of unknown structure. (astx.com)
A PfCRT structure would provide new insights into how the protein confers chloroquine resistance and thereby also yield novel opportunities for developing anti-malarial therapies. (astx.com)
Combining this mutation with the insertion of T4-lysozyme into a specific surface loop further augments PfCRT protein yield and thermostability . (astx.com)
The widespread use of chloroquine to treat infections has resulted in the selection and dissemination of variant haplotypes of the primary resistance determinant PfCRT. (academicediting.org)
These data reveal ongoing region-specific development of PfCRT that effects drug susceptibility and relative fitness in settings of mixed infections and raise Biricodar important considerations about ideal agents to treat Biricodar chloroquine-resistant malaria. (academicediting.org)

2007 mutations in transmembrane domains 1, 4 and 9 of the plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter alter susceptibility to chloroquine, quinine and quinidine. (babas.se)

In contrast, amplification of the gene for the parasite transporter PfMDR1, a mechanism of parasite resistance to mefloquine, is inversely correlated with piperaquine resistance. (wikipedia.org)
The results of their study, reported in this week's New England Journal of Medicine, puts a confirmatory clinical stamp on the recent laboratory discovery that tiny mutations in a single gene of the malaria parasite confer resistance to the drug. (sciencedaily.com)
Let's see what the calculation would look like if we guesstimate the probability of two mutations arising sequentially in the same gene. (blogspot.com)
nonetheless, mutations of Fd gene ( fd ) may modulate ART resistance and Fd would be an important target for antimalarial drugs. (biorxiv.org)
New gene technologies have allowed scientists to identify the specific genetic markers for artemisinin-resistance, before it spreads from Southeast Asia. (sciencenordic.com)
5 hours, 13 of these 14 patients were infected with the A675V or C469Y allele mutation of the Kelch13 gene of Plasmodium falciparum. (medicaltrend.org)
This makes it possible to rapidly modify or introduce any gene into the P. falciparum genome for genetically controlled experiments into resistance, drug mode of action and mechanisms of disease ( Nature Methods 2006 and 2012). (advance.org)
Recent field studies indicated that insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) maintain their efficacy despite a high frequency of the knock-down resistance ( kdr ) gene in Anopheles gambiae populations. (biomedcentral.com)
CDC and KEMRI documented the SP "killer" gene mutation 164 in Africa, which signaled the end of the useful lifetime for this class of malaria treatment drugs. (cdc.gov)
ii) Gene amplification is a common mechanism of drug resistance in Plasmodium sp. (peerj.com)
Could the authors comment on whether gene amplifications could be detected, and might be a mechanism of resistance in this strain? (peerj.com)
Recent evidence show that artemisinin resistance is multi-factorial though mutations in one gene, kelch 13, show a clear association with resistance. (peerj.com)
All three resistant mutants carried mutations in their polymerase gene. (springer.com)
By applying to different stages of a patient, the failure of treatment can be explained by the identified comprehensive mechanisms, such as the regulation of a methylation on a new gene isoform or a function lost caused by a mutation in the CDS. (aporc.org)

Due to widespread parasite resistance to piperaquine, the drug fell out of use as a monotherapy, and is instead used as a partner drug for artemisinin combination therapy. (wikipedia.org)
The spread of artemisinin (ART)-resistant Plasmodium falciparum threatens the control of malaria and mutations in the propeller domains of P. falciparum Kelch13 ( k13 ) are strongly associated with the resistance. (biorxiv.org)
The main reason for this is the 'wonder drug' artemisinin-a new and effective treatment, introduced after previous drugs, such as chloroquine, became useless once malaria parasites had become resistant to it. (sciencenordic.com)
The first case of artemisinin-resistance appeared in Cambodia in 2008, which set off the alarm bells. (sciencenordic.com)
What's also new here is that we can monitor emerging signs of artemisinin-resistance before it develops in Africa," says Nag. (sciencenordic.com)
Malaria base camp Africa confirmed the emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria mutations! (medicaltrend.org)
Before the discovery of artemisinin, chloroquine was an effective antimalarial drug. (medicaltrend.org)
Unfortunately, even today, even the "magic antimalarial drug" artemisinin has developed drug resistance. (medicaltrend.org)
However, Africa, the home base of malaria, has not found any mutations of malaria parasites resistant to artemisinin. (medicaltrend.org)
The allelic mutations of the two kelch13 genes, A675V and C469Y, may be a marker for the detection of these artemisinin-resistant plasmodium. (medicaltrend.org)
Professor David Fidock's major achievements in the life sciences have been the discovery of how the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum acquired resistance to the first-line antimalarial drugs chloroquine and artemisinin. (advance.org)
Similarly, he recently reported ( Science , 2015) that emerging resistance to the current first-line antimalarial drug artemisinin is a result of mutations in the K13 protein that regulates how parasites develop inside infected red blood cells and enter a dormant state to withstand drug action. (advance.org)
Antimalarial drug resistance is an emerging global health issue as malaria has become untreatable in some parts of the world due to failure of drug treatment, including the current frontline therapy, artemisinin. (peerj.com)
The mutations in the malarial parasite have been responsible for artemisinin partial resistance. (org.in)
This is an indicator of artemisinin partial resistance. (org.in)
PfATP6 and Artemisinin Resistance in P. falciparum FIG 1 Development of transgenic lines in 3D7 with the PfATP6 S769N mutation. (2medicalcare.com)
Following widespread resistance to chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine all malaria-endemic countries except two in the Region have changed the treatment policy to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). (bvsalud.org)
The importation of ART-R malaria into Singapore is possible given the close proximity and significant travel volume between Singapore and the GMS countries reporting artemisinin resistance. (who.int)
2,3 The development of resistance by P. falciparum to nearly all antimalarial drugs, including current first-line treatments artemisinin and its derivatives, has become an issue of utmost concern. (who.int)
4 The first cases of artemisinin resistance were reported in Cambodia in 2008. (who.int)
5 Since then, artemisinin resistance has been observed in other countries in the GMS and in neighbouring India. (who.int)
5,6 Concomitantly, variable levels of resistance to the partner drugs used in artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been reported. (who.int)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of K76T mutations in circulating strains of Plasmodium falciparum , 16 years after CQ withdrawal in the DRC and to investigate the presence of the SVMNT haplotype. (biomedcentral.com)
The association of the K76T mutation with chloroquine resistance was not clear. (pasteur.fr)
The key mutation appears to be K76T since no chloroquine resistant isolate carries the wild sort lysine at place 76. (masemadness.com)
It should be famous that often a variety of different mutations are famous in chloroquine resistant malaria, but only the K76T amino acid switch is seen consistently in the chloroquine resistant malaria. (masemadness.com)

The epicenter of piperaquine resistance appears to be western Cambodia where in 2014 over 40% of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine treatments failed to eliminate parasites from the patient's blood. (wikipedia.org)
however, parasites that are resistant to chloroquine remain sensitive to piperaquine. (wikipedia.org)
A team of U.S. and African medical researchers has developed a molecular marker that can be used to diagnose individuals with and survey populations for malaria parasites that are resistant to the drug chloroquine. (sciencedaily.com)
The clinical validation of this laboratory marker is good news for diagnosing chloroquine resistance in the field as well as in clinics and hospitals," says NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "Importantly, public health officials in malaria-endemic countries may use this tool to survey their populations for increases or decreases in chloroquine-resistant parasites, helping them make informed decisions about front-line malaria therapy. (sciencedaily.com)
Resis- assessment of in vivo drug response in P. tance to antimalarial drugs has been de- falciparum were developed shortly after scribed for 2 of the 4 species of human the first reports of CQ resistance in this malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum species [ 1 ]. (who.int)
We investigated the inhibitory effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), methoxyamino chalcone (C3), and iron chelators including deferiprone (DFP), 1-( N -acety1-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) and deferiprone-resveratrol hybrid (DFP-RVT) against the growth of wild-type (WT) P. falciparum parasites and those with k13 and fd mutations. (biorxiv.org)
however, ART resistance is due to other genetic factors in some resistant parasites that do not contain k13 mutations [ 6 , 7 ]. (biorxiv.org)
A genome-wide association study identified variants in the ferredoxin fd ), apicoplast ribosomal protein S10 ( arps10 ), multidrug resistance protein 2 ( mdr2 ), and chloroquine resistance transporter ( crt ) genes as additional factors contributing to ART resistance, in which a missense fd mutation fd -D193Y) was the most frequent variant among resistant parasites [ 8 ]. (biorxiv.org)
A major problem in the global fight against malaria is the widespread resistance of the parasites against the currently available drugs. (gla.ac.uk)
However, due to the long-term large-scale use of chloroquine, some malaria parasites have developed drug resistance. (medicaltrend.org)
The research team further pointed out that the prevalence of malaria parasites carrying the Kelch13 mutation has increased significantly, from 3.9% in 2015 to 19.8% in 2019, mainly due to the increase in the frequency of A675V and C469Y alleles. (medicaltrend.org)
The selective pressure of chloroquine therapy led to the rapid emergence of chloroquine resistant parasites. (astx.com)
As WHO has been gathering over, none of these candidate genes appears to be responsible for resources for eliminating and containing ART-resistant parasites the observed ART resistance in western Cambodia surveillance efforts have intensified in the GMS, where ART The proposal of PfATP6 as the primary target of ARTs in ma- use has the longest history. (2medicalcare.com)
Meanwhile, research aimed to deci- laria parasites was initially based on the structural resemblance of pher the underlying mechanisms of ART resistance has become a ARTs to thapsigargin, a specific inhibitor of mammalian SERCAs. (2medicalcare.com)

Platinum-resistant tumors are often cross-resistant to PARP inhibitors, raising the question of whether homologous recombination is restored via reversion of mutations affecting DNA-repair genes in these doubly resistant tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Lysosomal function is critical for organismal homeostasis-mutations in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause severe human disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases, and lysosome dysfunction is implicated in age-associated diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. (stanford.edu)
5% of GBMs and include disorders such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 mutation), Turcot syndrome (biallelic mutation of mismatch repair genes), and neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1 mutation). (medscape.com)

These three alleles mediated cross-resistance to amodiaquine an antimalarial drug widely used in Africa. (academicediting.org)

Although the problem also seriously undercuts malaria control efforts in Africa -- most dramatically in sub-Saharan Africa -- chloroquine remains the treatment of choice for many African countries because affordable alternatives do not exist, and partial immunity among older children and adults is widespread and helps the drug work. (sciencedaily.com)
Plasmodium falciparum , which is the most common and deadly Plasmodium species in sub-Saharan Africa, has developed resistance mechanisms to almost all existing anti-malarial drugs with a significant impact on malaria control. (biomedcentral.com)
In the 1980s, the failure of chloroquine in Africa caused millions of children to die from malaria every year. (medicaltrend.org)
Starting in the 1980s, CDC called attention to the impact of antimalarial drug resistance in Africa. (cdc.gov)
CDC and colleagues documented the public health impact of chloroquine resistance and helped countries in sub-Saharan Africa establish malaria drug resistance monitoring networks. (cdc.gov)
CDC continued to contribute to the knowledge of drug resistance by determining the origin and distribution of SP-resistance alleles across Africa. (cdc.gov)

In vitro chloroquine sensitivity monitoring indicates that all eastern Cambodian isolates were sensitive to chloroquine, whereas most isolates collected from western provinces displayed reduced susceptibility to chloroquine. (pasteur.fr)
This implies that G-6-P Dehydrogenase deficiency could perhaps increase susceptibility to chloroquine-induced pruritus. (masemadness.com)

GSH is able to degrade heme, the target of CQ, in vitro and it has been suggested that elevated GSH levels contribute to CQ resistance. (gla.ac.uk)
All the synthesised compounds were screened for their in vitro antimalarial activities against chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
In vitro antiplasmodial IC 50 value of the most potent compound 5d was found to be 4.40 nM which is even less than all the three reference drugs chloroquine (18.7 nM), pyrimethamine (11 nM) and artimisinin (6 nM). (biomedcentral.com)

In this study for the first time, the antagonistic effects of chloroquine and quinine as orchitis and uro-genitaly discharge in male mice were investigated. (masemadness.com)
Chloroquine is structurally associated to quinine and quinidine, and cardiotoxicity resulting from any of these brokers may be indistinguishable. (masemadness.com)

In India, 28 different mutations had been detected in the studies conducted in the last ten years. (org.in)

It also reviews the way drug resistance develops and spreads, methods used to assess the presence and level of drug resistance, and the extent to which chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP)-the two most widely used antimalarial drugs in the world today-have now lost efficacy. (nationalacademies.org)
Plasmodium falciparum has sequently revised [ 9 ] and have remained developed resistance to nearly all antimalar- basically unchanged since the WHO Scien- ials in current use, although the geographi- tific Group on the Chemotherapy of Malar- cal distribution and prevalence rates of ia and Resistance to Antimalarials in 1972 resistance to individual drugs do vary. (who.int)
Tumor sensitivity to PARP inhibitors and platinum-based drugs can be overcome by reversion mutations. (aacrjournals.org)
PARP inhibitors and platinum-based drugs are approved to treat breast and ovarian cancers with defects in homologous recombination machinery (e.g., due to mutations in BRCA1 / 2 , RAD51C / D , or PALB2 ), but the development of resistance is common. (aacrjournals.org)
In Zambia, unacceptably high resistance to commonly used antimalarial drugs prompted the choice of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as first line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the fight against this killer is becoming difficult due to the growing resistance against malarial drugs . (org.in)
Despite its remarkable reproductive abilities, Plasmodium has not developed new molecular machinery to deal with new drugs or human adaptive mutations. (grisda.org)
All these compounds were found more potent than chloroquine and clotrimazole, the standard drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
David Sullivan and his team are investigating how current malaria drugs like chloroquine inhibit heme crystallization to kill the parasite, and they are screening existing FDA-approved drugs for antimalarial action based on this process. (child-survival.org)
Brain tumors with a mutation called BRAFV600E use autophagy to survive treatment from drugs that target it. (childrenscolorado.org)
In 2014, Jean Mulcahy-Levy, MD , pediatric oncologist in the Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders at Children's Hospital Colorado, and other researchers found that brain tumors with a mutation called BRAFV600E use autophagy to survive treatment from drugs that target it. (childrenscolorado.org)
Researchers hypothesized that blocking autophagy may make the drugs more effective against BRAFV600E tumors and overcome resistance. (childrenscolorado.org)
In the case of antiviral drugs, one of the most significant questions is the emergence of resistance. (springer.com)
The available drugs - such as chloroquine and pyrimethamine - were becoming ineffective so we needed new drugs. (chemistryworld.com)
The ideal drugs have to be cheap, orally administered and preferably cause no resistance, which is almost impossible. (chemistryworld.com)
You will find that almost all anti-infection drugs, including antibiotics, will last at most 5-10 years before resistance is developed. (chemistryworld.com)
Despite remarkable global progress in the fight against malaria since 2010, growing resistance to antimalarial drugs remains the biggest challenge on the path towards malaria elimination. (who.int)

The compound has weak intrinsic antimalarial activity and will act as a aggressive inhibitor of the binding of chloroquine to the putative transporter. (masemadness.com)
7,8 Chloroquine, an United States Food and Drug Administration-approved inhibitor of autophagy, has been revealed to possess antitumor property for impairing mitochondrial metabolism. (rsc.org)
In the earlier research, a patient with a BRAFV600E brainstem ganglioglioma was successfully treated by repurposing the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), which is an inexpensive, FDA-approved drug used to treat malaria. (childrenscolorado.org)
The patient received CQ after failure of the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib, which suggests autophagy inhibition overcame the kinase inhibitor resistance. (childrenscolorado.org)

This means that they know precisely which genetic mutations to look out for. (sciencenordic.com)

In Rwanda, the 'R561H' mutation was found in 11.9 per cent of the samples collected in 2018. (org.in)

Ongoing projects include the ( i ) the study of species biology and the nature of host-parasite interactions, based on comparative genomics and ( ii ) studies of speciation, drug resistance, vaccine efficacy and vaccine design, informed by population genomics data. (umaryland.edu)
The gradual decline in the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine (CQ) has led to its withdrawal from the uncomplicated malaria treatment of P. falciparum in endemic countries. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result of the findings from CDC-assisted drug efficacy testing, first-line antimalarial drug policy changed from chloroquine to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in Malawi, Zambia, Kenya, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. (cdc.gov)
Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of malaria, and Ernesto Freire's laboratory is working on the development of new strategies in which drug molecules are conferred with adaptive properties that allow them to maintain efficacy in the face of naturally existing polymorphisms and mutations associated with drug resistance. (child-survival.org)
The main method of monitoring antimalarial drug resistance is through therapeutic efficacy testing. (bvsalud.org)

A widespread resistance scenario could emerge on the basis of a study of hypothetical scenarios in which all malaria endemic areas experienced a 30 per cent treatment failure rate with ACTs, the report said. (org.in)

Chloroquine phosphate is in a category of medication called antimalarials and amebicides. (masemadness.com)
Combining chloroquine and proguanil is an option for CRPf when different first-line antimalarials are contraindicated. (masemadness.com)

Piperaquine was developed under the Chinese National Malaria Elimination Programme in the 1960s and was adopted throughout China as a replacement for the structurally similar antimalarial drug chloroquine. (wikipedia.org)
In the 1970s and 1980s piperaquine became the primary antimalarial drug of the Chinese National Malaria Control Programme due to increased parasite resistance to chloroquine. (wikipedia.org)
A safe, inexpensive and highly effective treatment, chloroquine was the mainstay antimalarial drug worldwide in the latter half of the 20th century until overuse pressured Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly malaria parasite, to develop ways to evade its effects. (sciencedaily.com)
SUMMARY Studies done between 1997 and 2003 are reviewed to give an overall picture of antimalarial drug resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization (WHO). (who.int)
An overview of drug resistance gion. (who.int)
Evolutionists say malaria's ability to evolve resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine is powerful evidence of unguided microbe-to-man evolution. (idthefuture.com)
The absence of the AQ resistance marker is in line with the use of this drug in the current DRC malaria treatment policy. (biomedcentral.com)
Beyond a 10% resistance rate, the WHO recommendation is to replace the drug with a more effective one [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is of great importance to identify new drug target as well as to understand the mechanisms that lead to drug resistance in the first instance in order to potentially reverse the resistant phenotypes and to avoid the development of resistance in the future. (gla.ac.uk)
Apart form its other functions GSH has previously been suggested to be involved in resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ). (gla.ac.uk)
They're trying to establish a target product profile to monitor antimalarial resistance, because the severity of the situation calls for more efficient methods that can support the surveillance of drug resistance," says Nag, who is studying at the Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology. (sciencenordic.com)
Over the past three decades, CDC has contributed to the world's knowledge of malaria, especially the burden of malaria in areas of high malaria transmission in children and pregnant women and the impact of drug resistance. (cdc.gov)
Beginning in the late 1950s, resistance to the most commonly used antimalarial drug, chloroquine, began to appear almost simultaneously in Southeast Asia and South America. (cdc.gov)
Overall the study by Songsungthong et al demonstrate the high level of divergence of the RC strain from other sequenced strains of P. berghei, and provide a foundation from which further genetic validation of drug resistance candidates could be based. (peerj.com)
While the risk due to antimalarial drug resistance is not high currently, any complacency can lead to a loss of hard-fought gains, according to a new report by the World Health Organization (WHO) released November 19, 2020. (org.in)
The five countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) including Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar have been epicentres of antimalarial drug resistance. (org.in)
Chloroquine (CQ) is the most commonly prescribed drug for this parasite. (org.in)
Therefore here in this study, we have decided to construct the molecular hybrids based on 1,4-DHP and pyrazole moieties using acyl hydrazone linkage which may possibly circumvent the antiplasmodial drug resistance (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first accredited chloroquine in 1949. (masemadness.com)
These numbers are going up, rather than down, because of increasing drug resistance of the malaria parasite and increasing insecticide resistance of the mosquito vector. (child-survival.org)
The wide spread of malarial drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine are obstacles for disease management and prevention. (biomedcentral.com)
I think that we need a new paradigm where the drug hits a more fundamental mechanism so that no mutation or resistance is possible. (chemistryworld.com)
Recurrence or drug resistance is stage-specific. (aporc.org)
TB and malaria drug resistance. (bvsalud.org)
Recent surveys conducted at antenatal clinics in several countries in the African Region estimated that HIV resistance to all drug classes is less than 5. (bvsalud.org)
A global HIV drug resistance network established in 2001 supports countries in capacity building and guidance on standard procedures for monitoring HIV drug resistance. (bvsalud.org)
The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which comprises Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam and Yunnan Province of China, has long been the epicentre of antimalarial drug resistance. (who.int)

Behe seems to think that the data can only be explained by assuming that one or other of the mutations is deleterious. (blogspot.com)
Behe discusses how this evolutionary innovation required two coordinated mutations and lies at the outside edge of what blind evolution can manage. (idthefuture.com)
But many innovations in the history of life require three or more coordinated mutations, which Behe argues is so improbable as to lie beyond the reach of blind evolution. (idthefuture.com)

Convenient once-a-week dosing has made mefloquine a popular choice as malaria prophylaxis for travel to countries with chloroquine-resistant malaria. (biomedcentral.com)

In view of the emergence of resistance across the GMS and the spread beyond its borders, we carried out an analysis to assess the risk of importation and secondary spread of ART-R malaria infection in Singapore. (who.int)

A genetic mutation that confers a fitness advantage, namely increased transmissibility, can rapidly replace previously circulating variants. (msdmanuals.com)

Currently, it takes 14 days to diagnose a chloroquine-resistant infection in an individual, and two to three days to detect resistance in laboratory strains of the parasite. (sciencedaily.com)
According to WHO, resistance to currently available treatments is one of the biggest threats in the fight against the disease and we urgently need new methods to track the spread of resistant strains. (sciencenordic.com)

This provides a molecular marker to now identify where resistance has spread and alter treatment policy accordingly ( New England Journal of Medicine , 2016). (advance.org)

Prevalence of CQ resistance marker was unequally distributed across the country, ranging from 1.5% in Fungurume to 89.5% in Katana. (biomedcentral.com)
The highest prevalence of PfK13 mutations was found in the GMS. (org.in)

Overall, the frequency of the P. falciparum CQ resistance marker has decreased significantly and no resistance marker to AQ was detected in the DRC in 2017. (biomedcentral.com)
In Guyana, 'C580Y' mutations were found in surveys in 2010 and 2017. (org.in)
htf market intelligence released a new research report of 105 pages on title global chloroquine sales market report 2017 with detailed analysis, forecast and strategies. (babas.se)

As many as 1,044 studies conducted globally from 2010-2019 confirmed the PfK13 mutation. (org.in)

The malaria literature shows strong population genetics evidence for fewer than ten independent origins of resistance. (blogspot.com)
In addition, annotations are classified as classical genetics or high-throughput (e.g., large scale survey, systematic mutation set). (yeastgenome.org)

A long-held claim of Darwin-doubters has been that while the neo-Darwinian mechanism of mutation coupled with selection may be capable of doing something, it is incapable of turning an amoeba into a giraffe or algae into an oak tree. (grisda.org)
Plasmodium can be viewed as a natural experiment illustrating what capabilities the neo-Darwinian mutation-selection mechanism possesses. (grisda.org)

strain 3D7 and evaluated whether introduction of this mutation modulated parasite sensitivity to ART derivatives. (2medicalcare.com)

Some surfactants, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Tween 80, F127 and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were reported as chemosensitizers to overcome the multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. (rsc.org)

By the late 1980s, the use of piperaquine as an antimalarial monotherapy diminished as increasing parasite resistance to piperaquine was observed. (wikipedia.org)

Through this study, our researchers discovered that blocking autophagy in patients could be a safe and effective strategy to improve their response to existing therapies to target the BRAFV600E mutation. (childrenscolorado.org)

Individuals who met the study criteria and agreed to participate in the study received chloroquine treatment and were followed by the study team for 14 days afterwards. (sciencedaily.com)
It has been difficult to abandon chloroquine as first-line treatment even though resistance to it is widespread. (who.int)
The loss of chloroquine (CQ) effectiveness has led to its withdrawal from national policies as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in several endemic countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). (biomedcentral.com)
Treatment with chloroquine was abandoned 20 years ago. (pasteur.fr)
Chloroquine shouldn't be used for treatment of P. falciparum infections from areas of chloroquine resistance or malaria occurring in patients where chloroquine prophylaxis has failed. (masemadness.com)
Kinase inhibitors are effective when used in cancer therapies, but tumors often develop resistance to the treatment. (childrenscolorado.org)
These mutations following favipiravir treatment have been observed in other viruses as well [ 1 ]. (springer.com)

The SVMNT haplotype, related to AQ resistance, was not detected. (biomedcentral.com)
The detection of an intermediate haplotype from a susceptible area with 76T/220A, suggests that acquisition of chloroquine resistance might be a stepwise process, during which accumulation of point mutations modulates the response to chloroquine. (pasteur.fr)

This could be a strong epidemiological tool to monitor the malaria situation and react to the development of resistance," says Professor Jørgen Kurtzhals from the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet. (sciencenordic.com)

Like chloroquine, piperaquine can prolong the QT interval. (wikipedia.org)
Like chloroquine, piperaquine is thought to function by accumulating in the parasite digestive vacuole and interfering with the detoxification of heme into hemozoin. (wikipedia.org)
Amplification of the parasite proteases plasmepsin 2 and plasmepsin 3, both involved in degrading host hemoglobin, is associated with resistance to piperaquine. (wikipedia.org)

Detection of G119S ace-1 (R) mutation in field-collected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes using allele-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (AS-LAMP) method. (obihiro.ac.jp)

In the new study, the marker was found 100 percent of the time in clinical cases of chloroquine-resistant malaria. (sciencedaily.com)
The three patients with resistance experienced positive clinical response when CQ was added to vemurafenib. (childrenscolorado.org)

The quick and cheap disposable test could be the future weapon against antimalarial resistance. (sciencenordic.com)
We've discovered a relatively simple and cheap method to monitor antimalarial resistance. (sciencenordic.com)

Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance was first detected in Cambodia in the early sixties. (pasteur.fr)
Historically speaking, resistance spreads according to the exact same pattern: It develops in Southeast Asia between Thailand and Cambodia, and from there it spreads out to the rest of the world," says Alifrangis. (sciencenordic.com)

This same phenomenon is also commonly illustrated in bacterial antibiotic resistance. (grisda.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms10

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs86

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes68

Information Science5

Health Care4

Geographicals8

Pfcrt18

Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter1

Gene14

Artemisinin22

K76T4

Parasites14

Genes3

Amodiaquine1

Africa6

Susceptibility2

Vitro3

Quinine2

Different mutations1

Drugs17

Inhibitor4

Genetic mutations1

20181

Efficacy5

Widespread resistance1

Antimalarials2

Drug27

Behe3

Mefloquine1

Emergence1

Confers1

Strains2

Molecular1

Prevalence2

20173

PfK131

Genetics2

Mechanism2

Sensitivity1

Multidrug resistance1

Parasite resistance1

Autophagy1

Treatment7

Haplotype2

Development of resistance1

Piperaquine3

Allele1

Clinical2

Antimalarial resistance2

Cambodia2

Commonly1