Chloroplasts of plants. Medical search. Frequent questions

Indeed, the scientists discovered that the chloroplasts, the plant-specific organelles that perform photosynthesis, were the reason why plants do not show toxic protein deposits. (phys.org)
These include chloroplasts in plants, which play a key role in photosynthesis, and mitochondria, which are found in all living organisms and represent the power plants of every cell. (mpg.de)
Redifferentiation into tannin-generating chloroplasts showed multiple signs of loss of photosynthesis capacity. (scirp.org)
Chloroplasts: (Chloro= green) Chlorophyll-containing plastids which are the sites of photosynthesis Found in eukaryotic algae, leaves and other green plant organs Are lens-shaped and measure about 2 m by 5 m Are dynamic structures that change shape, move and divide. (presentica.com)
11. Chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes Thylakoid membrane---one Quntosome---230chl molecules+40- 50 carotinoids Thylakoids function in the steps of photosynthesis that initially convert light energy to chemical energy Some thylakoids are stacked into grana Grana : (Singular: granum) Stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast 3. (presentica.com)
Chloroplasts are lima bean shaped organelles that assist with photosynthesis. (protopage.com)
The stomata of the plants are designed to help the plant take in carbon dioxide, which it needs to undergo photosynthesis. (proprofs.com)
They are responsible for gas exchange in plants, allowing carbon dioxide to enter the leaf for photosynthesis and oxygen to exit. (proprofs.com)
C 4 -plants of the NADP-malic enzyme type (e.g., maize) (see Web Topic 8.9) under active photosynthesis produce pyruvate in bundle sheath cells. (oup.com)
Photosynthesis (in which energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy - food) takes place in the chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)
Photosynthesis is the fundamental process for plants to produce food. (plantae.org)
Plastids are plant organelles with specialized functions, such as photosynthesis. (uwaterloo.ca)
Plants conduct photosynthesis , a process through which they convert the sun's energy into food they need to grow and survive. (wonderopolis.org)
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, which are tiny organelles located within plant cells. (wonderopolis.org)
Mosses and liverworts, for example, conduct photosynthesis , but they don't have a classical plant structure like vascular plants. (wonderopolis.org)

In order to understand the mechanisms of genome transfer from cell to cell, the researchers led by Ralph Bock at MPI-MP conducted experiments with tobacco plants using grafting, which is commonly used in agriculture. (mpg.de)
To differentiate between the genome of nucleus and plastids, fluorescent reporter proteins were integrated and expressed from both genomes and the researchers used a trick using a specialization of the chloroplasts. (mpg.de)
In chloroplasts, Cpn60 has two subunit types-Cpn60α and Cpn60β and the rice genome encodes three α and three β plastid chaperonin subunits. (isaaa.org)
Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al. (wikipedia.org)
Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a notable exception-their genome is broken up into about forty small plasmids, each 2,000-10,000 base pairs long. (wikipedia.org)
It is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome, as chloroplast DNAs which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more. (wikipedia.org)
More than 5000 chloroplast genomes have been sequenced and are accessible via the NCBI organelle genome database. (wikipedia.org)
The genome of the geminivirus tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) consists of two circular DNA molecules designated as components A and B. The A component contains the only virally-encoded function required for autonomous replication in infected plant cells. (ncsu.edu)
Chloroplast genetic engineering, with several advantages over nuclear genetic engineering, is now regarded as an attractive new technology in basic and applied research, including deepening our understanding of plastid genome, engineering plant metabolic system， generating transplastomic plants with higher resistance to insect, disease, drought and herbicide and bioproducing of antibodies and vaccines. (jipb.net)
and for revealing potentially novel strategies in plant defense and genome maintenance. (osti.gov)
both coding regions on the chloroplast genome. (nature.com)
The distribution of chloroplast haplotypes eliminate any of the C genome species as being the maternal ancestor of the majority of the B. napus accessions. (biomedcentral.com)
While most GE plants used in commercial applications are generated by manipulation of the nuclear genome, transformation of the chloroplast genome for protein production has several key advantages. (biomedcentral.com)

The major subunits of the TOC complex (Toc75, Toc90 and Toc34) and TIC complex (Tic214, Tic20, Tic100 and Tic56), three chloroplast translocon-associated proteins (Ctap3, Ctap4 and Ctap5) and three newly identified small inner-membrane proteins (Simp1-3) have been located in the supercomplex. (nature.com)
Uncovering the protein translocon at the chloroplast inner envelope membrane. (nature.com)
Proanthocyanidins are formed in the chlorophyllous organs of Tracheophyta from a redifferentiation of chloroplasts involving the thylakoidal membrane and lumen. (scirp.org)
Plant Cells have Green Chloroplasts The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast is impregnated with photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophylls, carotenoids). (presentica.com)
Chloroplast membrane 2. (presentica.com)
Unlike MCCs (Note 1), GCCs take up cytosolic ATP via the nucleotide transporters (NTTs) on chloroplast membrane to energise starch synthesis in daytime. (sciencedaily.com)
Although many pore-forming proteins that are substrate-specific were characterized in the outer membrane, the inner membrane is considered the main permeability barrier between the cytosol and the chloroplast. (oup.com)
PPT in the inner chloroplast membrane also links the stromal metabolism of all plants with the surrounding cytosol. (oup.com)
A thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell. (enchantedlearning.com)
Part of the chloroplasts in plant cells, located within the inner membrane of chloroplasts, between the grana. (enchantedlearning.com)
Thylakoid disks are disk-shaped membrane structures in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. (enchantedlearning.com)
Here, we show that the Arabidopsis membrane protein CHLOROPLAST MANGANESE TRANSPORTER1 (CMT1) is involved in chloroplast Mn homeostasis. (uni-muenchen.de)
The cmt1 mutant is severely suppressed in growth, chloroplast ultrastructure, and PSII activity owing to a decrease in the amounts of pigments and thylakoid membrane proteins. (uni-muenchen.de)
Taken together, our results suggest that CMT1 mediates Mn-2(+) uptake into the chloroplast stroma, and that CMT1 and PAM71 function sequentially in Mn delivery to PSII across the chloroplast envelope and the thylakoid membrane. (uni-muenchen.de)

Growth in elevated CO2 increased numbers of mitochondria per unit cell area by 1.3-2.4 times the number in control plants grown in lower CO2 and produced a statistically significant increase in the amount of chloroplast stroma (nonappressed) thylakoid membranes compared with those in lower CO2 treatments. (columbia.edu)
In primitive red algae, the chloroplast DNA nucleoids are clustered in the center of a chloroplast, while in green plants and green algae, the nucleoids are dispersed throughout the stroma. (wikipedia.org)
This three-carbon compound returns to mesophyll cells for the conversion to phosphoenolpyruvate by the chloroplast-localized pyruvate-phosphate dikinase ( Web Figure 8.11.A ). Subsequently, the phosphoenolpyruvate flows from the stroma to the cytosol for the primary carbon fixation via PEPCase. (oup.com)
The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles , chloroplasts that lack external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked (stroma) thylakoids , and use phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments , which give them their red color. (wikipedia.org)

In contrast to animal and human models, they found that Arabidopsis thaliana plants actively removed huntingtin protein clumps and avoid harmful effects. (phys.org)
Arabidopsis thaliana SAL1 (AtSAL1) senses changes in photosynthetic redox poise, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide concentrations in chloroplasts via redox regulatory mechanisms. (nih.gov)
By employing in planta fluorescence protein sensors, the team of Dr Boon Leong Lim at HKU was able to visualise real-time production of ATP and NADPH in the mesophyll cell chloroplasts (MCCs) of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana . (sciencedaily.com)
Infection of an Arabidopsis thaliana plant by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . (mpg.de)
This fungus, which causes white mold disease, can colonize Arabidopsis in spite of the chemical defenses present using two detoxification pathways to deactivate the plant toxins. (mpg.de)
We have targeted expression of the probes to specific subcellular compartments in Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves and have used these plants to uncover new aspects of plant response to high light and pathogens. (plymouth.ac.uk)
To identify conserved regions that can be used to design primers and amplify variable sequences for use in plant phylogenetic studies, the complete chloroplast genomic sequences of six plant species (including Oryza sativa , Arabidopsis thaliana , Glycine max , Lotus japonicus , Medicago truncatula , and Phaseolus vulgaris ), searched from the taxonomy database of NCBI were investigated. (geneticsmr.com)

This union of two different genomes, called allopolyploidization, is very interesting in evolutionary terms, as it leads to the formation of new plant species and is widespread in many plant groups. (mpg.de)
Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs like those of peas and a few red algae have since lost the inverted repeats. (wikipedia.org)
The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in 1986, from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). (wikipedia.org)

Soll, J. & Schleiff, E. Protein import into chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Chen, L. J. & Li, H. M. Stable megadalton TOC-TIC supercomplexes as major mediators of protein import into chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Coexpressed subunits of dual genetic origin define a conserved supercomplex mediating essential protein import into chloroplasts. (nature.com)

This lecture explores the role of chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments in plants. (presentica.com)

On the other hand, the simultaneous knockout of chloroplast TPT and starch synthesis drastically impairs plant growth. (oup.com)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from other cellular compartments by their endosymbiotic origin, their semiautonomous genetic systems, their role in energy transduction, and their complex biology. (grc.org)
The 2022 Gordon Research Conference on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will bring together established scientists and young researchers to present and discuss emerging aspects of organelle biology. (grc.org)
Each session of the GRC on Mitochondria and Chloroplasts will be introduced by an expert Discussion Leader who will provide a general overview to integrate the research communities and stimulate conceptual discussions. (grc.org)
This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Mitochondria and Chloroplasts" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
In plant cells, ATP is produced in the cristae of mitochondria and chloroplasts. (enchantedlearning.com)

Though chloroplast DNA is not associated with true histones, in red algae, a histone-like chloroplast protein (HC) coded by the chloroplast DNA that tightly packs each chloroplast DNA ring into a nucleoid has been found. (wikipedia.org)
Shi, L. X. & Theg, S. M. The chloroplast protein import system: from algae to trees. (nature.com)
from Ancient Greek ῥόδον ( rhódon ) 'rose', and φυτόν ( phutón ) 'plant'), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae . (wikipedia.org)
[16] This event (termed primary endosymbiosis ) is at the origin of the red and green algae (including the land plants or Embryophytes which emerged within them)) and the glaucophytes , which together make up the oldest evolutionary lineages of photosynthetic eukaryotes, the Archaeplastida . (wikipedia.org)
Green algae , for example, are single-celled plants that float on water surfaces . (wonderopolis.org)
The largest collections are vascular plants, but extensive collections also include algae, lichens, bryophytes and fungi. (lu.se)

How are chlorophyll and chloroplasts relates and where are they found? (answers.com)
Where is chlorophyll and chloroplasts found? (answers.com)

AtSAL1 phosphatase activity is suppressed by dimerization, intramolecular disulfide formation, and glutathionylation, allowing accumulation of its substrate, PAP, a chloroplast stress retrograde signal that regulates expression of plastid redox associated nuclear genes (PRANGs). (nih.gov)
The geminivirus transient expression system allows rapid analysis of RNAs transcribed from foreign genes and can serve as a preliminary screen in the construction of transgenic plants. (ncsu.edu)
Chromatin structure and expression of plant ribosomal RNA genes. (ncsu.edu)
Genes involved in Fe acquisition in plants are induced under Fe-deficient conditions, and various genes putatively acting as Fe sensors have been discussed ( Kobayashi and Nishizawa, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, the number of variable sequences provided by chloroplast DNA for suggested genes or genomic regions in plant phylogenetic analyses is often inadequate. (geneticsmr.com)

Our research shows that elevated CO2 produces significant fine structural changes in major cellular organelles that appear to be an important component of the metabolic responses of plants to this global change. (columbia.edu)
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
Chloroplasts are extremely important organelles, and the more a cell has, the healthier and more efficient the plant is. (protopage.com)
Dr Sheyli LIM, the first author of the article and a former PhD student of Lim's group remarked "The in planta fluorescence protein sensors we developed are powerful tools in visualising dynamic changes of the concentrations of energy molecules in individual plant cells and organelles, which allow us to solve some key questions in plant bioenergetics. (sciencedaily.com)

The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes and performs protein synthesis revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. (wikipedia.org)
Synthesis of AR1 RNA was dependent on T-DNA transfer and TGMV DNA replication, demonstrating that it is a plant transcription product. (ncsu.edu)
Hence, the chloroplast TPT exports the fixed carbon for the cytosolic synthesis of sucrose, the main product allocated to heterotrophic plant organs for further metabolism or conversion into storage products (e.g., starch, fructans). (oup.com)

In their publication "In-planta expression of human polyQ-expanded huntingtin fragment reveals mechanisms to prevent disease-related protein aggregation" in Nature Aging , they showed that a synthetic enzyme derived from plants -stromal processing peptidase (SPP)-reduces the clumping of proteins responsible for the pathological changes in models of Huntington's disease in human cells and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. (phys.org)
Unlike humans who suffer from proteinopathies caused by the toxic aggregation or cluster of proteins, plants do not experience these kinds of diseases. (phys.org)
Their hope is that the use of plant proteins could lead to new therapeutic approaches for treating Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. (phys.org)
Inspired by the efficiency with which plants convert sunlight into sugar, researchers have fabricated a solar cell that uses photosynthetic proteins to convert light into electricity. (sciencenews.org)
Chloroplast-engineered plants, like tobacco, have the potential to produce large quantities of high-value proteins, but often result in engineered plants with mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
The work reported here demonstrates that well-fertilized tobacco plants have a substantial degree of flexibility in protein metabolism and can accommodate considerable levels of some recombinant proteins without exhibiting deleterious mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)

Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced. (wikipedia.org)
Many chloroplast DNAs contain two inverted repeats, which separate a long single copy section (LSC) from a short single copy section (SSC). (wikipedia.org)
14. Chloroplast DNA: Plastid DNAs are circular duplex molecules with a total length of 45 mm. (presentica.com)
Inversions in legume chloroplast DNAs. (ncsu.edu)

We evaluated SPAD values and chloroplast ultrastructure in premature ear leaves of spring maize at the grain-filling stage. (techscience.com)
Subsoiling cultivation practices resulted in chloroplasts with a more stable ultrastructure in maize leaves. (techscience.com)

The deduced amino acid sequence is highly related to that of higher plants and cyanobacteria. (unige.ch)
Plants acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. (bvsalud.org)

It reveals functionally distinct plastid and chloroplast development stages, identifies processes occurring in each of them, and highlights our very limited knowledge of the earliest drivers of plastid biogenesis, while providing a basis for their future identification. (biomedcentral.com)

By means of synthetic biology, the scientists then transferred the plants' ability to avoid aggregation into human cultivated cells and animal models of Huntington's disease. (phys.org)
Producing the plant SPP in models of Huntington's disease such as human cultured cells and worms like the nematode C. elegans reduced protein clumps and symptoms of disease. (phys.org)
Here, two different tobacco plants were grafted onto each other and the cells of the junction were observed microscopically in real time. (mpg.de)
The different wavelengths of visible light and their interactions with plant cells are also discussed. (presentica.com)
Taking advantage of the developmental gradient in the bread wheat leaf, we provide a simultaneous quantitative analysis for the development of mesophyll cells and of chloroplasts as a cellular compartment. (biomedcentral.com)
Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organs, within which mesophyll cells differentiate to become chloroplast-filled. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the build-up of photosynthetic capacity requires detailed knowledge of how these cells, and chloroplasts within, are produced and develop. (biomedcentral.com)
Primordium cells, in contrast to stem cells, are already specified, have entered a period of maximal proliferation, but for a limited number of times, and can thus be considered the plant equivalent of progenitor cells in animal organs. (biomedcentral.com)
Chlorophyll is found only in plant cells. (answers.com)
Chloroplasts are metabolic powerhouses within leaf cells. (oup.com)
Plant cells (unlike animal cells) are surrounded by a thick, rigid cell wall. (enchantedlearning.com)
An organelle in some plant cells that stores starch. (enchantedlearning.com)
Unlike the centrosomes in animal cells, plant cell centrosomes do not have centrioles. (enchantedlearning.com)
Using a particle gun, wild type C. reinhardtii cells have been transformed with a plasmid carrying the psaC gene disrupted by an aadA gene cassette designed to express spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance in the chloroplast. (unige.ch)

Llamas said, "Unlike humans, plants have chloroplasts, an extra cellular type of organelle that could provide an expanded molecular machinery to get rid of toxic protein aggregates. (phys.org)

In the plastids, a gene is integrated by transformation that encodes a chloroplast-specific fluorescence protein, which is produced exclusively in plastids and cannot leave them. (mpg.de)
The researchers have thus uncovered a new pathway for intercellular exchange of very large cell structures, which may also be used by parasitic plants, such as mistletoe, to carry out gene exchange with their host. (mpg.de)
Transcription of the wheat chloroplast gene that encodes the 32 kd polypeptide. (ncsu.edu)
The developmental gradient in monocot leaves has been exploited to uncover leaf developmental gene expression programs and chloroplast biogenesis processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Using a network reconstruction algorithm, we predict that known chloroplast gene expression regulators are differentially involved across those developmental stages. (biomedcentral.com)
The chloroplast gene psaC encoding the iron sulfur protein of photosystem I (PSI) from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been cloned and characterized. (unige.ch)
The present study suggests that any chloroplast gene encoding a component of the photosynthetic apparatus can be disrupted in C. reinhardtii using the strategy described. (unige.ch)

In all vascular plants, plastids are surrounded by an envelope that restricts the nonspecific diffusion of polar molecules. (oup.com)

Chloroplasts probably evolved following an endosymbiotic event between an ancestral, photosynthetic cyanobacterium and an early eukaryotic phagotroph . (wikipedia.org)
Chloroplasts originated from an endosymbiotic event where a Gram-negative cyanobacterium was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. (uwaterloo.ca)

Total genomic DNA was extracted from dried leaf tissue using as DNeasy® 96 Plant Kit (Cat. (uni-goettingen.de)
Our analysis generates both the first wheat leaf transcriptional map and one of the most comprehensive descriptions to date of the developmental history of chloroplasts in higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)
A correlative approach is developed to simultaneously visualize calcium oxalates, silica minerals, chloroplasts, and leaf soft tissue in 3D without affecting the minerals or the organic components. (lu.se)

These changes may reflect a major shift in plant metabolism and energy balance that may help to explain enhanced plant productivity in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. (columbia.edu)
The importance of CMT1 for chloroplast Mn homeostasis is demonstrated by the significant reduction in chloroplast Mn concentrations in cmt1-1, which exhibited reduced Mn binding in PSII complexes. (uni-muenchen.de)

Nine species (representing seven plant families) in several experimental facilities with different CO2-dosing technologies were examined. (columbia.edu)
Here we use the regional diversity of habitat specialists and chloroplast DNA data to investigate potential long-term refugia of steppe species in this region. (muni.cz)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating fungal pathogen that can infect more than 400 different plant species. (mpg.de)
We estimate the global BOLD Systems database holds core DNA barcodes ( rbcL + matK ) for about 15% of land plant species and that comprehensive species coverage is still many decades away. (nature.com)
For instance, identification of a specimen from a species-poor plant community naturally poses a far lesser challenge than one from a species-rich location or an island flora that has undergone extensive species radiation and/or hybridization 6 . (nature.com)
We surveyed 1,000 plant species covering all major taxonomic groups and found 75% contained both rbcL and matK ( Supplementary Table S1 ). (nature.com)
If this pattern applies generally, species-level coverage of the complete core barcode is around 15% (51,410/350,699) of land plant species. (nature.com)
64 years for completion of all land plant species (299,289 species @ 4,674 species pa). (nature.com)
An additional 18 plant accessions from 14 species were used to validate their utility. (geneticsmr.com)
The five newly developed primer pairs are recommended as tools for use in the identification of plant species and in phylogenetic studies. (geneticsmr.com)

Triose phosphates, generated by the Calvin cycle at the expense of photosynthetically generated ATP and NADPH, flow to the cytosol across the chloroplast envelope. (oup.com)
To ensure high rates of phosphoenolpyruvate efflux for the proper functioning of this cycle, the envelope of mesophyll chloroplasts bears the PPT, which concurrently drives the chloroplast uptake of orthophosphate to restore the lost phosphorus. (oup.com)
In contrast to PAM71, CMT1 resides at the chloroplast envelope and is ubiquitously expressed. (uni-muenchen.de)

Chloroplast haplotypes featured a complex pattern across the study area. (muni.cz)
Three chloroplast haplotypes occurred in B. napus . (biomedcentral.com)
The presence of multiple chloroplast haplotypes in B. napus and B. rapa accessions was not correlated with nuclear genetic diversity as determined by AFLPs, indicating that such accessions do not represent recent hybrids. (biomedcentral.com)

Since then, BOLD Systems has accumulated barcodes for 20% (68,823/350,699) of land plants 12 ( www.boldsystems.org , May 2016). (nature.com)

Researchers at the University of Cologne's CECAD Cluster of Excellence for Aging Research and the CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence for Plant Sciences have found a promising synthetic plant biology approach for the development of a therapy to treat human neurodegenerative diseases, especially Huntington's disease. (phys.org)
5 Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. (nih.gov)
Plant Molecular Biology, 10(4), 303–310. (ncsu.edu)
Department of Plant Biology Carnegie Institute of Washington 290 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. (ncsu.edu)
Join the Plant Biology Graduate Program for their 18th Symposium! (umass.edu)
Their tiny size, rapid growth by clonal propagation, and facile uptake of labeled compounds from the media were attractive features that made them a well-known model for plant biology from 1950 to 1990. (osti.gov)
Here tools are used from the fields of biology, optics, and imaging to investigate the distributions of calcium oxalate, silica minerals, and chloroplasts in okra leaves, in relation to their functions. (lu.se)

Plants in the simulated plow pan treatment showed irreversible damage to chloroplasts, including changes in chloroplast shape, disintegration and rupture of chloroplast membranes, and blurriness and cloudiness of grana lamellae. (techscience.com)

The metabolic products thus formed are non-toxic to the fungus, allowing it to grow on these plants. (mpg.de)
They are not only the main site of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur assimilation but also share metabolic pathways-such as the photorespiratory carbon cycle-with other plant cell compartments. (oup.com)

The genetic material of plants, animals and humans is well protected in the nucleus of each cell and stores all the information that forms an organism. (mpg.de)
The nucleus of the plant cell is on the inside of the plant cell in most opinions is the brain and power behind the cell. (protopage.com)

Alteration of the balance in uptake, distribution, and/or storage of these minerals severely impairs cellular metabolism and significantly affects plant growth and development. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, regulating the uptake and cellular distribution of these minerals is extremely important for optimal cellular functioning and could lead to breeding crop plants with better adaptability to changing environments and may contribute to providing healthy food with improved mineral contents. (frontiersin.org)

Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP) in Potsdam have now been able to use new experimental approaches to show for the first time how the genetic material travels. (mpg.de)
The transfer of genetic material occurs quite frequently in plants. (mpg.de)
In this review, the principle and operating system for chloroplast genetic engineering and its application in higher plants have been discussed. (jipb.net)
Chloroplast Genetic Engineering in Higher Plants[J]. J Integr Plant Biol. (jipb.net)
We have used a combination of chloroplast and nuclear genetic markers to investigate the closest extant relatives of the original maternal progenitors of B. napus . (biomedcentral.com)

A chloroplast plant enzyme - stromal processing peptidase, helps treat Huntington's disease by preventing protein clumping. (medindia.net)
Web Figure 8.11.A Mobilization of phosphoenolpyruvate in mesophyll chloroplasts of C 4 plants of the NAD-malic enzyme type. (oup.com)

Cabbage plants defend themselves against herbivores and pathogens by deploying a defensive mechanism called the mustard oil bomb: when the plant tissue is damaged, toxic isothiocyanates are formed and can effectively fend off attackers. (mpg.de)

Our results indicate that in addition to sulfur metabolism, SAL1 orthologs have evolved secondary functions in oxidative stress sensing in the plant kingdom. (nih.gov)
Here, we review progress in the understanding of different subcellular metal transport components in plants and discuss the prospects of regulating cellular metabolism and strategies to develop biofortified crop plants. (frontiersin.org)
We also demonstrate that accumulating foreign protein represents an added burden to the plants' metabolism that can make them more sensitive to limiting growth conditions such as low nitrogen. (biomedcentral.com)

Rev. Plant Biol. (nature.com)

Multiple potential pathways found in the TOC-TIC supercomplex may support translocation of different substrate preproteins into chloroplasts. (nature.com)

Department of Molecular Genetics AFRC Institute of Plant Science Research (Cambridge Laboratory), Maris Lane, Trumpington Cambridge CB2 2LQ, U.K. (ncsu.edu)

A process in which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into food energy (sugars and starches), oxygen and water. (enchantedlearning.com)

When the leaves were observed under an electron microscope, it was found that the chloroplasts were severely disrupted. (isaaa.org)

Based on the findings, the researchers concluded that OsCpn60β1 is essential for chloroplast development in rice. (isaaa.org)
This process is essential for plants as it helps to transport nutrients and minerals, cool the plant, and maintain turgidity. (proprofs.com)
Chlorophyll or closely-related pigments (substances that color the plant) are essential to the photosynthetic process. (enchantedlearning.com)

Over 95% of the chloroplast DNA in corn chloroplasts has been observed to be in branched linear form rather than individual circles. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, corn ( Zea mays ) plants were cultivated to full maturity in soil amended with either n CeO 2 or n ZnO at 0, 400, and 800 mg/kg. (acs.org)

Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits. (enchantedlearning.com)

This redox regulation of SAL1 for activation of chloroplast signaling is conserved in the plant kingdom, and the plant protein has evolved enhanced redox sensitivity compared with its yeast ortholog. (nih.gov)

There is one vacuole in a plant cell. (protopage.com)
As you can see, the vacuole takes up a lot of room in each plant cell. (protopage.com)

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena have long been studying the glucosinolates and isothiocyanates that constitute the special defense mechanism of cabbage family plants, which include rapeseed, radishes and mustard. (mpg.de)
We wanted to find out how successful plant pathogens overcome the plant defense and colonize these plants. (mpg.de)

In mesophyll chloroplasts, ATP and NADPH (nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate) are generated from photosystems, which are used as fuel for fixing CO 2 . (sciencedaily.com)

A stack of thylakoid disks within the chloroplast is called a granum. (enchantedlearning.com)

In turn, the orthophosphate released in the cytosol from biosynthetic processes is transported back into chloroplasts to replenish the ATP necessary for sustaining the assimilation of CO 2 and photosynthetic electron transport. (oup.com)

Researchers from Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Academy elucidated the role of OsCpn60β1 in chloroplast development in rice . (isaaa.org)
With the purpose to help researchers of concerned disciplines to identify such chloroplasts, we described herein the morphologies of functional and redifferentiating chloroplasts in various members of Tracheophyta. (scirp.org)
With the aim to provide detailed morphological data concerning scientific community which will, in the future, enable researchers to identify them, we present a monograph of large-size micrographs of photosynthetic chloroplasts from the Tracheophyta and their counterparts, the redifferentiating chloroplasts producing tannins. (scirp.org)

Propelled by rapid advances in genomic technologies, recent studies with duckweed again highlight the potential of these small plants to enable discoveries in diverse fields from ecology to chronobiology. (osti.gov)

Anatomy26

Organisms42

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs66

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes54

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Proteins6

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Genetic5

Enzyme2

Defensive1

Metabolism3

Biol1

Substrate1

Genetics1

Carbon dioxide1

Severely1

Essential3

Corn2

Amyloplasts1

Signaling1

Vacuole2

Defense2

NADPH1

Granum1

Biosynthetic1

Researchers3

Discoveries1