Solar-induced fluorescencePigmentCarotenoidsMeasurements of photosynthesisPigmentsRate of photosynthesisPerform photosynthesisRole in photosynthesisPlantLeaf chlorophyllMeasure fluorescenceOxygenic photosynthesisPhotosystemMoleculesConductancePhysiologicalVegetationSatellitesCarbonPhotosynthetic activityParametersRatioStressProcessesDroughtTerrestrialCropSunlightPSIIAbsorb lightDerivativesReactionSpatialMeasuringPhysicsFluctuationsRadiationDistinguishYieldPhotonsProxyCanopyLightUncertainModificationsLeavesProcessEnablesScalesScientistsStudy
Solar-induced fluorescence4
- Although methods to measure and interpret chlorophyll-a fluorescence at the leaf and subcellular levels have been around for decades, it is only recently that chlorophyll fluorescence (known as solar-induced fluorescence, SIF) can be estimated and imaged at the ecosystem and regional scales. (helsinki.fi)
- We want to learn how to use the information from the light emitted by tundra plants as solar induced fluorescence (SIF) to describe the functioning of the tundra ecosystem. (nasa.gov)
- This map shows solar-induced fluorescence, a plant process that occurs during photosynthesis, from Aug. through Oct. 2014 as measured by NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2. (nasa.gov)
- This reemitted light makes the plants appear to glow-a property called solar induced fluorescence (SIF). (caltech.edu)
Pigment11
- Chlorophyll, the green pigment found in plants and algae, emits faint red and far-red light when illuminated during photosynthesis. (helsinki.fi)
- Chlorophyll a can act as a light harvesting pigment and the reaction centre for leaf photosynthesis 6 . (nature.com)
- Effect of a short photoinhibition stress on photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and pigment contents of different maize cultivars. (ilvo.be)
- The response of the plants to treatment was evaluated by measuring the pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, oxygen evolution, fraction of oxygen-evolving complex, proline content, UV-B-absorbing compounds (A_{535} and A_{300}), and stress markers (malondialdehyde, H_2O_2, and UV-B marker). (tubitak.gov.tr)
- The visible circular dichroism (CD) spectra associated with strongly coupled chlorophyll (Chl) dimers were reduced in intensity, indicating that pigment-pigment interactions were disrupted. (springer.com)
- Carotenoids are essential in oxygenic photosynthesis: they stabilize the pigment-protein complexes, are active in harvesting sunlight and in photoprotection. (elifesciences.org)
- The first steps of photosynthesis, the capture and conversion of sunlight into chemical energy, happen in large assemblies of proteins containing many pigment molecules called photosystems. (elifesciences.org)
- These plants are the first living things known to perform photosynthesis without β-carotene and demonstrate that this pigment is not essential for photosynthesis as long as other carotenoids are present. (elifesciences.org)
- The conversion of light energy into chemical energy is dependent on the substance chlorophyll, a green pigment that bestows upon plant leaves their green appearance. (fsu.edu)
- When a pigment absorbs light energy, the energy can either be dissipated as heat, emitted at a longer wavelength as fluorescence, or it can trigger a chemical reaction. (fsu.edu)
- When photosynthesis occurs, the pigment chlorophyll emits a small amount of light. (uconn.edu)
Carotenoids13
- The PROSPECT leaf optical model has, to date, well-separated the effects of total chlorophyll and carotenoids on leaf reflectance and transmittance in the 400-800 nm. (nature.com)
- In this study, we present an extended version of PROSPECT model (hereafter referred to as PROSPECT-MP) that can combine the effects of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids on leaf directional hemispherical reflectance and transmittance (DHR and DHT) in the 400-800 nm. (nature.com)
- The results show that PROSPECT-MP can both simultaneously retrieve leaf chlorophyll a and b, and also performs better than PROSPECT-5 in retrieving carotenoids concentrations. (nature.com)
- This study demonstrates the potential of PROSPECT-MP for improving capabilities of remote sensing of leaf photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and for providing a framework for future refinements in the modelling of leaf optical properties. (nature.com)
- Until PROSPECT-5 version, this model separated photosynthetic pigments into total chlorophylls and carotenoids. (nature.com)
- Also the ratio of total chlorophylls/total carotenoids changed in dependence on cold tolerance of the cultivars. (ilvo.be)
- Both the parameter Fv/Fo and the ratio of total chlorophylls to total carotenoids can be used to differentiate the cold tolerant cultivars from the cold non-tolerant ones. (ilvo.be)
- Carotenoids content and carotenoids/total chlorophyll ratio of dust stressed plants were significantly increased parallel with the progressive deposition of the dust in comparison with control plants. (academicjournals.org)
- The light harvesting complex is composed of trimeric and monomeric antenna proteins containing Chlorophyll a and b pigments and Carotenoids. (unine.ch)
- In plants, the pigments involved in photosynthesis are green chlorophylls and carotenoids. (elifesciences.org)
- There are over one thousand different carotenoids in living beings, but only one, β-carotene, is present in every organism that performs the type of photosynthesis in which oxygen is released, and is thought to be essential for the process. (elifesciences.org)
- However, the primary role of carotenoids in photosynthesis is photoprotection. (elifesciences.org)
- Many other organisms also contain accessory pigments, including other chlorophylls, carotenoids , and xanthophylls , which absorb other wavelengths in the visible spectrum. (fsu.edu)
Measurements of photosynthesis2
- High-throughput measurements of photosynthesis of plants grown under various conditions may provide important insights into the plasticity of the photosynthetic performance of plants. (authorea.com)
- Scientists are just beginning to measure the extent to which orbital measurements of fluorescence correlate to ground-based measurements of photosynthesis. (sciencedaily.com)
Pigments4
- The experiment was conducted to assess the effect of drought stress on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments in two tolerant genotypes (MCC392 & MCC877) and two susceptible genotypes (MCC68 & MCC448) were grown in drought stress (25% field capacity) and control (field capacity) conditions in the seedling, early flowering and podding stages and so evaluated base on factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. (ac.ir)
- The earlier versions of PROSPECT models only considered the effects of total chlorophylls pigments. (nature.com)
- This data is consistent with results from fluorescence streak camera spectroscopy, which suggest that red-shifted pigments in the PSI-LHCI antenna had been lost. (springer.com)
- ABSTRACT: Photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf bio-optical properties and pigments were measured in 2 tropical intertidal seagrass species, Zostera muelleri ssp. (int-res.com)
Rate of photosynthesis3
- This so called chlorophyll-a fluorescence conveys information about the instantaneous rate of photosynthesis, which provides an "optical window" that tracks plant functional and health status. (helsinki.fi)
- The fluoresced light provides information about the rate of photosynthesis and about plants responses to stress. (nasa.gov)
- For example, CO2 taken up by the ecosystem is a measure of the rate of photosynthesis. (nasa.gov)
Perform photosynthesis1
- To perform photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in leaves absorbs sunlight and a small fraction of the absorbed light is reemitted as near-infrared light. (caltech.edu)
Role in photosynthesis2
- Overall, although SIF plays a significant role in photosynthesis, the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis is complex and we believe it would be an oversimplification to use SIF to quantify photosynthetic activity. (authorea.com)
- g mes exhibits a dominant role in photosynthesis limitation in Q. ilex and is regulated by factors other than morphology. (afs-journal.org)
Plant13
- As these processes are complementary processes, the analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence is an important tool in plant research with a wide spectrum of applications. (wikipedia.org)
- Considering variations in chlorophyll a:b ratio with leaf age and physiological stress, a further separation of total plant-based chlorophylls into chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b is necessary for advanced monitoring of plant growth. (nature.com)
- Our results evidenced that dust deposition decreased overall plant performance through its severe effect on photosynthesis and resulted in a significant inhibition of PSII efficiency throughout this study period. (academicjournals.org)
- Plant absorb light, which provides the energy for photosynthesis that allows for plant growth. (usda.gov)
- But what really controls SIF is more than the photosynthesis of the plant canopy as it is also impacted by how the leaves and branches in a canopy are arranged as well as how much sunlight is available. (usda.gov)
- These results show that SIF is a useful tool to understand plant photosynthesis and the tool becomes better when trying to assess plant responses to harsher growth conditions. (usda.gov)
- Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) measurements have shown unique potential for quantifying plant physiological stress. (usda.gov)
- New research provides some crucial ground truth for a method of measuring plant photosynthesis on a global scale from orbit. (sciencedaily.com)
- The work shows that chlorophyll fluorescence, a faint glow produced by plant leaves as a byproduct of photosynthesis, is a strong proxy for photosynthetic activity in the canopy of a deciduous forest. (sciencedaily.com)
- A research team led by geoscientists from Brown University and the Marine Biological Laboratory has provided some crucial ground-truth for a method of measuring plant photosynthesis on a global scale from low-Earth orbit. (sciencedaily.com)
- But greenness can sometimes lag well behind plant stress, Yang said, so fluorescence could be a much better way of getting real-time data. (sciencedaily.com)
- The weak but nevertheless detectable SIF signal emerges naturally on sunlight-exposed leaves, when chlorophyll molecules are excited by absorbed photons, and is a proxy for plant photosynthesis. (gfz-potsdam.de)
- We could see a strong signal that preceded the droughts, indicating a slower-than-usual increase of SIF at a time when plant photosynthesis is expected to rapidly increase. (uconn.edu)
Leaf chlorophyll1
- The aim of this work is to evaluate the response of leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid (C t ) content in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) to changes in varying application levels of soil salinity and fertilizer applied over a complete growth cycle. (mdpi.com)
Measure fluorescence2
- This is achieved by stopping photochemistry, which allows researchers to measure fluorescence in the presence of non-photochemical quenching alone. (wikipedia.org)
- Our instruments include the FLoX ( Fluorescence Box ), which measures the reflected light and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence of patches of the tundra, and the monitoring PAM ( MoniPAM ), whose probes illuminate small patches of leaves or moss with controlled pulses of light to measure fluorescence and photosynthetic processes at the leaf level. (nasa.gov)
Oxygenic photosynthesis1
- X-ray absorption spectroscopy to analyze nuclear geometry and electronic structure of biological metal centers-potential and questions examined with special focus on the tetra-nuclear manganese complex of oxygenic photosynthesis. (fu-berlin.de)
Photosystem6
- Upon illumination of a dark-adapted leaf, there is a rapid rise in fluorescence from Photosystem II (PSII), followed by a slow decline. (wikipedia.org)
- This variable rise in chlorophyll fluorescence rise is due to photosystem II. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorescence from photosystem I is not variable, but constant. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorescence level of dark-adapted sample when all reaction centers of the photosystem II are open. (wikipedia.org)
- However, measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence did not show inhibition of electron transport through photosystem II. (frontiersin.org)
- Chlorophyll fluorescence originating from photosystem I and II decreased during nitrogen starvation, but no alteration in subcellular chlorophyll localization was found. (osti.gov)
Molecules2
- Chlorophyll fluorescence is light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states. (wikipedia.org)
- When plants photosynthesize, chlorophyll molecules in leaves absorb photons from sunlight. (sciencedaily.com)
Conductance5
- The effects of dust storm were investigated in three wild plants named Ficus nitida, Datura stramonium and Plumeria acutifolia by means of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, as well as, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance after progressive dust deposition extended for 6 days. (academicjournals.org)
- Exposure to dust resulted in a drastic effect on some physiological parameters including the loss of chlorophyll a and b contents, inhibition of net photosynthetic rate (PN) and significant decrease of stomatal conductance (gs). (academicjournals.org)
- The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of photosynthesis limitants, especially mesophyll conductance ( g mes ) during this species' resprouting and under summer drought. (afs-journal.org)
- Le but de cette étude était de déterminer, chez cette espèce, la contribution des limitations de la photosynthèse, en particulier de la conductance du mésophylle ( g mes ) au cours de la repousse et sous sécheresse estivale. (afs-journal.org)
- The scientists used leaf area and root area as indicators of water-use along with chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content, and membrane permeability. (cid-inc.com)
Physiological1
- To understand and build fundamental physiological data, we first carried out a basic study of photosynthesis diurnal changes of potted 'Jen-Ju-Ba' and a two water withholding/recovery cycle tests to observe shoot growth and physiological responses of 'Jen-Ju-Ba' under drought stress to further establish the hydration threshold for 'Jen-Ju-Ba' reproduction. (ncl.edu.tw)
Vegetation3
- Such a strong link with crop photosynthesis is not evident for traditional remotely sensed vegetation indices, nor for more complex carbon cycle models. (fmach.it)
- SIF results from vegetation chlorophyll giving off red and infrared light wavelengths when excited by solar radiation. (scitechdaily.com)
- SIF is a more accurate reflection of photosynthesis than other satellite signals such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), says Wang. (uconn.edu)
Satellites2
- Although not much light is emitted by fluorescence, we can detect it with sensitive instruments, and even from space with instruments on satellites. (nasa.gov)
- The glow isn't visible to the naked eye, but a few years ago scientists from NASA and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency found that spectrometers aboard climate satellites could detect fluorescence coming from croplands and forest canopies. (sciencedaily.com)
Carbon11
- How much atmospheric carbon dioxide is assimilated by a forest via photosynthesis? (helsinki.fi)
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harvest sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. (fmach.it)
- Currently, the gold standard for measuring photosynthesis involves directly measuring the exchange of carbon dioxide gas between plants and the air directly around them. (sciencedaily.com)
- Measuring SIF is important because it is closely related to the terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP), which calculates the total amount of carbon dioxide fixed through photosynthesis in a given area. (scitechdaily.com)
- They used data of the NASA satellite "OCO-2" (Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2) to map the so-called solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) at a much higher spatial resolution than possible from any other space instrument. (gfz-potsdam.de)
- They allow us to look into relationships between SIF and the gross primary production (GPP) - the amount of carbon fixed by plants through photosynthesis - at scales never explored before. (gfz-potsdam.de)
- Precise measurement of the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, derived from OCO-2 - but also from follow-on missions such as the European Sentinel-5P, which will be launched coincidentally now on October 13th - enables scientists to quantify gross primary production and its contribution to the global carbon cycle", says Guanter. (gfz-potsdam.de)
- and the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, presented the maps of carbon dioxide and a related phenomenon known as solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and discussed their potential implications. (nasa.gov)
- As OCO-2 acquires more data, Eldering said, its Southern Hemisphere measurements could lead to an improved understanding of the relative importance in these regions of photosynthesis in tropical plants, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and biomass burning, which releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. (nasa.gov)
- Through photosynthesis, plants remove carbon dioxide from the air and use sunlight to synthesize the carbon into food. (nasa.gov)
- A key component to the understanding of photosynthesis was still missing until Dutch physiologist Jan Ingenhousz determined in 1778 that plants only absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen when they are exposed to light. (fsu.edu)
Photosynthetic activity1
- Remote sensing of photosynthetic activity [i.e., solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF)] and its derivatives are the next generation of remote techniques, enabling high-throughput photosynthesis measurements under field conditions. (authorea.com)
Parameters1
- Highly uniform illumination of the sample minimizes artifacts that cause errors in gas exchange measurements and confound the understanding of processes that require comparison of gas exchange and PAM chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. (licor.com)
Ratio1
- F v F m {\displaystyle {\tfrac {F_{v}}{F_{m}}}} is the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence. (wikipedia.org)
Stress2
- Under stress, this study showed that the signal impacted by photosynthesis increased whereas the structural signals did not change. (usda.gov)
- Response of Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and SPAD-502 Measurement to Salinity and Nutrient Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. (mdpi.com)
Processes4
- A steady-state fluorescence level decreased (= quenched) by photochemical and non-photochemical processes. (wikipedia.org)
- Among the highest significantly downregulated processes in etherized plants were chlorophyll/tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and photosynthesis. (frontiersin.org)
- His experiments documented the process of photosynthesis, and showed that respiration and photosynthesis are related processes, but work in opposite directions. (fsu.edu)
- In further experiments Priestley demonstrated that a mouse placed in the jar would "injure" the air in the same way as a candle, but could then breathe the air after it was "restored", leading to the concept that respiration and photosynthesis are opposite processes. (fsu.edu)
Drought4
- Wang explains for the 2012 and 2017 droughts, the signal started in the spring at the beginning of the growing season when drought was preceded by a slower-than-usual increase of photosynthesis. (uconn.edu)
- For droughts in other seasons, the drought precursor may be a faster-than-usual decrease of photosynthesis instead. (uconn.edu)
- With increased drought, structural changes (decreased density and increased thickness) in resprouts contributed to the observed higher photosynthesis and increased g mes . (afs-journal.org)
- During resprouting after disturbances, greater capacity to withstand drought, as evidenced by higher g mes , g s and lower non-stomatal limitants, enables increased photosynthesis and rapid growth. (afs-journal.org)
Terrestrial1
- Recent advances in spectroscopy enable the space-based monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from terrestrial plants. (fmach.it)
Crop2
- Two new sensors measuring actual crop photosynthesis have been developed and are currently tested in practice. (ishs.org)
- Sensors are based on (i) the CO 2 balance of the greenhouse and (ii) measuring chlorophyll fluorescence of a crop by means of laser and camera technology. (ishs.org)
Sunlight2
- Most life on Earth depends on photosynthesis, the process used by plants and many other organisms to store energy from sunlight and produce oxygen. (elifesciences.org)
- Photosynthesis, meaning "putting together by light", is the process by which almost all plants, some bacteria, and a few protistans harness the energy in sunlight to produce sugar (and oxygen as a byproduct). (fsu.edu)
PSII2
- The increase in fluorescence is due to PSII reaction centers being in a "closed" or chemically reduced state. (wikipedia.org)
- Transferring a leaf from dark into light increases the proportion of closed PSII reaction centres, so fluorescence levels increase for 1-2 seconds. (wikipedia.org)
Absorb light1
- In the process of photosynthesis, plants not only absorb light, but they also emit light called chlorophyll fluorescence. (nasa.gov)
Derivatives1
- We identify these moieties as chlorophyll derivatives, indicating that A. tetragonala was a phototrophic eukaryote, one of the first unambiguous algae. (bvsalud.org)
Reaction2
- Closed reaction centres reduce the overall photochemical efficiency, and so increases the level of fluorescence. (wikipedia.org)
- Its role is to capture the light energy and trasfer it in the form of excitaiton to the chlorophyll of the reaction centers and to dissipate the excess of light energy when the light input overcomes the photosynthetic capacity. (unine.ch)
Spatial2
- Excitingly, SIF opens up spatial and 3D photosynthesis studies in the field. (helsinki.fi)
- Data of the NASA satellite "OCO-2" used to map the so-called solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at much high spatial resolutio. (gfz-potsdam.de)
Measuring5
- SIF has been shown to be linked with canopy photosynthetic rates, which is very useful because measuring canopy photosynthesis is a traditionally difficult task. (usda.gov)
- Measuring the chlorophyll content of the tiny tundra leaves. (nasa.gov)
- That raised the possibility of measuring photosynthesis on a global scale. (sciencedaily.com)
- Measuring fluorescence is the hottest topic in remote sensing today. (sciencedaily.com)
- This fluorescence, called solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), is monitored via satellite and serves as a useful proxy for measuring the level of photosynthesis happening. (uconn.edu)
Physics1
- In 1934, she and James Franck studied the physics of photosynthesis, co-authoring two papers on the fluorescence of chlorophyll. (aps.org)
Fluctuations3
- We show that fluorescence is tightly coupled to photosynthesis, capturing both daily and seasonal fluctuations," said Xi Yang, a postdoctoral researcher at Brown and the study's lead author. (sciencedaily.com)
- The study showed that fluorescence measurements from both the ground-based spectrometer and the satellite were tightly correlated to photosynthesis as measured by eddy covariance, capturing both day-to-day fluctuations and fluctuations that occurred over the course of the summer. (sciencedaily.com)
- The fact that fluorescence appears to capture daily fluctuations of photosynthesis gives it an advantage over other remote sensing methods. (sciencedaily.com)
Radiation2
- Excited chlorophyll dissipates the absorbed light energy by driving photosynthesis (photochemical energy conversion), as heat in non-photochemical quenching or by emission as fluorescence radiation. (wikipedia.org)
- Since UV-radiation (UVR) is one of the main factors affecting seaweeds and their epibacteria, we tested its effect on intertidal and subtidal thalli of the invasive seaweed Codium fragile from three sites and monitored photosynthesis, antioxidant activity and epibacteria. (bvsalud.org)
Distinguish1
- To use measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence to analyse photosynthesis, researchers must distinguish between photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching (heat dissipation). (wikipedia.org)
Yield1
- Heat dissipation cannot be totally stopped, so the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in the absence of non-photochemical quenching cannot be measured. (wikipedia.org)
Photons2
- But not all the photons absorbed by chlorophyll are for photosynthesis. (sciencedaily.com)
- Around 1 percent of them are re-emitted as lower energy photons, which creates the faint glow known as fluorescence. (sciencedaily.com)
Proxy1
- A few studies have shown fluorescence to be a good proxy over cropland, but there hadn't been any studies looking at the link to a forest canopy over an extended period. (sciencedaily.com)
Canopy2
- At a canopy scale, this is referred to as sun-induces chlorophyll fluorescence, which is abbreviated as SIF. (usda.gov)
- The results show that most of the SIF signal measured is driven by the canopy arrangement, with only 15-30% of the SIF signal being determined by photosynthesis. (usda.gov)
Light7
- This is the fluorescence in the absence of photosynthetic light. (wikipedia.org)
- Fluorescence level of light-adapted sample when a high intensity pulse has been applied. (wikipedia.org)
- But plants will emit some of this light from leaves in a process called chlorophyll fluorescence. (usda.gov)
- These instruments automatically measured the fluorescence throughout the day to observe effects of varying light levels and temperatures and through the course of the growing season as the tundra plants grow. (nasa.gov)
- We use methods based on chlorophyll fluorescence to analyze the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants exposed to different light conditions. (unine.ch)
- Using one of OCO-2's three spectrometer instruments, scientists can measure the re-emitted light, known as solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). (nasa.gov)
- Chlorophyll, a biochemical that is common to all photosynthetic organisms, reflects green (intermediate) wavelengths, and absorbs energy from the violet-blue and reddish-orange wavelengths at opposite ends of the visible light spectrum. (fsu.edu)
Uncertain2
- However, model-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP, output from photosynthesis) are highly uncertain, in particular over heavily managed agricultural areas. (fmach.it)
- However, quantification of photosynthesis at the ecosystem-to-global scale remains uncertain. (gfz-potsdam.de)
Modifications1
Leaves2
- Furthermore, we used image analysis to quantify the virulence of the different Botrytis isolates based on changes in photosynthetic performance of the strawberry leaves: chlorophyll fluorescence (F v /F m ), chlorophyll index (ChlIdx) and anthocyanin content (modified anthocyanin reflection index, mAriIdx). (frontiersin.org)
- As such, leaves can be thought of as biological solar collectors, equipped with numerous tiny cells that carry out photosynthesis on a microscopic level. (fsu.edu)
Process2
- Xu et al's findings show the high flexibility of photosynthesis in plants, which are able to incorporate non-native elements to the process. (elifesciences.org)
- This process is termed photosynthesis , and is the cornerstone of life on Earth. (fsu.edu)
Enables1
- For fluorescence, this enables us, for the first time, to look at features on the five- to 10-kilometer scale on a daily basis. (nasa.gov)
Scales1
- It is transforming how we measure photosynthesis on local to global scales," said Jack Mustard, professor of earth, environmental and planetary sciences and a fellow in the Institute at Brown for Environment and Society. (sciencedaily.com)
Scientists1
- That's part of the reason scientists have looked to orbital instruments to get a broader view of photosynthesis. (sciencedaily.com)
Study1
- How to study photosynthesis? (unine.ch)