Children with anisometropia. Medical search. Frequent questions

Amblyopia was present in 17 (53%) of the patients with orthotropic anisometropia. (eyehospital.nl)
Amblyopia increased with the amount of anisometropia. (eyehospital.nl)
To review the evidence on screening for and treatment of amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children aged 6 months to 5 years to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
The most common causes of vision problems in children are amblyopia (a neurodevelopmental disorder that arises from abnormal processing of visual images that leads to a functional reduction of visual acuity) and its associated risk factors ( Table 1 ), nonamblyopic strabismus and nonamblyopic refractive error. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
Not all kids with amblyopia will have crossed or wandering eyes. (kidshealth.org)
Having different vision strengths in each eye, known as anisometropia, also can cause amblyopia. (kidshealth.org)
Most children with amblyopia won't complain of vision problems. (kidshealth.org)
Glasses are prescribed when amblyopia is caused by severe refractive errors and/or anisometropia (when one eye sees more clearly than the other). (kidshealth.org)
In many cases, kids with amblyopia must wear an eye patch over the stronger or unaffected eye. (kidshealth.org)
Methods This was a prospective institutional study of patients ≥6 years of age with unilateral amblyopia (strabismic or anisometropic) and non-amblyopic anisometropia. (bmj.com)
Conclusions Central macular thickness was significantly increased in anisometropic amblyopia using SD-OCT. Anisometropia alone did not produce such a difference, which points to a possible correlation between amblyopia and the development of the retinal layers. (bmj.com)
Another possible result of anisometropia is amblyopia (lazy eye), which can occur if a watch has blurred vision for some time and becomes permanently weaker. (scopeheal.com)
It was shown that anisometropia arises and vanishes during the emmetropization process and that the associated risk for amblyopia is low. (amplifyeye.care)
In six subjects the anisometropia increased (mean 1.4 D) and they all developed amblyopia. (amplifyeye.care)
If you suspect your child may have amblyopia, Dr. Khanna can diagnose and treat this visual impairment. (khannainstitute.com)
Anisometropia is a serious concern in newborns and young children because it can lead to amblyopia (impaired vision in one eye). (diseasesdic.com)
In some cases, anisometropia can lead to amblyopia, commonly known as a "lazy eye. (amblyoplay.com)
These children are at risk of developing "lazy eye" or amblyopia in the eye with a higher refractive error. (pedopnj.com)
If a child does not elevate the chin in the presence of moderate-to-severe ptosis, then consider amblyopia. (medscape.com)
To compare visual performance between emmetropic and uncorrected moderately hyperopic preschool-age children without strabismus or amblyopia. (entokey.com)
The association between moderate hyperopia and the presence of ocular conditions such as amblyopia or strabismus has been documented previously for young children. (entokey.com)
Hyperopic children are also at an increased risk for development of unilateral or bilateral amblyopia or reduced visual acuity (VA) that is dependent on the magnitude of the hyperopia. (entokey.com)
Even in the absence of esotropia or amblyopia, preschool children with greater than 3.25 D of uncorrected hyperopia have been shown to have an increased risk for other vision disorders, including anisometropia, astigmatism, and reduced stereoacuity, the latter worsening with higher magnitudes of hyperopia. (entokey.com)
Aims: To determine the prevalence of amblyopia and the factors associated with delayed diagnosis among school-aged children in Hong Kong. (hku.hk)
Conclusion: These children with delayed diagnoses of amblyopia were more likely to come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. (hku.hk)
Amblyopia is the most common cause of partial or total blindness in one eye in children. (lonestarvision.com)
The best way to identify children who are at risk for or already have amblyopia is by performing comprehensive eye examinations. (lonestarvision.com)
When should children be checked for amblyopia? (lonestarvision.com)
Children with a family history of amblyopia are at a higher risk for developing it themselves. (lonestarvision.com)
Amblyopia is estimated to affect around between 1% and 5% of the general population and is the most common cause of visual impairment in children. (londonvisionclinic.com)
Amblyopia can also be caused by anisometropia , a condition defined as inconsistent refractive errors. (londonvisionclinic.com)
A survey explored caregiver perspective on how amblyopia and its management affect children and their families. (optometryadvisor.com)
Amblyopia occurs in 30-60% of patients with Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome and almost always is secondary to strabismus or anisometropia, and, only rarely, is due to occlusion by a ptotic eyelid. (medscape.com)

How Can I Tell If My Child Has Myopia? (allaboutvision.com)
In fact, studies have found that myopia now occurs in nearly half of all school-aged children. (allaboutvision.com)
To monitor your child for myopia, schedule an eye exam and watch for signs such as holding things close or squinting at a distance. (allaboutvision.com)
More likely, subtle signs and off-hand complaints about blur are the only notice you will get that your child should be evaluated for myopia . (allaboutvision.com)
The most effective way to tell if your child has myopia is to schedule an eye appointment with an eye doctor . (allaboutvision.com)
The following signs of uncorrected myopia in children will help you determine whether your child may have myopia. (allaboutvision.com)
If children have even mild myopia they may experience blurry vision while watching TV or looking across the room. (allaboutvision.com)
Depending on the degree of myopia, a child will hold reading material very close to the face so that they can see it clearly. (allaboutvision.com)
Additionally, anisometropia is more likely to occur when there are existing refractive errors, such as myopia or astigmatism , especially if one eye's prescription differs significantly from the other. (amblyoplay.com)
In simple anisometropia, one eye has a refractive error (e.g., myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism), while the other eye has no refractive error. (amblyoplay.com)
ortho-k is the only myopia control intervention which has evidence for control of myopic anisometropia: both monocular myopia and bilateral anisomyopia. (myopiaprofile.com)
Researchers compared myopia progression between children with and without intermittent exotropia and its interaction with corrective strabismus surgery. (optometryadvisor.com)
Researchers investigated the safety and efficacy of 0.01% atropine eye drops during a 2-year period in US children with myopia. (optometryadvisor.com)
Researchers compared accommodative amplitude, lag and facility in children with myopia who wore single vision contact lenses or center-distance soft multifocal contact lenses for an average of 4.7 years. (optometryadvisor.com)
Researchers compared subjective visual performance between single vision and myopia control contact lenses in children, teenagers and young adults. (optometryadvisor.com)
Why do kids develop myopia? (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
Because the child is lying in the growth and development period, the eyeball sees an axis to have not finalized the design, the degree of myopia, astigmatism is not stable, the change of each data index is faster. (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
Myopia was found in 10 064 (1.50%) children while 4661 (0.70%) were hyperopic. (who.int)

Children with hyperopia greater than +3.5 diopters (D) are at increased risk for developing refractive esotropia. (arvojournals.org)
37 found that the prevalence of accommodative esotropia in children 1 to 8 years of age increased for larger values of hyperopia: 12% for RX +2 to +3 D, 38% for RX +3 to +4 D, 73% for RX +4 to +5 D, and 60% for RX greater than +5 D (see also Ref. 22 ). (arvojournals.org)
It is actually normal for infants and young children to have mild degrees of hyperopia. (pedopnj.com)
Hyperopia is the most frequently occurring refractive error in young children, with a prevalence in preschool children of up to 12% for ≥+3.00 diopters (D), depending on the population and definition of hyperopia used. (entokey.com)
Based on population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau and the prevalence of moderate hyperopia, an estimated 550 000 to 1.7 million preschool children each year are expected to have hyperopia of at least +3.00 D in the U.S. (entokey.com)
The additional accommodative effort associated with uncorrected hyperopia and the resultant accommodative convergence places these children at an increased risk for esotropia, with the risk increasing with the magnitude of hyperopia. (entokey.com)
Children with moderate to high amounts of uncorrected hyperopia may show differences in accommodative convergence-to-accommodation (AC/A) ratios. (entokey.com)
This represents less accurate accommodative responses (increased lag of accommodation) and an increase in variability of accommodative effort to maintain clarity for distance and near viewing compared to children with lower magnitudes of hyperopia or emmetropia. (entokey.com)
On the other hand, children with moderate hyperopia and good near VA and stereoacuity performed similarly to emmetropic children. (entokey.com)

In certain types of anisometropia, the visual cortex of the brain cannot process images from both eyes simultaneously (binocular summation), but will instead suppress the central vision of one of the eyes. (wikipedia.org)

Anisometropia is a condition in which a person's eyes have substantially differing refractive power. (wikipedia.org)
Anisometropia is a condition in which each of a person's two eyes has a different refractive power. (home-remedies-for-you.com)
Among our investigations, we are exploring the use of adult corneal and refractive techniques in the treatment of anisometropia (unequal refractive power) and corneal scarring in children, the epidemiology of refractive disorders and anterior segment development. (chla.org)
Anisometropia - A condition in which the two eyes have unequal refractive power. (kylionseye.org)

Antimetropia is a rare sub-type of anisometropia in which one eye is myopic (nearsighted) and the other eye is hyperopic (farsighted). (wikipedia.org)
Mixed anisometropia: It is when both eyes have appreciable refractive errors, with one myopic vision and the other hypermetropic. (scopeheal.com)

The aim of this study was to follow acuity and refraction longitudinally in children with marked anisometropia at 1 year of age. (amplifyeye.care)
Relative anisometropia is when the total refraction of the two eyes is the same (or at least similar enough not to qualify as anisometropic), but there is a difference in axial length between the eyes. (diseasesdic.com)
Absolute anisometropia occurs when the total refraction of the two eyes differs enough to be a problem. (diseasesdic.com)
Four ophthalmological categories, which are abnormalities commonly found in children with FASD, were ranked independently on a 4-point scale, with 1 reflecting normal finding and 4 a strong presence of an abnormality: visual acuity, refraction, strabismus/binocular function and ocular structural abnormalities. (bmj.com)

Some studies suggest, in older adults, developing asymmetric cataracts may cause worsen anisometropia. (wikipedia.org)
Another factor that can cause anisometropia is cataracts. (scopeheal.com)
Certain eye health conditions, like cataracts or corneal irregularities, may lead to anisometropia, particularly when one eye is affected more severely than the other. (amblyoplay.com)

This is known as anisometropia. (pedopnj.com)

However, when a person has anisometropia, the difference in vision between their two eyes is significant and will interfere with normal binocular vision. (scopeheal.com)
If a person has anisometropia it is usually detected, or diagnosed, when the child has a vision exam. (diseasesdic.com)

Anisometropia causes some people to have mild vision problems, or occasionally more serious symptoms like alternating vision or frequent squinting. (wikipedia.org)
Anisometropia has no symptoms. (diseasesdic.com)
This blog post will discuss the symptoms of anisometropia, uncovering the hidden challenges it can bring and explaining what you should know to deal with it. (amblyoplay.com)
One of the most common hidden anisometropia symptoms is blurred or double vision. (amblyoplay.com)
Some children may experience symptoms such as headaches or difficulty reading. (londonvisionclinic.com)

However, those with a 5-20% difference will experience an unequal vision (anisometropia). (scopeheal.com)
Many children who have anisometropia or unequal vision, do not know they have an eye problem because the stronger eye and the brain compensate for that shortage. (lonestarvision.com)

If you received a vision referral letter, it is recommended to take your child to a vision specialist for further testing and diagnosis. (smore.com)
1 - 5 There is currently significant interest in screening for these disorders with the hope that diagnosis and treatment will allow children to achieve their full potential. (arvojournals.org)
Among children born MLP none was SGA, had a diagnosis of ADHD or FASD, or a history of retinopathy of prematurity. (bmj.com)

A surprising number of kids are getting glasses for nearsightedness . (allaboutvision.com)
Compound anisometropia happens when both eyes have the same vision problem (e.g., nearsightedness), but there is a significant difference in the refractive errors. (amblyoplay.com)
In children, nearsightedness frequently increases until children stop growing. (msdmanuals.com)

Anisometropia occurs when one eye's vision is worse than the other due to a significant difference in the refractive errors between the eyes. (amblyoplay.com)

Small levels of farsightedness are normal for young children but high levels can cause problems. (kylionseye.org)

Prevalence in Asian populations appears to be lower, as less than 0.1% of 6- to 72-month-old Singaporean Chinese and Japanese children 25 , 26 and 0.28% of Japanese 6- to 12-year-old children are esotropic. (arvojournals.org)
The prevalence of anisometropia varies from around 6% to 14% according to the studies. (amblyoplay.com)

Our active program of research includes studies into the use of adult corneal and refractive techniques in treatment of anisometropia and corneal scarring in children, the epidemiology of refractive disorders and anterior segment development. (chla.org)
At the Cornea Program , we pursue an energetic research agenda designed to benefit children with a wide range of corneal disorders and advance the state of knowledge in this field. (chla.org)
In addition, kids' awareness of self-health care and self-care ability is insufficient if improper care is easy to cause eyeball infection, resulting in keratitis, corneal ulcers, perforation, and seriously affecting the kids' vision. (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)

For those with large degrees of anisometropia, the wearing of standard spectacles may cause the person to experience a difference in image magnification between the two eyes (aniseikonia) which could also prevent the development of good binocular vision. (wikipedia.org)
OBJECTIVES: To compare the aniseikonia and the stereopsis in children of the first-year of elementary school with anisometropia corrected with stock ophthalmic lenses with base curve selected to minimize the interocular size difference of retinal images and with size lenses suggested by the software Aniseikonia Inspector 3, and to check the preference of them for one of these forms of correction. (usp.br)

After the exclusion of all children with ocular lesions 53 remained. (eyehospital.nl)
ABSTRACT From December 2005 to June 2007, a total screening of all 1418 government primary schools in Khartoum State, Sudan, was performed to estimate ocular problems among children aged 6-15 years. (who.int)
Ocular problems were found in 20 321 (3.03%) children. (who.int)

Patients may have up to 3D of anisometropia before the condition becomes clinically significant due to headache, eye strain, double vision or photophobia. (wikipedia.org)
20 patients had non-amblyopic anisometropia. (bmj.com)
Contact lenses are always a better choice for patients with anisometropia as they can equalize retinal image size and improve binocular vision. (myopiaprofile.com)

Methods: Completed comprehensive ophthalmoscopic examinations were conducted among 4.273 children aged 6-8 years in the population-based Hong Kong Children Eye Study. (hku.hk)
We also explore methods that optometrists have at their disposal to detect and manage binocular vision problems in children. (docet.info)
Methods and Analysis The FASD Eye Code was derived from 37 children with FASD evaluated along with 65 healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls. (bmj.com)

Corrective lenses, whether as glasses or contact lenses, are necessary for children with refractive errors to correct vision and ensure that a child will achieve the best vision as possible as an adult. (pedopnj.com)
Can kids wear contact lenses? (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
From a medical point of view, there is no age limit to the use of contact lenses, only indications, and off-indications, even infants or kids, once needed, and timely and accurate use of contact lenses for correction and treatment. (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
But why do some people not recommend that kids wear contact lenses? (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
Therefore, contact lenses are not recommended for young children unless necessary. (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
Under what circumstances should kids wear contact lenses? (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)
For ordinary soft contact lenses, children with anisometropia can be considered, but it is generally recommended to test over 18. (visionaryeyecenterfl.com)

Children and young adults who are mildly farsighted may be able to see clearly if their lens is flexible enough to properly refocus light on the retina. (msdmanuals.com)

Researchers investigated the incidence rate and risk factors for anisometropia among children aged 8 years. (optometryadvisor.com)

Conclusion: Binocular vision is absolutely necessary for children to develop accurate hand-eye coordination. (optometrists.org)

Anisometropia may be congenital or acquired. (diseasesdic.com)

[ 5 ] Anisometropia exists when a refractive difference between the 2 eyes of 1.25 diopters of sphere or 1 diopter of cylinder is present. (medscape.com)

If you suspect your child has a lazy eye, contact an eye doctor near you, who can diagnose and treat the condition. (optometrists.org)
When a child has a lazy eye, the vision from the affected eye is suppressed by the brain, thereby affecting their 3D vision- and impacting their depth perception and eye-hand coordination. (optometrists.org)
If there are any concerns that the child may be suffering from or developing a "lazy eye," have him/her examined right away. (lonestarvision.com)

anisometropia ≤1.0 D) and emmetropic status were determined by cycloplegic autorefraction. (entokey.com)

Additionally, this is relevant for unenrolled children of all ages - including infants and children in strollers/carriers. (smore.com)
This can adversely affect the development of binocular vision in infants and children. (kylionseye.org)

Local Lions Club members and volunteers are trained to use a high-tech camera which takes an image of your child's eyes to detect eye disorders or vision problems in children who are too young to realize or communicate these problems. (kylionseye.org)
The above-mentioned disorders can lead to refractive errors, different prescriptions, or blurred vision among children. (medanta.org)

However, anisometropia is associated with age regardless of cataract development: a rapid decrease in anisometropia during the first years of life, an increase during the transition to adulthood, relatively unchanging levels during adulthood but significant increases in older age. (wikipedia.org)

Generally speaking, lenses are unsuitable for those with vast degrees of anisometropia. (scopeheal.com)

The Kentucky KidSight program is a vision screening program started by the Kentucky Lions Eye Foundation in 2003 in which Lions Clubs and volunteers throughout the Commonwealth organize and conduct vision screenings for children ages 6 months to 6 years old. (kylionseye.org)

In a hospital population of 1356 children 64 (4.7%) cases of anisometropia (at least 2 dioptres in spherical or cylindrical power) were found. (eyehospital.nl)

Patching plus glasses improved visual acuity by about 1 line after 1 year (0.11 logMAR [95% CI, 0.05-0.17]) for children not pretreated with glasses (1 RCT, 177 participants). (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
Indirect evidence supports the utility of multiple screening tests for identifying preschool children at higher risk for vision problems and the effectiveness of some treatments for improving visual acuity outcomes. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
Kids reach visual maturity by about 8 years old. (kidshealth.org)
An estimated 15-40% of children with NF-1 have optic nerve glioma or visual pathway gliomas involving the optic nerve, chiasm, or optic tract. (medscape.com)
The older children were able to use their visual feedback to help them reach and grasp the desired object, even with one eye closed. (optometrists.org)
This group was able to use their visual feedback, in the same way as the older children in group 1. (optometrists.org)
However, it is imperative to consider visual acuity as a necessary parameter in children with a severe degree of unilateral ptosis. (researchsquare.com)
It has been estimated that around six percent of children between six and eighteen suffer from this visual condition. (scopeheal.com)
Anisometropia is one of a condition that can have a significant impact on visual health. (amblyoplay.com)
This type of anisometropia can lead to more complex visual issues. (amblyoplay.com)
Visual functions were classified as normal or reduced for each child based on the 95% confidence interval for emmetropic individuals. (entokey.com)

Inability to cooperate may limit use of some tests in children younger than 3 years. (uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org)
This test is done on preschool aged children due to their age and the inability to reliably respond to behavioral hearing testing (these tests start in Kindergarten). (smore.com)

the mean anisometropia decrease was 1.2 D. (amplifyeye.care)

In order to compensate for this, children will begin to sit closer and closer to a television. (allaboutvision.com)

Anisometropia is commonly found during a routine vision exam. (diseasesdic.com)

Kids who have it will develop poor vision in one or both eyes. (kidshealth.org)
They might notice a child has crossed eyes, squints a lot, or tilts their head to see better. (kidshealth.org)
Kids usually don't tell their parents that they need to have their eyes examined. (allaboutvision.com)
Regardless, take notice that your child rubs their eyes frequently. (allaboutvision.com)
Composite anisometropia: It is when both eyes are astigmatic, although there will be a significant difference in their refractive errors. (scopeheal.com)
With a major degree of anisometropia, the brain cannot reconcile the difference in images coming from the two eyes. (diseasesdic.com)
Medical experts still don't know the factors that cause anisometropia, but a large difference in the refractive powers in both eyes is definitely a contributing factor. (diseasesdic.com)
Age can also play a role, with anisometropia being more prevalent or noticeable in children and young adults as their eyes are still developing. (amblyoplay.com)
Mixed anisometropia involves a combination of different types of refractive errors between the two eyes. (amblyoplay.com)
Just as a child becomes taller or needs progressively larger shoes with increased body size through puberty, the eyes grow and lengthen as well. (pedopnj.com)
This is why babies and young children should have their eyes regularly checked. (lonestarvision.com)
However, anisometropia refers to cases where the refractive error is different in both eyes (by 1 or more dioptres ). (londonvisionclinic.com)
In anisometropia, people have a significant difference between the refractive errors of the eyes. (msdmanuals.com)

Hearing and vision screenings are essential for children because a child's ability to hear and see affects their ability to learn. (smore.com)
This condition affects children most of the time, especially between ages 6 and 18. (scopeheal.com)
However, some sources state that anisometropia affects up to 28% of people. (amblyoplay.com)

Some hyperopic children may actually "grow out" of their glasses when they are older because of the eye growth mentioned above. (pedopnj.com)

In this way, a child can briefly clear up blurry distance vision. (allaboutvision.com)
If you find that your child is sitting on the floor two feet away from the TV screen, ask them if they moved there because it was blurry when sitting farther away. (allaboutvision.com)

Regular vision screenings by health care providers are an important part of finding any vision problems in kids. (kidshealth.org)

Goodacre H. Minus overcorrection: conservative treatment of intermittent exotropia in the young child-a comparative study. (jamanetwork.com)

Eye injuries are the leading cause of blindness in children, and 90% of them can be prevented. (medanta.org)
of avoidable blindness among children were provided with vitamin A capsules need early detection and intervention. (who.int)
ness and 161 million who suffer from blindness among Sudanese children. (who.int)

Vision problems are not always evident and it is difficult for young children to acknowledge and communicate that their vision is blurred or different. (kylionseye.org)
That goes to say, Laser Eye Surgery is unfortunately not able to refine the vision further, due to the underdeveloped pathways from when the child was very young. (londonvisionclinic.com)
Children with FASD were re-examined as young adults. (bmj.com)

31.6% of the school children corrected with size lenses and 21.1% of the students corrected with stock ophthalmic lenses identified the optotypes that suggest stereopsis less than 100 seconds of arc (p = 0.475). (usp.br)
A randomized trial evaluating short-term effectiveness of overminus lenses in children 3 to 6 years of age with intermittent exotropia. (jamanetwork.com)

If the child cannot wear either than laser vision correction may be option. (khannainstitute.com)
These children do not require correction with glasses. (pedopnj.com)

The patch is worn for 2-6 hours a day while the child is awake for several months or years, depending on the condition. (kidshealth.org)
Anisometropia at 1 year of age that is larger or equal to 3.0 D will in 90% of the cases still be there at 10 years of age. (amplifyeye.care)
Children aged 4 or 5 years. (entokey.com)

Ciliary Muscle Thickness in Anisometropia. (osu.edu)
Region-specific Relationships Between Refractive Error and Ciliary Muscle Thickness in Children (2013). (osu.edu)
Changes in Ciliary Muscle Thickness During Accommodation in Children. (osu.edu)

Investigators assessed the diagnostic performance of a portable photoscreening device for detecting exotropia in preschool-aged children. (optometryadvisor.com)

What are the complications in the case of Anisometropia? (diseasesdic.com)

In the control group of non-amblyopic anisometropia, the interocular difference did not reach statistical significance. (bmj.com)

Anatomy2

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Geographicals2

Amblyopia33

Myopia18

Hyperopia9

Types of anisometropia1

Refractive power4

Myopic2

Refraction4

Cataracts3

Known as anisometropia1

Person has anisometropia2

Symptoms5

Unequal vision2

Diagnosis3

Nearsightedness3

Occurs1

Farsightedness1

Prevalence2

Corneal3

Aniseikonia2

Ocular3

Patients3

METHODS3

Contact lenses7

Retina1

Among children aged1

CONCLUSION1

Congenital1

Diopters1

Lazy3

Cycloplegic1

Infants2

Disorders2

Cataract1

Degrees1

Ages 6 Months1

Spherical1

Visual11

Inability2

Decrease1

Compensate1

Commonly found1

Eyes13

Affects3

Hyperopic children1

Blurry2

Vision screenings1

Treatment1

Blindness3

Young3

Lenses2

Correction2

Years3

Thickness3

Preschool aged children1

Complications1

Difference1