Presence of B chromosomesChromosomalCytogeneticsMetaphaseHomologousAvianDiploidRecombinationTheory of inheritanceSpeciesEvolutionaryFissionsHeredityInheritanceMammalsMorphologyComparative analysisGermBoveriCentromereMoleculeRecognizeApproachesConservationGeneticAnalysisStudyStudiesStructureFISHCellsContentIdentifyResearchTechniquesOrders
Presence of B chromosomes1
- During this phase, data on the karyotypes of hundreds of mammalian species (including information on diploid numbers, relative length and morphology of chromosomes, presence of B chromosomes) were described. (wikipedia.org)
Chromosomal6
- The entire chromosomal set of a species is known as a karyotype. (wikipedia.org)
- Banding makes it possible to identify homologous chromosomes and construct chromosomal nomenclatures for many species. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus comparative analysis with chicken chromosome-specific painting probes proves to be a rapid and comprehensive approach to elucidate the chromosomal relationships of the extant birds. (kent.ac.uk)
- Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the karyotype structure of the Ringed Kingfisher ( Megaceryle torquata Linnaeus, 1766) and Green Kingfisher ( Chloroceryle americana Gmelin, 1788) and also compare them with related species in order to identify chromosomal rearrangements. (pensoft.net)
- Thus, it is possible chromosomal fissions in macrochromosomes resulted in the increase of the diploid number, whereas chromosome fusions have originated the karyotypes with low diploid number. (pensoft.net)
- Most of the assembly is scaffolded into three chromosomal pseudomolecules with the X sex chromosome assembled. (bvsalud.org)
Cytogenetics3
- The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)
Metaphase4
- In a Zoo-FISH study chicken autosomal chromosome paints 1 to 9 (GGA1-GGA9) were hybridized to metaphase spreads of nine diverse birds belonging to primitive and modern orders. (kent.ac.uk)
- Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form). (wikipedia.org)
- During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
- We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)
Homologous2
- Banding of homologous chromosomes allows chromosome segments and rearrangements to be identified. (wikipedia.org)
- Modern genomic research generally focuses on the role of individual genes but the role of chromosomes and homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) is often disregarded. (ukri.org)
Avian3
- Striking homologies in the chromosomes of the different species were noted, indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation in avian karyotypes. (kent.ac.uk)
- Avian karyotypes are characterized by internal variation in the size of chromosomes, presenting two distinct groups, macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. (pensoft.net)
- Classical approaches involving karyotyping and FISH coupled with comparative genomics browser technology provide a straightforward solution for the many avian genomes that are assembled to the point of 100+ large scaffolds. (ukri.org)
Diploid1
- The first step of the Human Genome Project took place when Tjio and Levan, in 1956, reported the accurate diploid number of human chromosomes as 2n = 46. (wikipedia.org)
Recombination2
- The highly skewed distribution of recombination events towards the chromosome ends in zebra finches and other estrildid species may function to minimize crossovers in the inverted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Theory of inheritance2
- Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
- In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Species10
- Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. (wikipedia.org)
- It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates. (wikipedia.org)
- A seemingly logical consequence of descent from common ancestors is that more closely related species should have more chromosomes in common. (wikipedia.org)
- However, it is now widely thought that species may have phenetically similar karyotypes due to genomic conservation. (wikipedia.org)
- The banded karyotypes of 850 mammalian species were summarized in the Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
- In two species, the quail and the goose, all chicken paints specifically labeled their corresponding chromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
- In three pheasant species as well as in the American rhea and blackbird, GGA4 hybridized to chromosome 4 and additionally to a single pair of microchromosomes. (kent.ac.uk)
- Hybridization of various chicken probes to two different chromosomes or to only the short or long chromosome arm of one chromosome pair in the species representing the orders Passeriformes, Strigiformes, and Columbiformes revealed translocations and chromosome fissions during species radiation. (kent.ac.uk)
- Kingfishers comprise about 115 species of the family Alcedinidae , and are an interesting group for cytogenetic studies, for they are among birds with most heterogeneous karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
- Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Evolutionary2
- Studies of karyotype structure in birds have given valuable information about evolutionary relationships. (pensoft.net)
- This is despite the ubiquity of HSBs and the phenotypic consequences/evolutionary implications of chromosome rearrangement. (ukri.org)
Fissions1
- The increase of the chromosome number in the Green Kingfisher possibly originated by centric fissions in macrochromosomes. (pensoft.net)
Heredity1
- In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Inheritance1
- Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Mammals1
- Karyotype variability in mammals is mainly due to the varying amount of heterochromatin in each mammal. (wikipedia.org)
Morphology1
- In addition, karyotype comparisons in Alcedinidae show a heterogeneity in the size and morphology of macrochromosomes, and chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 76 to 132. (pensoft.net)
Comparative analysis1
- Degrandi TM, de Oliveira JCP, de Araújo Soares A, Ledesma MA, Hass I, Garnero ADV, Gunski RJ (2018) Karyotype description and comparative analysis in Ringed Kingfisher and Green Kingfisher (Coraciiformes, Alcedinidae). (pensoft.net)
Germ3
- The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- Germ line restricted B chromosomes in grasshoppers. (krakow.pl)
Boveri1
- Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
Centromere1
- [4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
Molecule1
- A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
Recognize2
- The second step derived from the invention of C-, G-, R- and other banding techniques and was marked by the Paris Conference (1971), which led to a standard nomenclature to recognize and classify each human chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
- Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Approaches2
- Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. (wikipedia.org)
- Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
Conservation1
- The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic2
- For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm) . (wikipedia.org)
- Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis2
- These maps also provide an unprecedented opportunity to use multispecies analysis as a tool to infer karyotype evolution. (wikipedia.org)
- Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Study1
- The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
Studies1
- They are an interesting group for cytogenetic studies since they are among birds with most heterogeneous karyotypes. (pensoft.net)
Structure1
- [1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)
FISH1
- We will anchor each of the scaffolds physically to chromosomes by FISH. (ukri.org)
Cells2
- [5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
- Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
Content1
- Inversions are intrachromosomal structural mutations which result in the reversal of gene order (and no change in the genic content of a chromosome) [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Identify1
- Stains used by pathologists to identify bacteria also served to identify chromosomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Research1
- He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
Techniques1
- These techniques produce a characteristic pattern of contrasting dark and light transverse bands on the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
Orders1
- Chromosome painting data are now available for members of nearly all mammalian orders. (wikipedia.org)